播期与密度对玉米物质生产及产量的影响
摘要
以耐密高产春玉米品种“郑单958"为试材,2011～2012年分别在东北南部代表性区域的沈阳市造化乡、铁岭县蔡牛乡开展了播期密度配置试验,探讨了密植高产玉米群体的水热协调机制,明确了密植高产与水热高效的关键限制因子,并阐述了播期、密度对玉米早衰与倒伏的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.降雨量是影响东北南部玉米产量的主要限制因子,花后有效积温是影响秃尖和瘪粒数的关键因子,花后降雨量是影响行粒数和粒深的主要因子。在东北南部的光热资源条件下,玉米合理播期应在4月25日～5月10日,适宜密度应为45000～67500株.hm-2。不同播期与密度条件下玉米产量及产量构成因素的年际间表现,2a均以早播中密处理产量最高。播期密度互作对瘪粒数和粒深影响显著,但对行粒数及秃尖影响较小。播期与密度比较,播期是影响产量的更重要因素,适时早播增加了穗数、提高了千粒重,是玉米产量显著增加的主因。
2.早播可延缓玉米生育进程、延长生育期,随播期播迟,生育进程加快；晚播生育前期温度相对较高,于播种～出苗、出苗～拔节两个时期生育进程明显缩短。随着播期延迟,晚播群体干物质积累量(DM)最大值出现时间提前,且密度提高也加速了这种提前趋势。生育前期DM、干物质积累速率(DMAR)及群体生长率(CGR)为晚播最高,中播次之,早播最低；生育后期,DM、DMAR为早播(ES)>中播(NS)>晚播(LS)。密度处理间,全生育期群体DM、DMAR、CGR均表现为高密(D3)>中密(D2)>低密(D1)。
3.株高、穗位高、茎基部第二节节长及穗高系数均随播期的推迟而增加,而茎粗及茎粗系数降低,且播期间差异显著。密度处理间,株高、穗位高、茎基部第二节节长及穗高系数均表现为随密度增加而依次增大,茎粗及茎粗系数则与之相反。在玉米生长发育过程中叶重比(LWR)呈单峰曲线变化,于拔节期达最大值后逐渐下降,至生育后期变化基本平稳。播期间LWR、叶面积比(LAR)、比叶面积(SLA)均随播期推迟依次降低；密度间LWR表现为高密(D3)>中密(D2)>低密(D1),但处理间差异并不明显。LAR、SLA与之相反,表现为随密度的增加而降低,处理间差异则较明显。
4.播期明显影响玉米吐丝后LAI变化,随播期的推迟,叶面积指数(LAI)下降速度加快,最大叶面积指数(LAImax)、最大叶面积指数出现时间(TLAImax)、叶面积指数最大增长速率出现时间(TVmax)及LAI>4的持续时间(TLAI>4)均为ES>NS>LS,而LAI最大增长速率(Vmax)则随播期推迟依次呈增加的趋势；早播全生育期总LAD、吐丝后LAD所占比例明显高于中播及晚播；密度对群体LAI影响较为明显,群体LAI随密度的增加而增加,D3生育后期下降迅速,LAImax、Vmax、TVmax及TLAI>4持续时间随密度的增加而增大,TLAImax则与之相反,高密不利十吐丝后LAD的累积。
5.ES植株净光合速率(Pn)及其光响应曲线、蒸腾速率(Tr)及其响应曲线、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合指标均高于中播和晚播,但其水分利用效率(WUE)较低。中、低密度处理植株光合参数、净光合速率光响应、蒸腾速率光响应、光能利用效率及水分利用效率等指标均高于高密。合理的播期密度配置冠层结构合理、叶片功能期延长、叶片的光能和水分利用效率增强。
6.早播、低密可在一定程度上增加玉米早衰趋势。播期提前可使灌浆期玉米叶片的Fo升高,降低PSⅡ反应中心的光化学效率,ES处理Fv/Fm明显低于中播和晚播；密度过高引起PSⅡ反应中心的破坏,使Fo升高,加速叶片衰老。叶绿素含量在吐丝后呈单峰曲线变化,穗位叶的Chl(a+b)含量吐丝后随生育进程的推进呈先增后降趋势,峰值出现在吐丝后10d左右。ES处理Chl(a+b)含量下降速度快于NS和LS；随着密度的增加,Chl(a+b)含量下降较快。花后叶片SOD活性随时间推迟而降低,ES较NS和LS下降剧烈；密度处理间SOD活性随密度的升高而降低,早播及高密处理叶片SOD活性降低,MDA含量变化趋势与SOD酶活性相反。
7.平均灌浆速率是影响粒重的主因,灌浆高峰期持续时间是影响穗上部粒重的次因,线性增长期持续时间则为影响中、下部粒重的次因。早播可延长籽粒灌浆的持续增长期,利于籽粒干物质的有效积累,使得最终籽粒干重较大；中播籽粒最大灌浆速率大,灌浆高峰期持续时间有所延长,使得平均灌浆速率有所提升；晚播籽粒灌浆持续时间、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、灌浆高峰期持续时间均降低,导致最终籽粒干重最低。密度间,虽然随密度增加,籽粒增长持续期有所延长,但其最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、灌浆高值持续期均明显降低,致使最终籽粒干重呈随着密度提高而降低的趋势。
8.晚播不利于籽粒蛋白质及脂肪的积累,适当早播可增加籽粒油分含量,适宜的播期配合较低的种植密度能够提高籽粒的蛋白质和淀粉的含量。晚播低密对脂肪含量的增加有促进作用,密度越高越不利于籽粒中脂肪的积累。
9.密度对根系垂直分布影响大于播期。LS处理0～45cm土层内根系干重所占比例大,占整个土层剖面根系干重的87.00%,NS和ES分别为81.45%和73.83%,若遇强降雨及大风天气晚播极易发生倒伏；D3处理根系在横向距根系中心较远处及0-30cm土层根系分布较少,60cm以下根系分布相对较高,密度过高上层根量减少,但高密处理总根量相对较少,根系支撑减弱,易增加倒伏风险。伤流强度早播处理高于中播及晚播,早播根系活力大,对地上部的支持能力强；随种植密度的增加伤流强度逐渐变弱,群体密度过高不利于根系生长,根系活力减弱。
10.土壤含水量随播期推迟、密度的减小呈增加趋势。各土层的含水量在不同密度之间的差异不同,速变层内(10-20cm)土壤水分含量随密度的增加而逐渐增大,缓变层(20-70cm)和相对稳定层(70-100cm以下)土壤体积含水量处理间与速变层呈相反趋势变化,表现为随密度的增加逐渐降低。
In the experiment, Zhengdan958(close planting and early maturing maize cultivitar) was chosen as the material, by taking the maize production fields of Zaohua Town, Shenyang province and Cainiu town Tieling country as the research object in2011-2012, estabilished the experiment of sowing date and planting density in high yield population, divided as main test and auxiliary test, to investigate the relationships of yield and sowing date, yield and plant density, and explored the mechanism of coordination of water and heat, to clear the main limiting factors of obtain high yield through planting density and the effective using of water and heat, and illustrated the effect of sowing date and planting density on premature and lodging in maize. Main research results were as follows.
1.The key limiting factor which affected the yield of maize was rainfall in south of Northeast China, the effective accumulated temperature after silking was the main factor to affect car barren tip and unfilled grain, and the rainfall after silking was the key factors which affected kernels per row and grain depths. Under the source of light and heat in Northeast China, the appropriate sowing dates were from25th April to10th May, and appropriate planting density were45000～67500plant·hm-2. The annual yield and yield component performance of different sowing date and planting density, the yield of early sowing date and middle planting density was the highest for two years, to compared with planting density, sowing date was the most important factor which affected yield, the main factor to evaluate yield was though early sowing in optimum time increasing ear number, enhancing grain weight per1000.
2. Early sowing could prolong the duration time of growth and development of maize; With the delay of sowing date and the acceleration of growth progress, the temperature of late sowing date was relatively higher, the duration time of sowing-emerge and emerge-jointing were shorten. With the delay of sowing time, the emerge time of population dry matter accumulation shift to an earlier date, and accumulated this trend. The dry matter (DM), dry matter accumulate rate (DMAR) and crop growth rate of late sowing time in earlier growing stage was highest, then was the middle sowing date, and the early sowing date was the lowest; In late growing stage, the order of DM and DMAR was early, middle and late. Compared with planting densities, the order of DM, DMAR, CGR was high plant density, middle density and low density.
3. Plant height, spike position height and the length of second internode and spike position height coefficient were increased with the delay of sowing date, but stem diameter and coefficient of-stem diameter were decreased, and significant differences were exicited. Compared with planting densities, plant height, spike position height, the length of second internode and spike position height coefficient were increased orderly with planting densities, but stem diameter and coefficient of stem diameter were decreased. The regular of leaf weight ratio (LWR) was unimodal curve, reached a maximum value then decreased gradually, and became steady until later growth stage. In the sowing dates treatments, with the delay of sowing time, LWR, leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased sequentially; Compared with planting densities, the order of LWR was high density, middle density and low density, and there were not significantly differences; LAR and SLA were decreased with planting density increasing, there were significant differences among different planting densities.
4. The change of LAI was significantly affected by sowing date during silking stage. With the delay of sowing date, LAI decreaced mostrapidly, The emerge time of LAImax、 TLAImax、TVmax and duration time of TLAI>4were sequenced as ES>NS>LS, but Vmax was increasing trend with the delay of sowing date; for early sowing date, the LAD for all growth stage and the ratio of LAD after silking were higher than normal and late sowing time; There were significant effect of planting density on the LAI of maize population, the LAI of maize population was decreased with the increasing of planting densities, the LAI of D3decreased rapidly. The duration time of LAImax、Vmax、TVmax and TLAI>4were increased with the increasing of planting densities, in opposite, TLAImax was decreased, high planting density did not contribute to the accumulation of LAD.
5. The photosynthetic parameters of early sowing date, such as net photosynthetic rate and its light response curve, transpiration rate and its light response curve, intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductivity (Gs), was higher than normal and late sowing date, but water using efficiency (WUE) was lower. The photosynthetic parameters and net photosynthetic rate and its light response curve, transpiration rate and its light response curve, light using efficiency (LUE) and water using efficiency (WUE) of middle and low planting density was higher than high planting density. Reasonable planting densities and sowing date could established a rational canopy structure, prolong the fuctional time of leaf, enhanced the light using efficiency and water using efficiency.
6. Early sowing date and low planting date could enhance the trend of maize premature. The advance time of sowing date could increase Fo, and decreased photosynthetic chemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ reactive center, the Fv/Fm of early sowing time was lower than nomal and late sowing time; Too high planting" density would destruct PS Ⅱ reactive center, increase Fo, and accelerate the premature of leaf. The regular of concentration was, with the development of growth progress, the concentration of Chl(a+b) increased firstly and then decreased, the peak value emerged about day after silking. The decreased rate of Chl(a+b) concentration for ES was higher than NS and LS; With the increasing of planting density, the concentration of Chl(a+b) decreased rapidly. SOD was decreased with the delay of time, ES decreased strongly; Compared with planting densities, the SOD activity was decreased with the increasing of planting density, the SOD activity of early sowing date and high planting density was decreased, but MDA was opposited. Average grain filling rate was the main factor which affected kernel weight, the duration time of grain filling peak value was the submain factor to affect kernel weight at the above position of ear, the duration time of was the submain factors to affect the kernel weight of the middle and low position. Early sowing date could prolong the continous increasing time of grain filling, contribute to the effective accumulation of dry matter, and result to a relatively large grain dry weight.
7. The grain filling rate of normal sowing time was highest, improved the average grain filling rate, and prolonged the duration time of grain-filling peak value period; the duration time of grain filling, maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate, and duration time of grain filling peak value period were all decreased, resulted the lowest kernel dry weight finally. Compared with planting densities, with the increasing of planting densities, the duration time of grain filling was prolonged, but maximum grain filling rate, average grain filling rate, and duration time of grain filling peak value period were all decreased, resulted the dry weight of final grain was decreased with the increasing of planting densities.
8. Late sowing is not conducive to the accumulation of grain protein and fat, proper early sowing could increase grain oil content, the suitable sowing period with low planting density can improve the content of grain protein and starch. Late sowing with low density promoted the increasing of fat content, planting density is not conducive to the accumulation of fat in grain.
9. The effect of planting density on the vertical distribution of root system is higher than that of sowing date.0-45cm soil layer of root dry weight proportion for LS treatment, accounting for87%of the whole soil profile root dry weight, NS and ES were81.45%and73.83%, in case of heavy rain and strong wind weather late sowing prone to lodging; The roots of D3was less in0-30cm distance of soil root distribution and the lateral root center distance, root distribution is relatively high below60cm, the upper root weight would be decreased if there were too high density, but the total root amount of high planting density is relatively small, root support weakened, easy to occur the risk of lodging. The bleeding intensity in early sowing was higher than that in the normal and late sowing date, The root vigor of early sowing was strong, could support plant aboveground; The bleeding intensity became weaker with the increase of planting density, Too high planting density is not conducive to the growth of root, so root vigor was decreased.
10. Soil water content was increased with the delay of sowing date and the decrease of planting density. The soil moisture in different planting density was different, quick change layer (10-20cm) soil moisture content increased with the increasing of planting density, buffer layer (20-70cm) and relatively stable layer (below70-100cm) water content with soil volume was opposite trends from rapid change layer, it reduced along with the increasing of planting density.
1.降雨量是影响东北南部玉米产量的主要限制因子,花后有效积温是影响秃尖和瘪粒数的关键因子,花后降雨量是影响行粒数和粒深的主要因子。在东北南部的光热资源条件下,玉米合理播期应在4月25日～5月10日,适宜密度应为45000～67500株.hm-2。不同播期与密度条件下玉米产量及产量构成因素的年际间表现,2a均以早播中密处理产量最高。播期密度互作对瘪粒数和粒深影响显著,但对行粒数及秃尖影响较小。播期与密度比较,播期是影响产量的更重要因素,适时早播增加了穗数、提高了千粒重,是玉米产量显著增加的主因。
2.早播可延缓玉米生育进程、延长生育期,随播期播迟,生育进程加快；晚播生育前期温度相对较高,于播种～出苗、出苗～拔节两个时期生育进程明显缩短。随着播期延迟,晚播群体干物质积累量(DM)最大值出现时间提前,且密度提高也加速了这种提前趋势。生育前期DM、干物质积累速率(DMAR)及群体生长率(CGR)为晚播最高,中播次之,早播最低；生育后期,DM、DMAR为早播(ES)>中播(NS)>晚播(LS)。密度处理间,全生育期群体DM、DMAR、CGR均表现为高密(D3)>中密(D2)>低密(D1)。
3.株高、穗位高、茎基部第二节节长及穗高系数均随播期的推迟而增加,而茎粗及茎粗系数降低,且播期间差异显著。密度处理间,株高、穗位高、茎基部第二节节长及穗高系数均表现为随密度增加而依次增大,茎粗及茎粗系数则与之相反。在玉米生长发育过程中叶重比(LWR)呈单峰曲线变化,于拔节期达最大值后逐渐下降,至生育后期变化基本平稳。播期间LWR、叶面积比(LAR)、比叶面积(SLA)均随播期推迟依次降低；密度间LWR表现为高密(D3)>中密(D2)>低密(D1),但处理间差异并不明显。LAR、SLA与之相反,表现为随密度的增加而降低,处理间差异则较明显。
4.播期明显影响玉米吐丝后LAI变化,随播期的推迟,叶面积指数(LAI)下降速度加快,最大叶面积指数(LAImax)、最大叶面积指数出现时间(TLAImax)、叶面积指数最大增长速率出现时间(TVmax)及LAI>4的持续时间(TLAI>4)均为ES>NS>LS,而LAI最大增长速率(Vmax)则随播期推迟依次呈增加的趋势；早播全生育期总LAD、吐丝后LAD所占比例明显高于中播及晚播；密度对群体LAI影响较为明显,群体LAI随密度的增加而增加,D3生育后期下降迅速,LAImax、Vmax、TVmax及TLAI>4持续时间随密度的增加而增大,TLAImax则与之相反,高密不利十吐丝后LAD的累积。
5.ES植株净光合速率(Pn)及其光响应曲线、蒸腾速率(Tr)及其响应曲线、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)等光合指标均高于中播和晚播,但其水分利用效率(WUE)较低。中、低密度处理植株光合参数、净光合速率光响应、蒸腾速率光响应、光能利用效率及水分利用效率等指标均高于高密。合理的播期密度配置冠层结构合理、叶片功能期延长、叶片的光能和水分利用效率增强。
6.早播、低密可在一定程度上增加玉米早衰趋势。播期提前可使灌浆期玉米叶片的Fo升高,降低PSⅡ反应中心的光化学效率,ES处理Fv/Fm明显低于中播和晚播；密度过高引起PSⅡ反应中心的破坏,使Fo升高,加速叶片衰老。叶绿素含量在吐丝后呈单峰曲线变化,穗位叶的Chl(a+b)含量吐丝后随生育进程的推进呈先增后降趋势,峰值出现在吐丝后10d左右。ES处理Chl(a+b)含量下降速度快于NS和LS；随着密度的增加,Chl(a+b)含量下降较快。花后叶片SOD活性随时间推迟而降低,ES较NS和LS下降剧烈；密度处理间SOD活性随密度的升高而降低,早播及高密处理叶片SOD活性降低,MDA含量变化趋势与SOD酶活性相反。
7.平均灌浆速率是影响粒重的主因,灌浆高峰期持续时间是影响穗上部粒重的次因,线性增长期持续时间则为影响中、下部粒重的次因。早播可延长籽粒灌浆的持续增长期,利于籽粒干物质的有效积累,使得最终籽粒干重较大；中播籽粒最大灌浆速率大,灌浆高峰期持续时间有所延长,使得平均灌浆速率有所提升；晚播籽粒灌浆持续时间、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、灌浆高峰期持续时间均降低,导致最终籽粒干重最低。密度间,虽然随密度增加,籽粒增长持续期有所延长,但其最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、灌浆高值持续期均明显降低,致使最终籽粒干重呈随着密度提高而降低的趋势。
8.晚播不利于籽粒蛋白质及脂肪的积累,适当早播可增加籽粒油分含量,适宜的播期配合较低的种植密度能够提高籽粒的蛋白质和淀粉的含量。晚播低密对脂肪含量的增加有促进作用,密度越高越不利于籽粒中脂肪的积累。
9.密度对根系垂直分布影响大于播期。LS处理0～45cm土层内根系干重所占比例大,占整个土层剖面根系干重的87.00%,NS和ES分别为81.45%和73.83%,若遇强降雨及大风天气晚播极易发生倒伏；D3处理根系在横向距根系中心较远处及0-30cm土层根系分布较少,60cm以下根系分布相对较高,密度过高上层根量减少,但高密处理总根量相对较少,根系支撑减弱,易增加倒伏风险。伤流强度早播处理高于中播及晚播,早播根系活力大,对地上部的支持能力强；随种植密度的增加伤流强度逐渐变弱,群体密度过高不利于根系生长,根系活力减弱。
10.土壤含水量随播期推迟、密度的减小呈增加趋势。各土层的含水量在不同密度之间的差异不同,速变层内(10-20cm)土壤水分含量随密度的增加而逐渐增大,缓变层(20-70cm)和相对稳定层(70-100cm以下)土壤体积含水量处理间与速变层呈相反趋势变化,表现为随密度的增加逐渐降低。
In the experiment, Zhengdan958(close planting and early maturing maize cultivitar) was chosen as the material, by taking the maize production fields of Zaohua Town, Shenyang province and Cainiu town Tieling country as the research object in2011-2012, estabilished the experiment of sowing date and planting density in high yield population, divided as main test and auxiliary test, to investigate the relationships of yield and sowing date, yield and plant density, and explored the mechanism of coordination of water and heat, to clear the main limiting factors of obtain high yield through planting density and the effective using of water and heat, and illustrated the effect of sowing date and planting density on premature and lodging in maize. Main research results were as follows.
1.The key limiting factor which affected the yield of maize was rainfall in south of Northeast China, the effective accumulated temperature after silking was the main factor to affect car barren tip and unfilled grain, and the rainfall after silking was the key factors which affected kernels per row and grain depths. Under the source of light and heat in Northeast China, the appropriate sowing dates were from25th April to10th May, and appropriate planting density were45000～67500plant·hm-2. The annual yield and yield component performance of different sowing date and planting density, the yield of early sowing date and middle planting density was the highest for two years, to compared with planting density, sowing date was the most important factor which affected yield, the main factor to evaluate yield was though early sowing in optimum time increasing ear number, enhancing grain weight per1000.
2. Early sowing could prolong the duration time of growth and development of maize; With the delay of sowing date and the acceleration of growth progress, the temperature of late sowing date was relatively higher, the duration time of sowing-emerge and emerge-jointing were shorten. With the delay of sowing time, the emerge time of population dry matter accumulation shift to an earlier date, and accumulated this trend. The dry matter (DM), dry matter accumulate rate (DMAR) and crop growth rate of late sowing time in earlier growing stage was highest, then was the middle sowing date, and the early sowing date was the lowest; In late growing stage, the order of DM and DMAR was early, middle and late. Compared with planting densities, the order of DM, DMAR, CGR was high plant density, middle density and low density.
3. Plant height, spike position height and the length of second internode and spike position height coefficient were increased with the delay of sowing date, but stem diameter and coefficient of-stem diameter were decreased, and significant differences were exicited. Compared with planting densities, plant height, spike position height, the length of second internode and spike position height coefficient were increased orderly with planting densities, but stem diameter and coefficient of stem diameter were decreased. The regular of leaf weight ratio (LWR) was unimodal curve, reached a maximum value then decreased gradually, and became steady until later growth stage. In the sowing dates treatments, with the delay of sowing time, LWR, leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased sequentially; Compared with planting densities, the order of LWR was high density, middle density and low density, and there were not significantly differences; LAR and SLA were decreased with planting density increasing, there were significant differences among different planting densities.
4. The change of LAI was significantly affected by sowing date during silking stage. With the delay of sowing date, LAI decreaced mostrapidly, The emerge time of LAImax、 TLAImax、TVmax and duration time of TLAI>4were sequenced as ES>NS>LS, but Vmax was increasing trend with the delay of sowing date; for early sowing date, the LAD for all growth stage and the ratio of LAD after silking were higher than normal and late sowing time; There were significant effect of planting density on the LAI of maize population, the LAI of maize population was decreased with the increasing of planting densities, the LAI of D3decreased rapidly. The duration time of LAImax、Vmax、TVmax and TLAI>4were increased with the increasing of planting densities, in opposite, TLAImax was decreased, high planting density did not contribute to the accumulation of LAD.
5. The photosynthetic parameters of early sowing date, such as net photosynthetic rate and its light response curve, transpiration rate and its light response curve, intercellular CO2concentration (Ci) and stomatal conductivity (Gs), was higher than normal and late sowing date, but water using efficiency (WUE) was lower. The photosynthetic parameters and net photosynthetic rate and its light response curve, transpiration rate and its light response curve, light using efficiency (LUE) and water using efficiency (WUE) of middle and low planting density was higher than high planting density. Reasonable planting densities and sowing date could established a rational canopy structure, prolong the fuctional time of leaf, enhanced the light using efficiency and water using efficiency.
6. Early sowing date and low planting date could enhance the trend of maize premature. The advance time of sowing date could increase Fo, and decreased photosynthetic chemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ reactive center, the Fv/Fm of early sowing time was lower than nomal and late sowing time; Too high planting" density would destruct PS Ⅱ reactive center, increase Fo, and accelerate the premature of leaf. The regular of concentration was, with the development of growth progress, the concentration of Chl(a+b) increased firstly and then decreased, the peak value emerged about day after silking. The decreased rate of Chl(a+b) concentration for ES was higher than NS and LS; With the increasing of planting density, the concentration of Chl(a+b) decreased rapidly. SOD was decreased with the delay of time, ES decreased strongly; Compared with planting densities, the SOD activity was decreased with the increasing of planting density, the SOD activity of early sowing date and high planting density was decreased, but MDA was opposited. Average grain filling rate was the main factor which affected kernel weight, the duration time of grain filling peak value was the submain factor to affect kernel weight at the above position of ear, the duration time of was the submain factors to affect the kernel weight of the middle and low position. Early sowing date could prolong the continous increasing time of grain filling, contribute to the effective accumulation of dry matter, and result to a relatively large grain dry weight.
7. The grain filling rate of normal sowing time was highest, improved the average grain filling rate, and prolonged the duration time of grain-filling peak value period; the duration time of grain filling, maximum grain-filling rate, average grain-filling rate, and duration time of grain filling peak value period were all decreased, resulted the lowest kernel dry weight finally. Compared with planting densities, with the increasing of planting densities, the duration time of grain filling was prolonged, but maximum grain filling rate, average grain filling rate, and duration time of grain filling peak value period were all decreased, resulted the dry weight of final grain was decreased with the increasing of planting densities.
8. Late sowing is not conducive to the accumulation of grain protein and fat, proper early sowing could increase grain oil content, the suitable sowing period with low planting density can improve the content of grain protein and starch. Late sowing with low density promoted the increasing of fat content, planting density is not conducive to the accumulation of fat in grain.
9. The effect of planting density on the vertical distribution of root system is higher than that of sowing date.0-45cm soil layer of root dry weight proportion for LS treatment, accounting for87%of the whole soil profile root dry weight, NS and ES were81.45%and73.83%, in case of heavy rain and strong wind weather late sowing prone to lodging; The roots of D3was less in0-30cm distance of soil root distribution and the lateral root center distance, root distribution is relatively high below60cm, the upper root weight would be decreased if there were too high density, but the total root amount of high planting density is relatively small, root support weakened, easy to occur the risk of lodging. The bleeding intensity in early sowing was higher than that in the normal and late sowing date, The root vigor of early sowing was strong, could support plant aboveground; The bleeding intensity became weaker with the increase of planting density, Too high planting density is not conducive to the growth of root, so root vigor was decreased.
10. Soil water content was increased with the delay of sowing date and the decrease of planting density. The soil moisture in different planting density was different, quick change layer (10-20cm) soil moisture content increased with the increasing of planting density, buffer layer (20-70cm) and relatively stable layer (below70-100cm) water content with soil volume was opposite trends from rapid change layer, it reduced along with the increasing of planting density.
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