中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的机制研究
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摘要
伴随着知识经济时代的到来，知识已经逐渐取代了传统的生产要素，成为推动经济发展、社会进步和企业成长的一个关键性的因素。在实施“走出去”战略的背景下，越来越多的中国企业为了快速提高自身的核心竞争力，纷纷选择通过在海外进行收购兼并、合资、新建等方式来获取先进的知识技术，帮助其能够加快完成产业升级和拓宽原有市场份额。知识的合理利用、有效转移和自主创新，影响了企业的竞争优势和市场地位，成为企业可持续健康发展的源泉。母子公司体制作为一种复杂的组织形式，是现代跨国企业在发展中必然面临的一种市场内部化的公司关系。在母子公司网络体系的作用下，各成员企业的多样化形成了知识对于不同企业的异质性，这些知识差异化的产生为企业创造协同作用提供了宝贵机会，也成为知识传播和转移的有效地载体。因此，在跨国并购中母子公司之间如何更好的进行知识转移，成为中国企业必须关注的焦点。
本文发现，国内外学者对跨国并购的知识转移的研究，一直是外商直接投资领域的热点问题。从现有的研究成果来看，较多学者把研究的视角主要集中在跨国并购知识转移的影响因素、模型构建、企业绩效等方面，而忽略了母子公司对跨国并购知识转移方面的影响，尤其是缺乏发展中国家或转型国家的相应理论证据，如中国企业在跨国并购中母子公司的作用机制。本文通过文献回顾、理论探讨、案例研究和实证研究等方法的综合运用，结合我国企业跨国并购的具体发展实践，对中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的作用机理进行分析和梳理，希望在促进中国企业跨国并购中母子公司内部的知识转移效果上，提供理论依据和实践指导。
本文选取了国内8家行业知名，且具有丰富知识转移经验的跨国企业作为案例研究对象。通过多案例的研究方法，对研究对象的跨国并购行为和并购前后知识转移情况作了深入具体的分析和比较。由此，得到以下主要特征：（1）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的主要动机是降低进入海外市场壁垒、降低企业发展海外市场成本和风险、获取海外公司成熟的分销渠道、获取子公司的技术竞争优势和获取战略资源或世界知名品牌；（2）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的主要方式有初级转移、高级转移和非正式转移；（3）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移主要是通过财务绩效、运营绩效和非财务性且与人有关的绩效方法来检验其效果。
本文在总结跨国并购的知识转移相关理论文献的基础上，构造出企业跨国并购中母子公司的知识转移模型。其中，知识特性、组织比较情境、接受方特征、传授方特征作为自变量，转移方式作为中介变量，成功的知识转移作为因变量，并对所有变量之间的关系作出理论逻辑假设。通过回收到的146份有效问卷，运用SPSS12.0和STATA11.0统计软件对样本数据进行预处理，检验了问卷的效度和信度，对变量作了相关性分析和多重共线性检验，保证了问卷设计的合理和数据的质量。此外，还利用验证性因子分析对观测变量和潜变量之间的关系进行测量，保证了模型理论逻辑的正确性。
本文运用了通径模型分析的实证方法，对母子公司内部的知识转移进行了定量分析，最终论证了各影响因素对成功知识转移的作用机制。结论如下：（1）知识距离、转移意愿、传授能力、初级转移、高级转移对成功的知识转移有直接显著的正面影响，地理距离对成功的知识转移有直接显著的负面影响，知识内隐、知识嵌入、关系距离、制度距离、学习意愿、吸收能力、高级转移对成功的知识转移的直接影响并不显著；（2）吸收能力和传授能力受到转移方式的中介作用，对成功的知识转移有间接显著的正面影响；（3）当知识转移方式作为中介变量的情况下，知识距离对成功的知识转移的总体影响显著程度大幅减小，地理距离在原来的显著水平上降为不显著，转移意愿和传授能力的总体影响显著程度略有提高。
鉴于此，为了更好的促进知识转移的效果，本文对中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移提出以下建议：（1）提高知识转移主体的转移效能；（2）构建适合的知识转移平台；（3）增强知识转移的风险防范；（4）注重知识转移后的文化交流和整合。本文由于客观原因，在样本数据和变量设计方面均有所局限性，可能会影响本研究的结论。对于未来研究的展望，可以从以下三个方面进行继续的探索和学习：（1）知识转移效果评价体系的度量指标；（2）组织网络体系中的母子公司知识转移研究；（3）知识转移对知识创新的促进影响作用。
As the arrival of the era of knowledge economy, knowledge is graduallyreplacing the traditional production factors, and becomes a crucial factor in promotingeconomic development, social progress and enterprise growth. Based on theimplementation of the strategy of "going out", more and more Chinese enterprises tryto make overseas mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, new construction, etc. toget advanced knowledge and technologies, so as to speed up industrial upgrading andexpand the existing market share, which finally improve their core competitivenessrapidly. And the reasonable utilization, effective transfer and independent innovationof knowledge, impact the competitive advantage and market position of an enterprise,so become its source for sustainable healthy development. Subsidiary companysystem, through is a complex system of organization, is an unavoidable internalcompany relationships that comes up during the development of modern multinationalenterprise. Under the function of the network system within parent-subsidiarycompanies, the diversification of member companies forms the knowledgeheterogeneity among each other companies, which provides a valuable opportunity forproducing synergies among enterprises and also become effective vector forknowledge dissemination and transfer. Therefore, the efficient knowledge transferbetween parent company and subsidiary during cross border mergers acquisitions（M&A） now becomes as an absolute focal point for Chinese enterprises.
It was found that the knowledge transfer during transnational M&A is always ahot issue in foreign direct investment. The existing research indicating that most ofthe scholars focused on the influencing factors, Model Constructions, corporateperformance, and so on, during the knowledge transfer of cross border M&A,regardless of the impacts from parent company and subsidiary themselves,particularly the corresponding theoretical evidence from developing or transitioncountries, such as the mechanisms of the knowledge transfer during Chineseenterprises transnational M&A.
After combining multiple research methods, such as the paper reviews,theoretical discussion, case studies, empirical research, and so on, together withanalyzing the specific development practice of transnational M&A of Chineseenterprises, this study analysis and organized the mechanism of the knowledgetransfer during Chinese enterprises transnational M&A, so as to provide theoreticalbasis and practice guidelines for effective knowledge transfer during transnationalM&A of Chinese enterprises. Through the multi-case study method, eight well-knownand famous for knowledge transposition international enterprises are selected for theintensive analysis of the Cross-border Mergers Acquisitions behavior and thecomparison of the cased effect before and after Knowledge transposition. Theanalysis indicates three important characteristics: Firstly, the main intention of drivinginternational enterprises in China to merge parents and subsidiary companies is toreduce difficulties, costs, and risks as entering overseas markets, and to earn moremutual distribution channels, the good of competitive skills, the strategic resources,and the awareness of leading brands from overseas subsidiary companies. Secondly,the three main ways of knowledge transposition during the international mergencefrom the enterprises in China include primary, further, and informal transposition.Lastly, financial, operational, non-financial and human related performances can testthe effects of knowledge transposition from overseas parent and subsidiarycompanies.
Based on reviewing and summarizing professional papers which focus on theknowledge transfer during the transnational M&A, the mode of knowledge transferbetween parent and subsidiary companies in their cross-border M&A was constructedout, where the characteristics of knowledge, properties of organization and situation,features of recipients and imparters are labeled as independent variables, whiletransferred method is considered as an intervening variable, and successful knowledgetransfer works as a dependent variable. Then raise theoretical and logic hypothesesbased on relationships among all these variables. By retrieving146validquestionnaires, this study first preprocessed sample data for confirming the validityand reliability of this survey, using SPSS12.0and STATA11.0software. Then it ensured the reasonability of the questionnaire design and the quality of the datathrough running the correlation analysis and multiple linear testing. In addition, tomake sure the theoretic and logical validities of the Model, this study analyzed therelationships between observed variables and latent variables using confirmatoryfactor analysis.
Based on the size model analysis, this study quantified the knowledge transferwithin the parent company and subsidiary, and ultimately demonstrates the roles ofinfluencing factors in successful knowledge transfer and their workingmechanisms. Conclusions as follows:（1） Knowledge distance, transfer wishes,import ability, primary transfer, and further transfer, all of which work directly andsignificantly on the success of knowledge transfer, lead to positive effects; whilegeographic distance, which also works directly and significantly on the knowledgetransfer, results in negative effects; implicit knowledge, knowledge embedding,relational distance, systematic distance, learning wishes, and absorptive capacity, andfurther transfer, all of which work directly but non-significantly on the success ofknowledge transfer.（2） Absorptive capacity and import ability are mediated bytransferred method, and play indirect but significant positive effects on successfulknowledge transfer.（3） The overall significant levels of knowledge distancedramatically decreased, and the significant level of geographic distance even dropsignificantly as not notable, while the overall impact of the transfer wishes and importability slightly increased.
Based on results above, in order to better facilitate knowledge transfer effect,here concluded several suggestions for Chinese enterprises that are executing orplanning knowledge transfer within parent company and subsidiary during theirtransnational M&A:（1）Improve the transfer efficiency of the main subjects;（2）Construct a appropriate platform for knowledge transfer;（3）Enhance risk preventionof knowledge transfer;（4）Pay attention to the cultural exchange and integration afterknowledge transfer. However, the limitation in both sample data and variableassumption may influence making conclusions. Future studies can focus on the following three aspects:（1）Reasonable metrics used in the evaluation system ofknowledge transfer;（2）knowledge transfer within the network architecture;（3）Positive effects on knowledge innovation triggered by knowledge transfer.
本文发现，国内外学者对跨国并购的知识转移的研究，一直是外商直接投资领域的热点问题。从现有的研究成果来看，较多学者把研究的视角主要集中在跨国并购知识转移的影响因素、模型构建、企业绩效等方面，而忽略了母子公司对跨国并购知识转移方面的影响，尤其是缺乏发展中国家或转型国家的相应理论证据，如中国企业在跨国并购中母子公司的作用机制。本文通过文献回顾、理论探讨、案例研究和实证研究等方法的综合运用，结合我国企业跨国并购的具体发展实践，对中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的作用机理进行分析和梳理，希望在促进中国企业跨国并购中母子公司内部的知识转移效果上，提供理论依据和实践指导。
本文选取了国内8家行业知名，且具有丰富知识转移经验的跨国企业作为案例研究对象。通过多案例的研究方法，对研究对象的跨国并购行为和并购前后知识转移情况作了深入具体的分析和比较。由此，得到以下主要特征：（1）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的主要动机是降低进入海外市场壁垒、降低企业发展海外市场成本和风险、获取海外公司成熟的分销渠道、获取子公司的技术竞争优势和获取战略资源或世界知名品牌；（2）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移的主要方式有初级转移、高级转移和非正式转移；（3）中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移主要是通过财务绩效、运营绩效和非财务性且与人有关的绩效方法来检验其效果。
本文在总结跨国并购的知识转移相关理论文献的基础上，构造出企业跨国并购中母子公司的知识转移模型。其中，知识特性、组织比较情境、接受方特征、传授方特征作为自变量，转移方式作为中介变量，成功的知识转移作为因变量，并对所有变量之间的关系作出理论逻辑假设。通过回收到的146份有效问卷，运用SPSS12.0和STATA11.0统计软件对样本数据进行预处理，检验了问卷的效度和信度，对变量作了相关性分析和多重共线性检验，保证了问卷设计的合理和数据的质量。此外，还利用验证性因子分析对观测变量和潜变量之间的关系进行测量，保证了模型理论逻辑的正确性。
本文运用了通径模型分析的实证方法，对母子公司内部的知识转移进行了定量分析，最终论证了各影响因素对成功知识转移的作用机制。结论如下：（1）知识距离、转移意愿、传授能力、初级转移、高级转移对成功的知识转移有直接显著的正面影响，地理距离对成功的知识转移有直接显著的负面影响，知识内隐、知识嵌入、关系距离、制度距离、学习意愿、吸收能力、高级转移对成功的知识转移的直接影响并不显著；（2）吸收能力和传授能力受到转移方式的中介作用，对成功的知识转移有间接显著的正面影响；（3）当知识转移方式作为中介变量的情况下，知识距离对成功的知识转移的总体影响显著程度大幅减小，地理距离在原来的显著水平上降为不显著，转移意愿和传授能力的总体影响显著程度略有提高。
鉴于此，为了更好的促进知识转移的效果，本文对中国企业跨国并购中母子公司知识转移提出以下建议：（1）提高知识转移主体的转移效能；（2）构建适合的知识转移平台；（3）增强知识转移的风险防范；（4）注重知识转移后的文化交流和整合。本文由于客观原因，在样本数据和变量设计方面均有所局限性，可能会影响本研究的结论。对于未来研究的展望，可以从以下三个方面进行继续的探索和学习：（1）知识转移效果评价体系的度量指标；（2）组织网络体系中的母子公司知识转移研究；（3）知识转移对知识创新的促进影响作用。
As the arrival of the era of knowledge economy, knowledge is graduallyreplacing the traditional production factors, and becomes a crucial factor in promotingeconomic development, social progress and enterprise growth. Based on theimplementation of the strategy of "going out", more and more Chinese enterprises tryto make overseas mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, new construction, etc. toget advanced knowledge and technologies, so as to speed up industrial upgrading andexpand the existing market share, which finally improve their core competitivenessrapidly. And the reasonable utilization, effective transfer and independent innovationof knowledge, impact the competitive advantage and market position of an enterprise,so become its source for sustainable healthy development. Subsidiary companysystem, through is a complex system of organization, is an unavoidable internalcompany relationships that comes up during the development of modern multinationalenterprise. Under the function of the network system within parent-subsidiarycompanies, the diversification of member companies forms the knowledgeheterogeneity among each other companies, which provides a valuable opportunity forproducing synergies among enterprises and also become effective vector forknowledge dissemination and transfer. Therefore, the efficient knowledge transferbetween parent company and subsidiary during cross border mergers acquisitions（M&A） now becomes as an absolute focal point for Chinese enterprises.
It was found that the knowledge transfer during transnational M&A is always ahot issue in foreign direct investment. The existing research indicating that most ofthe scholars focused on the influencing factors, Model Constructions, corporateperformance, and so on, during the knowledge transfer of cross border M&A,regardless of the impacts from parent company and subsidiary themselves,particularly the corresponding theoretical evidence from developing or transitioncountries, such as the mechanisms of the knowledge transfer during Chineseenterprises transnational M&A.
After combining multiple research methods, such as the paper reviews,theoretical discussion, case studies, empirical research, and so on, together withanalyzing the specific development practice of transnational M&A of Chineseenterprises, this study analysis and organized the mechanism of the knowledgetransfer during Chinese enterprises transnational M&A, so as to provide theoreticalbasis and practice guidelines for effective knowledge transfer during transnationalM&A of Chinese enterprises. Through the multi-case study method, eight well-knownand famous for knowledge transposition international enterprises are selected for theintensive analysis of the Cross-border Mergers Acquisitions behavior and thecomparison of the cased effect before and after Knowledge transposition. Theanalysis indicates three important characteristics: Firstly, the main intention of drivinginternational enterprises in China to merge parents and subsidiary companies is toreduce difficulties, costs, and risks as entering overseas markets, and to earn moremutual distribution channels, the good of competitive skills, the strategic resources,and the awareness of leading brands from overseas subsidiary companies. Secondly,the three main ways of knowledge transposition during the international mergencefrom the enterprises in China include primary, further, and informal transposition.Lastly, financial, operational, non-financial and human related performances can testthe effects of knowledge transposition from overseas parent and subsidiarycompanies.
Based on reviewing and summarizing professional papers which focus on theknowledge transfer during the transnational M&A, the mode of knowledge transferbetween parent and subsidiary companies in their cross-border M&A was constructedout, where the characteristics of knowledge, properties of organization and situation,features of recipients and imparters are labeled as independent variables, whiletransferred method is considered as an intervening variable, and successful knowledgetransfer works as a dependent variable. Then raise theoretical and logic hypothesesbased on relationships among all these variables. By retrieving146validquestionnaires, this study first preprocessed sample data for confirming the validityand reliability of this survey, using SPSS12.0and STATA11.0software. Then it ensured the reasonability of the questionnaire design and the quality of the datathrough running the correlation analysis and multiple linear testing. In addition, tomake sure the theoretic and logical validities of the Model, this study analyzed therelationships between observed variables and latent variables using confirmatoryfactor analysis.
Based on the size model analysis, this study quantified the knowledge transferwithin the parent company and subsidiary, and ultimately demonstrates the roles ofinfluencing factors in successful knowledge transfer and their workingmechanisms. Conclusions as follows:（1） Knowledge distance, transfer wishes,import ability, primary transfer, and further transfer, all of which work directly andsignificantly on the success of knowledge transfer, lead to positive effects; whilegeographic distance, which also works directly and significantly on the knowledgetransfer, results in negative effects; implicit knowledge, knowledge embedding,relational distance, systematic distance, learning wishes, and absorptive capacity, andfurther transfer, all of which work directly but non-significantly on the success ofknowledge transfer.（2） Absorptive capacity and import ability are mediated bytransferred method, and play indirect but significant positive effects on successfulknowledge transfer.（3） The overall significant levels of knowledge distancedramatically decreased, and the significant level of geographic distance even dropsignificantly as not notable, while the overall impact of the transfer wishes and importability slightly increased.
Based on results above, in order to better facilitate knowledge transfer effect,here concluded several suggestions for Chinese enterprises that are executing orplanning knowledge transfer within parent company and subsidiary during theirtransnational M&A:（1）Improve the transfer efficiency of the main subjects;（2）Construct a appropriate platform for knowledge transfer;（3）Enhance risk preventionof knowledge transfer;（4）Pay attention to the cultural exchange and integration afterknowledge transfer. However, the limitation in both sample data and variableassumption may influence making conclusions. Future studies can focus on the following three aspects:（1）Reasonable metrics used in the evaluation system ofknowledge transfer;（2）knowledge transfer within the network architecture;（3）Positive effects on knowledge innovation triggered by knowledge transfer.
引文
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