黑土区春玉米营养特性及其高效施肥技术研究
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摘要
针对黑土区春玉米施肥中存在的养分不平衡、利用效率低、施肥效益不高等问题,在吉林省中部玉米主产区,通过田间试验研究了春玉米营养特性和控释氮肥养分释放规律,探讨了春玉米氮肥分次运筹模式,提出了黑土区春玉最新养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥技术,为黑土区春玉米合理施肥提供了理论依据和技术支撑。主要结论如下。
1.春玉米吸肥特性及其与亲本相关性研究表明,不同品种玉米吸收土壤中和肥料中养分能力不同,高低相差悬殊,生产上可以用吸肥参数和化肥效应参数对不同品种玉米进行吸肥能力的分级,相关分析表明吸肥参数与化肥效应参数间存在正相关关系,明确了应用化肥效应参数对玉米喜肥等级进行划分更为简便。通过多品种试验得出：玉米营养遗传特性与母本需肥特性相关性显著,生产上可以通过玉米母本的喜肥特性来确定所属杂交种的喜肥特性。
2.不同类型品种春玉米氮素营养特性研究表明,氮高效品种在无氮条件下的叶绿素含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性较高,同时具有较大的于物质积累、氮素吸收、氮收获指数和生产效率。不同氮效率品种间硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性存在差异,玉米不同生育时期硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性表现不同。
3.春玉米控释氮肥养分释放规律研究表明,控释氮肥处理从苗期到成熟期土壤硝态氮含量一直处于缓慢下降的趋势,乳熟期养分释放和春玉米地上部氮素吸收同时达到最高值,使土壤供肥与玉米需肥相一致。说明控释氮肥一次性施用能够满足玉米关键生育时期对养分的需求,有利于提高养分利用效率。
4.春玉米氮肥运筹模式研究表明,通过氮肥合理运筹可提高春玉米产量、收益及肥料利用效率,从干物质积累、产量效益、农学效率和利用效率的综合情况来看,氮肥20%作底肥、40%在拔节期作追肥、40%在大喇叭口期作追肥的施用方式为黑土区春玉米最佳氮肥运筹模式。
5.春玉米养分丰缺指标及推荐施肥技术研究表明,中部黑土区土壤速效氮素养分等级为低度时玉米最大产量施氮量为200kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为195kg/hm2；土壤速效氮素养分等级为中度时,最大产量施氮量为170kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为141kg/hm2；土壤速效氮素养分等级为高度时,最大产量施氮量为117kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为106kg/hm2。土壤速效磷等级为低度时,最大产量施磷量为91kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为84kg/hm2；土壤速效磷等级为中度时,最大产量施磷量为69kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为58kg/hm2；土壤速效磷等级为高度时,最大产量施磷量为43kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为32kg/hm2.土壤速效钾养分等级为低度时,最大产量施钾量为98kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为85kg/hm2；土壤速效钾养分等级为中度时,最大产量施钾量为72kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为56kg/hm2；土壤速效钾养分等级为高度时,最大产量施钾量为52kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为38kg/hm2。
In order to solve the main problems including nutrient imbalance, low utilization efficiency and low fertilization benefit on spring maize fertilization at the black soil region, field experiments were conducted to study the nutritional characteristics of spring maize and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer release regulation. At the same time, nitrogen fertilization techniques for split application was discussed, and the new abundant and deficient index of soil nutrient and recommended fertilization technique for spring maize were put forward. The main results were as follows.
1.Research on relativity of nutrient absorption characteristic between maize hybrid and Its parent showed that different maize varieties had different nutrients absorption ability from soil and fertilizer. So the fertilizer absorption parameter and fertilizer effect parameters could be used to determine gradations for maize fertilizer absorption ability.Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant linear correlation between fertilizer absorption parameter and fertilizer effect parameter.Using the fertilizer effect parameter for gradations for maize fertilizer absorption ability was proved to be more easy and convenient. The experiment also showed that NPK characteristic of maize hybrid was consistent with NPK characteristic of maize female parent, whereas was not consistent with NPK characteristic of maize male parent. So the maize hybrid fertilizer-liking grade could be determined through its female parent fertilizer-liking grade.
2.Research on nitrogen characteristic for different maize varieties showed that chlorophyll content, activity of glutamine synthetase, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen production efficiency were higher for high efficiency nitrogen maize as compared with low efficiency nitrogen maize. Nitrate reductase activity and glutamine synthetase activity were different between different nitrogen use efficiency maize varieties. At different maize growth stages, Nitrate reductase activity and glutamine synthetase activity were different.
3.Research on nutrient release characteristic for controlled release nitrogen fertilizer showed that soil nitrate nitrogen content decreased slowly with the treatment of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer from seedling stage to mature stage, Nutrient release for controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen uptake for maize reached the peak simultaneously at the milk stage, and nutrient release curve and absorption curve was almost consistent, which proved that application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could satisfy the maize nutrient requirements at the main growth stages.
4.Research on nitrogen management modes for spring maize showed that nitrogen fertilizer application for spring maize could increase the maize yield, profit and fertilizer use efficiency.In the view of accumulation of dry matter, yield, agronomic efficiency and utilization rate, the optimum nitrogen application method was to be applied for three times as basal fertilizer and top dressing(1/5N was applied as basal fertilizer,2/5N was applied at jointing stage and the remained2/5N was applied at belling stage).
5.Research on abundant and deficient index of soil nutrient and its fertilizer recommendation technique showed that When the soil available nitrogen was within low level,the maximum N input was200kg/ha, and the most economic N input was195kg/ha; when the soil available nitrogen nutrient was within medium level, the maximum N input was170kg/ha, and the most economic N input was141kg/ha; when the soil available nitrogen nutrient was within high level, the maximum N input was117kg/ha, and the most economic N input was106kg/ha.when the soil available phosphorus was within low level,the maximum P input was91kg/ha, and the most economic N input was84kg/ha; when the soil available phosphorus was within medium level,the maximum P input was81kg/ha, and the most economic N input was69kg/ha; when the soil available phosphorus was within high level, the maximum P input was43kg/ha, and the most economic P input was32kg/ha. when the soil available potassium was within low level,the maximum K input was98kg/ha, and the most economic N input was85kg/ha;when the soil available potassium was within medium level,the maximum K input was72kg/ha, and the most economic N input was56kg/ha; when the soil available potassium was within high level,the maximum K input was52kg/ha, and the most economic N input was38kg/ha.
1.春玉米吸肥特性及其与亲本相关性研究表明,不同品种玉米吸收土壤中和肥料中养分能力不同,高低相差悬殊,生产上可以用吸肥参数和化肥效应参数对不同品种玉米进行吸肥能力的分级,相关分析表明吸肥参数与化肥效应参数间存在正相关关系,明确了应用化肥效应参数对玉米喜肥等级进行划分更为简便。通过多品种试验得出：玉米营养遗传特性与母本需肥特性相关性显著,生产上可以通过玉米母本的喜肥特性来确定所属杂交种的喜肥特性。
2.不同类型品种春玉米氮素营养特性研究表明,氮高效品种在无氮条件下的叶绿素含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性较高,同时具有较大的于物质积累、氮素吸收、氮收获指数和生产效率。不同氮效率品种间硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性存在差异,玉米不同生育时期硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性表现不同。
3.春玉米控释氮肥养分释放规律研究表明,控释氮肥处理从苗期到成熟期土壤硝态氮含量一直处于缓慢下降的趋势,乳熟期养分释放和春玉米地上部氮素吸收同时达到最高值,使土壤供肥与玉米需肥相一致。说明控释氮肥一次性施用能够满足玉米关键生育时期对养分的需求,有利于提高养分利用效率。
4.春玉米氮肥运筹模式研究表明,通过氮肥合理运筹可提高春玉米产量、收益及肥料利用效率,从干物质积累、产量效益、农学效率和利用效率的综合情况来看,氮肥20%作底肥、40%在拔节期作追肥、40%在大喇叭口期作追肥的施用方式为黑土区春玉米最佳氮肥运筹模式。
5.春玉米养分丰缺指标及推荐施肥技术研究表明,中部黑土区土壤速效氮素养分等级为低度时玉米最大产量施氮量为200kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为195kg/hm2；土壤速效氮素养分等级为中度时,最大产量施氮量为170kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为141kg/hm2；土壤速效氮素养分等级为高度时,最大产量施氮量为117kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施氮量为106kg/hm2。土壤速效磷等级为低度时,最大产量施磷量为91kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为84kg/hm2；土壤速效磷等级为中度时,最大产量施磷量为69kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为58kg/hm2；土壤速效磷等级为高度时,最大产量施磷量为43kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施磷量为32kg/hm2.土壤速效钾养分等级为低度时,最大产量施钾量为98kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为85kg/hm2；土壤速效钾养分等级为中度时,最大产量施钾量为72kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为56kg/hm2；土壤速效钾养分等级为高度时,最大产量施钾量为52kg/hm2,最佳经济效益施钾量为38kg/hm2。
In order to solve the main problems including nutrient imbalance, low utilization efficiency and low fertilization benefit on spring maize fertilization at the black soil region, field experiments were conducted to study the nutritional characteristics of spring maize and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer release regulation. At the same time, nitrogen fertilization techniques for split application was discussed, and the new abundant and deficient index of soil nutrient and recommended fertilization technique for spring maize were put forward. The main results were as follows.
1.Research on relativity of nutrient absorption characteristic between maize hybrid and Its parent showed that different maize varieties had different nutrients absorption ability from soil and fertilizer. So the fertilizer absorption parameter and fertilizer effect parameters could be used to determine gradations for maize fertilizer absorption ability.Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant linear correlation between fertilizer absorption parameter and fertilizer effect parameter.Using the fertilizer effect parameter for gradations for maize fertilizer absorption ability was proved to be more easy and convenient. The experiment also showed that NPK characteristic of maize hybrid was consistent with NPK characteristic of maize female parent, whereas was not consistent with NPK characteristic of maize male parent. So the maize hybrid fertilizer-liking grade could be determined through its female parent fertilizer-liking grade.
2.Research on nitrogen characteristic for different maize varieties showed that chlorophyll content, activity of glutamine synthetase, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen production efficiency were higher for high efficiency nitrogen maize as compared with low efficiency nitrogen maize. Nitrate reductase activity and glutamine synthetase activity were different between different nitrogen use efficiency maize varieties. At different maize growth stages, Nitrate reductase activity and glutamine synthetase activity were different.
3.Research on nutrient release characteristic for controlled release nitrogen fertilizer showed that soil nitrate nitrogen content decreased slowly with the treatment of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer from seedling stage to mature stage, Nutrient release for controlled release nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen uptake for maize reached the peak simultaneously at the milk stage, and nutrient release curve and absorption curve was almost consistent, which proved that application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer could satisfy the maize nutrient requirements at the main growth stages.
4.Research on nitrogen management modes for spring maize showed that nitrogen fertilizer application for spring maize could increase the maize yield, profit and fertilizer use efficiency.In the view of accumulation of dry matter, yield, agronomic efficiency and utilization rate, the optimum nitrogen application method was to be applied for three times as basal fertilizer and top dressing(1/5N was applied as basal fertilizer,2/5N was applied at jointing stage and the remained2/5N was applied at belling stage).
5.Research on abundant and deficient index of soil nutrient and its fertilizer recommendation technique showed that When the soil available nitrogen was within low level,the maximum N input was200kg/ha, and the most economic N input was195kg/ha; when the soil available nitrogen nutrient was within medium level, the maximum N input was170kg/ha, and the most economic N input was141kg/ha; when the soil available nitrogen nutrient was within high level, the maximum N input was117kg/ha, and the most economic N input was106kg/ha.when the soil available phosphorus was within low level,the maximum P input was91kg/ha, and the most economic N input was84kg/ha; when the soil available phosphorus was within medium level,the maximum P input was81kg/ha, and the most economic N input was69kg/ha; when the soil available phosphorus was within high level, the maximum P input was43kg/ha, and the most economic P input was32kg/ha. when the soil available potassium was within low level,the maximum K input was98kg/ha, and the most economic N input was85kg/ha;when the soil available potassium was within medium level,the maximum K input was72kg/ha, and the most economic N input was56kg/ha; when the soil available potassium was within high level,the maximum K input was52kg/ha, and the most economic N input was38kg/ha.
引文
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