蒙古黄耆和膜荚黄耆居群遗传多样性研究
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摘要
黄耆是一味重要的传统中药和民族药,也是我国最常用的大宗药材之一,使用历史已有数千年。一般认为,中药黄耆为豆科植物蒙古黄耆(Astragalus mongholicus)或膜荚黄耆(Astragalus membranceus)的干燥根。众多的研究表明,其主要活性成分为三萜皂甙类化合物、黄酮类化合物、多糖、氨基丁酸和各种微量元素。作为传统中药,黄耆主要用于补气、健脾、壮阳、健体等。现代研究表明其具有保护心脏、保肝、免疫调节、抗癌、抗炎、抗病毒、抗衰老、抗氧化、保护神经和抑制黑色素生成等多种作用,因而越来越受到人们的重视,市场对黄耆的需求量也逐年增加。随着黄耆野生资源的逐年减少,国内栽培黄耆的面积逐年扩大,目前黄耆的种植主要集中于内蒙古、甘肃、山西等地。本研究首先对国内栽培黄耆和野生黄耆资源现状进行了比较广泛的调查,然后以蒙古黄耆为材料开发了微卫星标记引物,并利用这些引物研究了蒙古黄耆居群和膜荚黄耆居群的遗传多样性,同时还利用条形码候选片段对从市场上购买的药材黄耆进行了真伪鉴定,主要的结论如下：
(1)本文对国内栽培黄耆和野生黄耆资源进行了考察,主要考察了甘肃、陕西、山西、内蒙古、黑龙江和吉林等地。随着人们对健康生活的追求以及认识到黄耆具有提高人体免疫力的功效,人们对黄耆的需求量越来越大,导致野生黄耆资源遭到严重破坏,只有少数偏远山区还有残存的野生黄耆,例如黑龙江大兴安岭地区、吉林长白山地区等,但是野生资源已远远不能满足人们对黄耆的需求。在实地调查过程中,于内蒙古、黑龙江和吉林共采集到7个居群的野生膜荚黄耆。另外,在甘肃、内蒙和山西采集到7个居群的栽培蒙古黄耆,在内蒙古呼和浩特市采集到1个居群的野生蒙古黄耆。我们的调查表明,如今市场上的黄耆供应基本上是依靠栽培资源。黄耆主要种植在甘肃、山西、内蒙等地,其中以甘肃最多。但是在黄耆种植过程中也存在一些问题,最为突出的就是黄耆根腐病和白粉病的发生,导致黄耆减产和质量下降,影响了黄耆的销售和功效。另一方面,一些加工商为防止黄耆发霉生虫,违规使用硫磺等化学物质熏制黄耆,严重影响了黄耆的品质。
(2)目前黄耆的研究主要集中于活性成份分离和药理学研究,对于种质资源的系统研究比较少。微卫星标记是研究遗传多样性的有力工具,具有共显性、多态性高等优点。但是,至今还没有关于蒙古黄耆或膜荚黄耆微卫星引物开发的相关报道。本研究首次通过建立蒙古黄耆的微卫星DNA文库,经阳性克隆筛选、测序、设计引物,并通过多态性检测,最终获得了10对具有多态性的微卫星引物。经过分析,10对引物在30个个体中共检测到123个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数目从4到19个不等,平均等位基因个数12.3个。观测杂合度和期望杂合度的值分别位于0.367-1.000和0.395-0.912之间。HQ57位点的多态信息含量最低,为0.361,HQ27位点的多态信息含量最高,到达0.888,总体平均值为0.762,表明所筛选的位点具有比较丰富的多态信息含量。从这些结果来看,这些SSR引物是有效的。这些微卫星引物将为今后研究黄耆的遗传多样性提供有力的工具。
(3)利用自己开发的10对具有多态性的微卫星引物,对采集到的蒙古黄耆居群和膜荚黄耆居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。研究结果发现,蒙古黄耆的遗传多样性较高,居群的平均等位基因数目从6.2-13.8,平均值为11.2,其中内蒙古武川WC居群的平均等位基因数目最高,为13.8；次之是固阳的GY居群,为13.0；最低的是呼和浩特的HS居群,为6.2。基因多样性指数的平均值达到0.822,最高的是内蒙古武川WC居群,为0.863；次之为甘肃陇西LX居群,达到0.852。观测杂合度的平均值为0.789,预期杂合度的平均值为0.797。研究还发现栽培蒙古黄耆居群的遗传多样性高于野生蒙古黄耆居群的野生多样性,可能原因是蒙古黄耆只采集到一个野生居群,不能完全反应野生蒙古黄耆的遗传多样性水平。本文还研究了野生膜荚黄耆居群的遗传多样性,结果表明各居群的平均等位基因数目从5.0-8.8,平均值为7.2,其中ED居群的平均等位基因数目最高,为8.8；次之是CH居群,为8.6；最低的是XL居群,为5.0。基因多样性指数的平均值达到0.689,最高的是CH居群,为0.807；最低的为DYS居群,为0.608。观测杂合度的平均值为0.738,预期杂合度的平均值为0.667。分子方差(AMOVA)分析表明,蒙古黄耆的遗传变异主要存在于居群内(94%),居群间遗传变异只有6%,居群间的分化程度很小；野生膜荚黄耆居群内的遗传变异有72%,居群间遗传变异也达到28%,居群间已经有了一定的分化。基因流的计算也反映出类似的结果。基于SSR分析,蒙古黄耆居群间的遗传分化指数FST为0.0658,基因流Nm=3.549,居群间的遗传分化很小。膜荚黄耆居群间的遗传分化指数FST为0.2262,基因流Nm=0.855,表明野生膜荚黄耆居群间形成了一定程度的分化。对于膜荚黄耆和蒙古黄耆的亲缘关系和分类问题,我们运用主成分分析法,发现二者较为明显地分为两大类,这与我们在野外观察到的形态上的差异比较一致。
(4)本文还利用条形码技术对从市场上购买的药材黄耆(根)进行了鉴定。实验表明条形码候选片段ITS和trnH-psbA能够把黄耆及其伪品区分开。因为中药黄耆用的是根,所以一般而言比较难以通过外形区分。但是使用条形码技术可以克服这一困难,从DNA水平上区分真伪。同时,相对于ITS序列而言,trnH-psbA拥有更多的变异位点,从而产生的遗传距离也较大,更能有效地区分黄耆正品与伪品。
Astragalus mongholicus and Astragalus membranceus are members of the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae) and mainly distributed in northern China and Mongolia. According to Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2010), they are widely used medicinal plants in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as Radix Astragali (or Huangqi in Chinese), and a well-known ethnomedicine in many ethnic groups. The roots have been used for centuries in China as a therapeutic agent for Yang weakness and Qi deficiency. Modern studies have shown that the main active ingredients in Huangqi were the triterpenoid saponin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, amino butyric acid and various trace elements. It also reported that Huangqi have hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, diuretic, sedative, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-aging and antioxidant effects, and could also protect the neuron cells. This medicine has attracted global attention, and the demand for it increased rapidly these years. With the decrease of wild Huangqi resources, there is an increasing amount of cultivated resources. In this study, we carried out surveys on Huangqi resources, developed ten polymorphic microsatellite markers for A. mongholicus, evaluated the genetic diversity of Huangqi resources using these primers, and authenticated the Huangqi purchased from the market. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) We conducted the field survey in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Heilongjiang and Jilin Province. With the pursuit of healthy life and Radix Astragali has the role of improving immunity, the demand for this medicine increased rapidly which had led to the diminishing of wild resource. Nowadays, there are only a small amount of wild plants in remote mountainous areas, such as the Greater Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountain area, and the wild resources can not meet the demand of the people for Radix Astragali, In our field work, we collected7wild populations of A. membranaceus in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang and Jilin Province. We also collected7populations of cultivated A. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu and Shanxi Province, and1population of wild A. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia. During our survey, we also found some problems in cultivation of these plants, and the most serious problem is the disease, which has negative effects on Huangqi quality and quantity. On the other hand, some businessmen use sulfur and other chemical substances to fumigate Huangqi in order to prevent it from bugs, seriously affecting the quality of the medicine.
(2) Modern studies on Huangqi mainly focused on separation of active ingredients and pharmacological analysis, and only a few studies on germplasm resources. Microsatellite markers are powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and have the advantage of codominant and high polymorphism. But so far, there is no report on microsatellite primers development for A. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In this study, for the first time, ten novel microsatellite loci were developed for A. mongholicus. Through the construction of microsatellite DNA library, screening positive clones, sequencing, primers design and polymorphism screening,10pairs of primers with high polymorphism were developed.30individuals were used to evaluate these primers and123alleles were detected. The number of alleles ranged from4to19, with an average number of alleles12.3. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from0.367to1.000and from0.395to0.912, respectively. These markers will be useful for population genetics and molecular ecology studies of this plant.
(3) We evaluated the genetic diversity of eight A. mongholicus populations and seven A. membranaceus populations using the ten polymorphic microsatellite primers. The results showed that A. mongholicus populations had high level of genetic diversity. The average number of alleles for each population was from6.2to13.8(with average of11.2), of which WC population collected from Inner Mongolia had the highest average number of alleles (13.8); followed by GY population (13.0), and the lowest was HS population (6.2). The average gene diversity was0.822, and the highest was0.863(WC population), followed by0.852(LX population). Average observed heterozygosity was0.789and average expected heterozygosity was0.797. The study also found cultivated A. mongholicus populations had higher level of genetic diversity than that of wild population, which might because we only have one wild A. mongholicus population and it can not reflect the total genetic diversity of wild A. mongholicus. Genetic diversity of the wild A. membranaceus populations was also evaluated. The results showed that the average number of alleles for each population was from5.0to8.8(with average of7.2), and the highest number of alleles was8.8(ED population), followed by8.6(CH population), and the lowest was5.0(XL population). The average gene diversity was0.689, with the highest in CH population (0.807) and the lowest in DYS population (0.608). The average observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were0.738and0.667, respectively. Molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis showed that genetic variation of A. mongholicus was mainly within populations (94%), and only6%of the genetic variation was among populations. Therefore, there was only a little degree of differentiation between the populations. For wild A. membranaceus,72%of genetic variation was within populations and28%among populations, therefore there was a certain degree of differentiation among populations. The number of gene flow also showed similar results. Based on SSR analysis, genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) of A. mongholicus populations was0.0658, and gene flow Nm=3.549. For wild A. membranaceus, genetic differentiation coefficient was0.2262and gene flow Nm=0.855. Furthermore, we used principle coordinates analysis to investigate relationship between A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus, and found that the two species are different morphologically.
(4) In this study, we also authenticated the Huangqi purchased from the market. The experiments showed that the candidate DNA barcoding markers ITS and trnH-psbA had the ability to distinguish Huangqi from its adulterants. Compared with ITS, the trnH-psbA fragment had more variation sites, providing more ability to distinguish Huangqi from its adulterants.
(1)本文对国内栽培黄耆和野生黄耆资源进行了考察,主要考察了甘肃、陕西、山西、内蒙古、黑龙江和吉林等地。随着人们对健康生活的追求以及认识到黄耆具有提高人体免疫力的功效,人们对黄耆的需求量越来越大,导致野生黄耆资源遭到严重破坏,只有少数偏远山区还有残存的野生黄耆,例如黑龙江大兴安岭地区、吉林长白山地区等,但是野生资源已远远不能满足人们对黄耆的需求。在实地调查过程中,于内蒙古、黑龙江和吉林共采集到7个居群的野生膜荚黄耆。另外,在甘肃、内蒙和山西采集到7个居群的栽培蒙古黄耆,在内蒙古呼和浩特市采集到1个居群的野生蒙古黄耆。我们的调查表明,如今市场上的黄耆供应基本上是依靠栽培资源。黄耆主要种植在甘肃、山西、内蒙等地,其中以甘肃最多。但是在黄耆种植过程中也存在一些问题,最为突出的就是黄耆根腐病和白粉病的发生,导致黄耆减产和质量下降,影响了黄耆的销售和功效。另一方面,一些加工商为防止黄耆发霉生虫,违规使用硫磺等化学物质熏制黄耆,严重影响了黄耆的品质。
(2)目前黄耆的研究主要集中于活性成份分离和药理学研究,对于种质资源的系统研究比较少。微卫星标记是研究遗传多样性的有力工具,具有共显性、多态性高等优点。但是,至今还没有关于蒙古黄耆或膜荚黄耆微卫星引物开发的相关报道。本研究首次通过建立蒙古黄耆的微卫星DNA文库,经阳性克隆筛选、测序、设计引物,并通过多态性检测,最终获得了10对具有多态性的微卫星引物。经过分析,10对引物在30个个体中共检测到123个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数目从4到19个不等,平均等位基因个数12.3个。观测杂合度和期望杂合度的值分别位于0.367-1.000和0.395-0.912之间。HQ57位点的多态信息含量最低,为0.361,HQ27位点的多态信息含量最高,到达0.888,总体平均值为0.762,表明所筛选的位点具有比较丰富的多态信息含量。从这些结果来看,这些SSR引物是有效的。这些微卫星引物将为今后研究黄耆的遗传多样性提供有力的工具。
(3)利用自己开发的10对具有多态性的微卫星引物,对采集到的蒙古黄耆居群和膜荚黄耆居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。研究结果发现,蒙古黄耆的遗传多样性较高,居群的平均等位基因数目从6.2-13.8,平均值为11.2,其中内蒙古武川WC居群的平均等位基因数目最高,为13.8；次之是固阳的GY居群,为13.0；最低的是呼和浩特的HS居群,为6.2。基因多样性指数的平均值达到0.822,最高的是内蒙古武川WC居群,为0.863；次之为甘肃陇西LX居群,达到0.852。观测杂合度的平均值为0.789,预期杂合度的平均值为0.797。研究还发现栽培蒙古黄耆居群的遗传多样性高于野生蒙古黄耆居群的野生多样性,可能原因是蒙古黄耆只采集到一个野生居群,不能完全反应野生蒙古黄耆的遗传多样性水平。本文还研究了野生膜荚黄耆居群的遗传多样性,结果表明各居群的平均等位基因数目从5.0-8.8,平均值为7.2,其中ED居群的平均等位基因数目最高,为8.8；次之是CH居群,为8.6；最低的是XL居群,为5.0。基因多样性指数的平均值达到0.689,最高的是CH居群,为0.807；最低的为DYS居群,为0.608。观测杂合度的平均值为0.738,预期杂合度的平均值为0.667。分子方差(AMOVA)分析表明,蒙古黄耆的遗传变异主要存在于居群内(94%),居群间遗传变异只有6%,居群间的分化程度很小；野生膜荚黄耆居群内的遗传变异有72%,居群间遗传变异也达到28%,居群间已经有了一定的分化。基因流的计算也反映出类似的结果。基于SSR分析,蒙古黄耆居群间的遗传分化指数FST为0.0658,基因流Nm=3.549,居群间的遗传分化很小。膜荚黄耆居群间的遗传分化指数FST为0.2262,基因流Nm=0.855,表明野生膜荚黄耆居群间形成了一定程度的分化。对于膜荚黄耆和蒙古黄耆的亲缘关系和分类问题,我们运用主成分分析法,发现二者较为明显地分为两大类,这与我们在野外观察到的形态上的差异比较一致。
(4)本文还利用条形码技术对从市场上购买的药材黄耆(根)进行了鉴定。实验表明条形码候选片段ITS和trnH-psbA能够把黄耆及其伪品区分开。因为中药黄耆用的是根,所以一般而言比较难以通过外形区分。但是使用条形码技术可以克服这一困难,从DNA水平上区分真伪。同时,相对于ITS序列而言,trnH-psbA拥有更多的变异位点,从而产生的遗传距离也较大,更能有效地区分黄耆正品与伪品。
Astragalus mongholicus and Astragalus membranceus are members of the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae) and mainly distributed in northern China and Mongolia. According to Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2010), they are widely used medicinal plants in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as Radix Astragali (or Huangqi in Chinese), and a well-known ethnomedicine in many ethnic groups. The roots have been used for centuries in China as a therapeutic agent for Yang weakness and Qi deficiency. Modern studies have shown that the main active ingredients in Huangqi were the triterpenoid saponin, flavonoids, polysaccharides, amino butyric acid and various trace elements. It also reported that Huangqi have hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, diuretic, sedative, immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-aging and antioxidant effects, and could also protect the neuron cells. This medicine has attracted global attention, and the demand for it increased rapidly these years. With the decrease of wild Huangqi resources, there is an increasing amount of cultivated resources. In this study, we carried out surveys on Huangqi resources, developed ten polymorphic microsatellite markers for A. mongholicus, evaluated the genetic diversity of Huangqi resources using these primers, and authenticated the Huangqi purchased from the market. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) We conducted the field survey in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Heilongjiang and Jilin Province. With the pursuit of healthy life and Radix Astragali has the role of improving immunity, the demand for this medicine increased rapidly which had led to the diminishing of wild resource. Nowadays, there are only a small amount of wild plants in remote mountainous areas, such as the Greater Khingan Mountains and Changbai Mountain area, and the wild resources can not meet the demand of the people for Radix Astragali, In our field work, we collected7wild populations of A. membranaceus in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang and Jilin Province. We also collected7populations of cultivated A. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu and Shanxi Province, and1population of wild A. mongholicus in Inner Mongolia. During our survey, we also found some problems in cultivation of these plants, and the most serious problem is the disease, which has negative effects on Huangqi quality and quantity. On the other hand, some businessmen use sulfur and other chemical substances to fumigate Huangqi in order to prevent it from bugs, seriously affecting the quality of the medicine.
(2) Modern studies on Huangqi mainly focused on separation of active ingredients and pharmacological analysis, and only a few studies on germplasm resources. Microsatellite markers are powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and have the advantage of codominant and high polymorphism. But so far, there is no report on microsatellite primers development for A. mongholicus or A. membranaceus. In this study, for the first time, ten novel microsatellite loci were developed for A. mongholicus. Through the construction of microsatellite DNA library, screening positive clones, sequencing, primers design and polymorphism screening,10pairs of primers with high polymorphism were developed.30individuals were used to evaluate these primers and123alleles were detected. The number of alleles ranged from4to19, with an average number of alleles12.3. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from0.367to1.000and from0.395to0.912, respectively. These markers will be useful for population genetics and molecular ecology studies of this plant.
(3) We evaluated the genetic diversity of eight A. mongholicus populations and seven A. membranaceus populations using the ten polymorphic microsatellite primers. The results showed that A. mongholicus populations had high level of genetic diversity. The average number of alleles for each population was from6.2to13.8(with average of11.2), of which WC population collected from Inner Mongolia had the highest average number of alleles (13.8); followed by GY population (13.0), and the lowest was HS population (6.2). The average gene diversity was0.822, and the highest was0.863(WC population), followed by0.852(LX population). Average observed heterozygosity was0.789and average expected heterozygosity was0.797. The study also found cultivated A. mongholicus populations had higher level of genetic diversity than that of wild population, which might because we only have one wild A. mongholicus population and it can not reflect the total genetic diversity of wild A. mongholicus. Genetic diversity of the wild A. membranaceus populations was also evaluated. The results showed that the average number of alleles for each population was from5.0to8.8(with average of7.2), and the highest number of alleles was8.8(ED population), followed by8.6(CH population), and the lowest was5.0(XL population). The average gene diversity was0.689, with the highest in CH population (0.807) and the lowest in DYS population (0.608). The average observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity were0.738and0.667, respectively. Molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis showed that genetic variation of A. mongholicus was mainly within populations (94%), and only6%of the genetic variation was among populations. Therefore, there was only a little degree of differentiation between the populations. For wild A. membranaceus,72%of genetic variation was within populations and28%among populations, therefore there was a certain degree of differentiation among populations. The number of gene flow also showed similar results. Based on SSR analysis, genetic differentiation coefficient (FST) of A. mongholicus populations was0.0658, and gene flow Nm=3.549. For wild A. membranaceus, genetic differentiation coefficient was0.2262and gene flow Nm=0.855. Furthermore, we used principle coordinates analysis to investigate relationship between A. membranaceus and A. mongholicus, and found that the two species are different morphologically.
(4) In this study, we also authenticated the Huangqi purchased from the market. The experiments showed that the candidate DNA barcoding markers ITS and trnH-psbA had the ability to distinguish Huangqi from its adulterants. Compared with ITS, the trnH-psbA fragment had more variation sites, providing more ability to distinguish Huangqi from its adulterants.
引文
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