常规与有机生产方式下稻田和菜地温室气体（CH_4和N_2O）排放研究
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摘要
气候变暖是当今全球性的环境问题,其主要原因为是由于大气中温室气体浓度的不断增加。其中,CH4和N2O是最主要的两种温室气体。农田生态系统是温室气体的重要排放源。目前国内有关农田温室气体的排放研究主要基于常规生产方式,而有关有机生产方式下农田温室气体排放的研究鲜有报道。本研究以我国华东地区稻田和菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱气相色谱法田间原位同步测定CH4和N20排放通量,探讨不同农业生产方式下农田温室气体排放特征和强度,这对于我国选择合理的农业生产方式、减少温室气体排放具有重要的意义。
田间试验包含2007年水稻生长季和2009-2011年两年的蔬菜轮作观测周期。2007年水稻生长季,采用区组设计研究不同农业生产方式(常规和有机生产方式)和水分管理方式(持续淹水(F)、淹水-烤田-淹水(F-D-F)、淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉(F-D-F-M))对稻田CH4和N2O排放影响及评估有机生产方式对稻田温室气体的减排潜力；2009-2010年田间有机菜地试验主要研究不同栽培方式对菜地土壤N2O排放影响,同时结合室内培养试验研究不同栽培方式下土壤氮素转化过程；2010-2011年轮作周期内利用常规露天菜地试验数据研究环境因子对菜地N20和CH4排放通量的影响。综合2009-2011年常规和有机生产方式菜地试验数据,探讨不同农业生产方式下菜地CH4和N2O排放特征和强度,评估农业生产方式的转变(由常规生产方式转变为有机生产方式)对菜地温室气体减排效果及减排潜力。
主要研究结果如下：
1.土壤水分(水分管理方式)是稻田有无植株小区CH4和N20排放的主要驱动因子,同时温度(气温和土温)明显影响稻田有无植株小区CH4排放,而对N20排放影响不明显。露天栽培和设施栽培菜地,温度(气温和土温)和土壤水分对菜地CH4排放影响不显著。而露天和设施菜地N20排放均明显受到土壤水分影响,其N2O排放的最适宜土壤湿度(WFPS)分别为74.6%与80.1%。
2.水稻生长季稻田CH4和N20排放通量与农业生产方式有关。常规生产方式下,F、F-D-F和F-D-F-M三种水分管理方式稻田,CH4季节平均排放通量分别为4.44、2.14和1.75mg m-2h-1,与有机生产方式下各水分管理方式相比,分别增加了20%、23%与25%。就N20排放通量而言,与常规稻田相比,F-D-F处理与F-D-F-M处理N20季节平均排放量较低,分别为10.85与13.66μgm-2h-1。全球增温潜势(GWP)方面：F处理明显增加了100年时间尺度上有机稻田CH4与N20排放量的综合GWP,而F-D-F-M处理CH4和N20排放量的GWP在两种农业生产方式下并没有明显的差异；与常规稻田相比,有机稻田各水分管理方式下其温室气体排放强度(GHGI)相对较高而碳效率比(CER)相对较低。结合GWP、GHGI和CER三方面,本研究结果表明有机生产方式在稻田管理中并不是有效的温室气体减排措施。
3.室内培养试验结果表明设施有机菜地土壤的矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。而大田试验结果表明：栽培方式明显影响了菜地N2O排放,与露天栽培方式相比,设施栽培方式明显增加了菜地N20排放总量(P=0.0015)。无论施肥与否,设施栽培菜地N2O排放量均高于露天栽培菜地。有机肥的施用增加了露天和设施栽培菜地N20排放量,有机肥施用所导致的露天和设施栽培菜地N20排放系数分别为0.24%与0.20%。
4.农业生产方式明显影响菜地CH4和N20排放量。在整个观测期,两种农业生产方式CH4通量明显不同,常规菜地是CH4吸收汇而有机菜地是CH4排放源。与常规露天菜地相比,常规设施菜地有较高的CH4吸收量与N2O排放量,但在有机菜地,CH4和N2O排放量在两种栽培方式下并没有明显差异。与常规生产方式相比,有机生产方式能明显降低菜地CH4和N2O排放量的GWP。无论是20年还是100年时间尺度上有机菜地CH4和N2O排放量的GWP均较常规菜地的低。与常规和有机露天栽培方式相比,设施栽培方式均增加了菜地CH4和N20排放量的GWP。
5.搜集全球有关菜地N20排放数据,按一定的规则取舍数据,利用有效数据建立模型,模型拟合结果表明,菜地N2O年排放量与施氮量呈明显的线性关系,且菜地N20背景排放量较高。平均而言,露天与设施栽培菜地N20排放系数平均为为0.590%,背景排放量为2.56kg N ha-1yr-1。以此来估算我国菜地2008年年直接排放量为79.1Gg N20-N,占我国农田N20排放总量的20-23%。
全文结论：
农业生产方式影响稻田CH4和N2O排放。有机生产方式增加了100年时间尺度上F处理稻田CH4与N20排放量的综合GWP,而对F-D-F-M处理CH4和N20排放量的GWP没有影响；有机稻田各水分管理方式下其GHGI相对较高而CER相对较低。
不同栽培方式土壤氮素的转化过程不同。设施菜地土壤的矿化、硝化作用与反硝化作用总体比露天菜地土壤强烈。
农业生产方式明显影响CH4和N2O排放。整个观测期常规菜地是CH4吸收汇,而有机菜地是cH4排放源。有机生产方式降低了菜地CH4和N2O的GWP,而设施栽培方式增加了菜地CH4和N2O的GWP。
菜地N2O排放总量估算。利用本研究所建模型估算我国菜地2008年N2O年直接排放量为79.1Gg N2O-N,占我国农田N20排放总量的20-23%。
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as CH4and N2O has been paid much attention by people due to their substantial contribution to global warming, the severe impacts on the global climate. Agroecosytems are important sources of atmosphere greenhouse gases. Many studies about greenhouse gases in cropland based on conventional cropping regimes, while studies about greenhouse gases based on organic cropping regimes have been reported rarely. The study was carried out in rice and vegetable fields with static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method to simultaneously measure CH4and N2O fluxes. The primary objectives were to examine the differences in characteristics and intensities of greenhouse gas emissions between conventional and organic cropping regimes, seeking for the suitable agriculture management and reducing greenhouse gases emissions in China.
In this study, field experiments were accomplished over the rice-growing season in2007, while vegetable field experiment lasted from2009to2011. In2007, a split-plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of cropping regimes and water regimes in the rice-growing season on CH4and N2O emissions. Cropping regimes consisted of conventional and organic cropping regimes, while water regime in paddies consisted of the continous flooding (F) and the flooding-drainage-flooding (F-D-F). In2009-2010, an organic field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of facilities on soil N2O emissions, and incubation experiments were conducted in laboratory to study nitrogen transformation. In2010-2011, we conducted conventional field experiment to invetagate the impact of environmental factors on CH4and N2O fluxes. Conbined the2009-2010and2020-2011field experiments, we explored the the difference in characteristics and intensities of greenhouse gases emissions between conventional and organic cropping regimes, and to evaluate the mitigation potential of the greenhouse gases emissions in organic cropping regime.
The results of this study are presented as follows:
1. Soil water status (water regime) was the factor controlling the seasonal pattern of CH4and N2O emission from rice paddies. Meanwhile, temperature (air and soil temperature) was another factor influencing CH4emission, but did't influence N2O emission. The effects of temperature (air and soil temperature) and soil moisture on CH4emission were not significantly levels despite in greenhouse plots or in open-air plots. The N2O emissions were affected by soil moisture both in greenhouse plots and in open-air plots, the optimum soil moisture for N2O emissions in greenhouse plots was80.1%and74.6%for open-air plots.
2. The CH4and N2O fluxes in rice paddies depended on the cropping regimes. Seasonal fluxes of CH4averaged4.44,2.14and1.75mg m-2h-1for the organic rice paddies plots under the water regimes of F, F-D-F and F-D-F-M, respectively. Relative to conventional rice paddies, organic cropping systems increased seasonal CH4emissions by20%,23%, and35%for the plots under the water regimes of F, F-D-F, and F-D-F-M, respectively. Under the water regimes of F-D-F and F-D-F-M, seasonal N2O-N emissions averaged10.85and13.66μg m-2h-1in organic rice paddies, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in conventional rice paddies. The net global warming potentials (GWP) of CH4and N2O emissions from organic rice paddies were significantly higher or comparable under various water regimes relative to conventional rice paddies. The greenhouse gas intensities were greater, while carbon efficiency ratios (CER) were lower in organic relative to conventional rice paddies. The results of this study suggest that organic cropping systems might not be an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4and N2O in paddy rice production.
3. The results of incubation experiments indicate that the mineralization, nitrification and denitrification of greenhouse were more intensive than that of open-air vegetable soil. The results of field show that the facility significantly affected soil N2O emissions (P=0.0015). Greenhouse facitlity increased soil N2O emissions relative to open-air. Fertilizer application increased soil N2O emissions in both greenhouse and open-air plots, fertilizer-induced emission factor for N2O was0.24%for open-air and0.20%for greenhouse.
4. In the present study, both CH4and N2O emissions differed between the organic and conventional vegetable cropping systems. Over the whole annual cycle, the soils varied from being minor net sources of CH4in the organic cropping systems to small net sinks for atmospheric CH4in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. Fertilizer application increased N2O emissions both in the organic and conventional vegetable fields, but organic fertilizer-induced N2O emissions in organic vegetable cropping systems were much lower than those induced by synthetic N fertilizer in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. Under the conventional vegetable cropping regime, more soil CH4uptakes and N2O emissions were observed in the greenhouse vegetable regimes compared to the open-air vegetable cropping systems. Under the organic vegetable cropping regime, however, soil CH4and N2O emissions did not significantly differ between the open-air and greenhouse vegetable systems. The combined annual GWP of CH4and N2O emissions were lowest for the organic open-air vegetable control plots while highest for the conventional greenhouse vegetable fertilized plots. The results of this study suggest that the conversion of conventional to organic cropping regimes would benefit for mitigating global warming potentials of CH4and N2O emissions in vegetable fields, while greenhouse instead of open-air vegetable cropping systems would slightly increase their global warming potentials.
5. We compiled measurement data of direct N2O emissions from vegetable fields published in peer-reviewed Chinese and English journals, processed data according to certain rules. Model building by available field N2O flux measurements data over or close to1-year indicated a linear relationship between N2O emission and the amount of fertilizer application and that the background N2O emissions from conventional vegetable fields were significantly greater than those estimates from Chinese staple cropping uplands or rice-upland rotation systems. Considering all N2O fluxes data, thereby, we estimated the emission factor of N2O, on average, to be0.59%in conventional vegetable fields. The annual background N2O emission was, on average,2.76kg N2O-N ha-1in vegetable fields. By adopting the emission factor and background emission of N2O in conventional vegetable fields, the present study estimated annual direct N2O emissions to be79.1Gg N2O-N yr-1in Chinese vegetable cropping systems in2008, contributed20-23%of the total N2O emission from croplands in China.
Thus, the CH4and N2O fluxes in rice paddies depended on the rice cropping regimes. The net global warming potentials (GWP) of CH4and N2O emissions from organic rice paddies were significantly higher or comparable under various water regimes relative to conventional rice paddies. The greenhouse gas intensities were greater, CER were lower in organic relative to conventional rice paddies. The results of this study suggest that organic cropping systems might not be an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4and N2O in paddy rice production. Secondly, the results of incubation experiments indicate that the mineralization, nitrification and denitrification of greenhouse were more intensive than that of open-air vegetable soil. Thirdly, both CH4and N2O emissions differed between the organic and conventional vegetable cropping systems. Over the whole annual cycle, the soils varied from being minor net sources of CH4in the organic cropping systems to small net sinks for atmospheric CH4in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. The combined annual GWP of CH4and N2O emissions were lower for organic vegetable plots, meanwhile, greenhouse instead of open-air vegetable cropping systems would slightly increase their global warming potentials. Finally, the present study estimated annual direct N2O emissions to be79.1Gg N2O-N yr-1in Chinese vegetable cropping systems in2008, contributed20-23%of the total N2O emission from croplands in China.
田间试验包含2007年水稻生长季和2009-2011年两年的蔬菜轮作观测周期。2007年水稻生长季,采用区组设计研究不同农业生产方式(常规和有机生产方式)和水分管理方式(持续淹水(F)、淹水-烤田-淹水(F-D-F)、淹水-烤田-淹水-湿润灌溉(F-D-F-M))对稻田CH4和N2O排放影响及评估有机生产方式对稻田温室气体的减排潜力；2009-2010年田间有机菜地试验主要研究不同栽培方式对菜地土壤N2O排放影响,同时结合室内培养试验研究不同栽培方式下土壤氮素转化过程；2010-2011年轮作周期内利用常规露天菜地试验数据研究环境因子对菜地N20和CH4排放通量的影响。综合2009-2011年常规和有机生产方式菜地试验数据,探讨不同农业生产方式下菜地CH4和N2O排放特征和强度,评估农业生产方式的转变(由常规生产方式转变为有机生产方式)对菜地温室气体减排效果及减排潜力。
主要研究结果如下：
1.土壤水分(水分管理方式)是稻田有无植株小区CH4和N20排放的主要驱动因子,同时温度(气温和土温)明显影响稻田有无植株小区CH4排放,而对N20排放影响不明显。露天栽培和设施栽培菜地,温度(气温和土温)和土壤水分对菜地CH4排放影响不显著。而露天和设施菜地N20排放均明显受到土壤水分影响,其N2O排放的最适宜土壤湿度(WFPS)分别为74.6%与80.1%。
2.水稻生长季稻田CH4和N20排放通量与农业生产方式有关。常规生产方式下,F、F-D-F和F-D-F-M三种水分管理方式稻田,CH4季节平均排放通量分别为4.44、2.14和1.75mg m-2h-1,与有机生产方式下各水分管理方式相比,分别增加了20%、23%与25%。就N20排放通量而言,与常规稻田相比,F-D-F处理与F-D-F-M处理N20季节平均排放量较低,分别为10.85与13.66μgm-2h-1。全球增温潜势(GWP)方面：F处理明显增加了100年时间尺度上有机稻田CH4与N20排放量的综合GWP,而F-D-F-M处理CH4和N20排放量的GWP在两种农业生产方式下并没有明显的差异；与常规稻田相比,有机稻田各水分管理方式下其温室气体排放强度(GHGI)相对较高而碳效率比(CER)相对较低。结合GWP、GHGI和CER三方面,本研究结果表明有机生产方式在稻田管理中并不是有效的温室气体减排措施。
3.室内培养试验结果表明设施有机菜地土壤的矿化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。而大田试验结果表明：栽培方式明显影响了菜地N2O排放,与露天栽培方式相比,设施栽培方式明显增加了菜地N20排放总量(P=0.0015)。无论施肥与否,设施栽培菜地N2O排放量均高于露天栽培菜地。有机肥的施用增加了露天和设施栽培菜地N20排放量,有机肥施用所导致的露天和设施栽培菜地N20排放系数分别为0.24%与0.20%。
4.农业生产方式明显影响菜地CH4和N20排放量。在整个观测期,两种农业生产方式CH4通量明显不同,常规菜地是CH4吸收汇而有机菜地是CH4排放源。与常规露天菜地相比,常规设施菜地有较高的CH4吸收量与N2O排放量,但在有机菜地,CH4和N2O排放量在两种栽培方式下并没有明显差异。与常规生产方式相比,有机生产方式能明显降低菜地CH4和N2O排放量的GWP。无论是20年还是100年时间尺度上有机菜地CH4和N2O排放量的GWP均较常规菜地的低。与常规和有机露天栽培方式相比,设施栽培方式均增加了菜地CH4和N20排放量的GWP。
5.搜集全球有关菜地N20排放数据,按一定的规则取舍数据,利用有效数据建立模型,模型拟合结果表明,菜地N2O年排放量与施氮量呈明显的线性关系,且菜地N20背景排放量较高。平均而言,露天与设施栽培菜地N20排放系数平均为为0.590%,背景排放量为2.56kg N ha-1yr-1。以此来估算我国菜地2008年年直接排放量为79.1Gg N20-N,占我国农田N20排放总量的20-23%。
全文结论：
农业生产方式影响稻田CH4和N2O排放。有机生产方式增加了100年时间尺度上F处理稻田CH4与N20排放量的综合GWP,而对F-D-F-M处理CH4和N20排放量的GWP没有影响；有机稻田各水分管理方式下其GHGI相对较高而CER相对较低。
不同栽培方式土壤氮素的转化过程不同。设施菜地土壤的矿化、硝化作用与反硝化作用总体比露天菜地土壤强烈。
农业生产方式明显影响CH4和N2O排放。整个观测期常规菜地是CH4吸收汇,而有机菜地是cH4排放源。有机生产方式降低了菜地CH4和N2O的GWP,而设施栽培方式增加了菜地CH4和N2O的GWP。
菜地N2O排放总量估算。利用本研究所建模型估算我国菜地2008年N2O年直接排放量为79.1Gg N2O-N,占我国农田N20排放总量的20-23%。
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as CH4and N2O has been paid much attention by people due to their substantial contribution to global warming, the severe impacts on the global climate. Agroecosytems are important sources of atmosphere greenhouse gases. Many studies about greenhouse gases in cropland based on conventional cropping regimes, while studies about greenhouse gases based on organic cropping regimes have been reported rarely. The study was carried out in rice and vegetable fields with static opaque chamber-gas chromatograph method to simultaneously measure CH4and N2O fluxes. The primary objectives were to examine the differences in characteristics and intensities of greenhouse gas emissions between conventional and organic cropping regimes, seeking for the suitable agriculture management and reducing greenhouse gases emissions in China.
In this study, field experiments were accomplished over the rice-growing season in2007, while vegetable field experiment lasted from2009to2011. In2007, a split-plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of cropping regimes and water regimes in the rice-growing season on CH4and N2O emissions. Cropping regimes consisted of conventional and organic cropping regimes, while water regime in paddies consisted of the continous flooding (F) and the flooding-drainage-flooding (F-D-F). In2009-2010, an organic field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of facilities on soil N2O emissions, and incubation experiments were conducted in laboratory to study nitrogen transformation. In2010-2011, we conducted conventional field experiment to invetagate the impact of environmental factors on CH4and N2O fluxes. Conbined the2009-2010and2020-2011field experiments, we explored the the difference in characteristics and intensities of greenhouse gases emissions between conventional and organic cropping regimes, and to evaluate the mitigation potential of the greenhouse gases emissions in organic cropping regime.
The results of this study are presented as follows:
1. Soil water status (water regime) was the factor controlling the seasonal pattern of CH4and N2O emission from rice paddies. Meanwhile, temperature (air and soil temperature) was another factor influencing CH4emission, but did't influence N2O emission. The effects of temperature (air and soil temperature) and soil moisture on CH4emission were not significantly levels despite in greenhouse plots or in open-air plots. The N2O emissions were affected by soil moisture both in greenhouse plots and in open-air plots, the optimum soil moisture for N2O emissions in greenhouse plots was80.1%and74.6%for open-air plots.
2. The CH4and N2O fluxes in rice paddies depended on the cropping regimes. Seasonal fluxes of CH4averaged4.44,2.14and1.75mg m-2h-1for the organic rice paddies plots under the water regimes of F, F-D-F and F-D-F-M, respectively. Relative to conventional rice paddies, organic cropping systems increased seasonal CH4emissions by20%,23%, and35%for the plots under the water regimes of F, F-D-F, and F-D-F-M, respectively. Under the water regimes of F-D-F and F-D-F-M, seasonal N2O-N emissions averaged10.85and13.66μg m-2h-1in organic rice paddies, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in conventional rice paddies. The net global warming potentials (GWP) of CH4and N2O emissions from organic rice paddies were significantly higher or comparable under various water regimes relative to conventional rice paddies. The greenhouse gas intensities were greater, while carbon efficiency ratios (CER) were lower in organic relative to conventional rice paddies. The results of this study suggest that organic cropping systems might not be an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4and N2O in paddy rice production.
3. The results of incubation experiments indicate that the mineralization, nitrification and denitrification of greenhouse were more intensive than that of open-air vegetable soil. The results of field show that the facility significantly affected soil N2O emissions (P=0.0015). Greenhouse facitlity increased soil N2O emissions relative to open-air. Fertilizer application increased soil N2O emissions in both greenhouse and open-air plots, fertilizer-induced emission factor for N2O was0.24%for open-air and0.20%for greenhouse.
4. In the present study, both CH4and N2O emissions differed between the organic and conventional vegetable cropping systems. Over the whole annual cycle, the soils varied from being minor net sources of CH4in the organic cropping systems to small net sinks for atmospheric CH4in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. Fertilizer application increased N2O emissions both in the organic and conventional vegetable fields, but organic fertilizer-induced N2O emissions in organic vegetable cropping systems were much lower than those induced by synthetic N fertilizer in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. Under the conventional vegetable cropping regime, more soil CH4uptakes and N2O emissions were observed in the greenhouse vegetable regimes compared to the open-air vegetable cropping systems. Under the organic vegetable cropping regime, however, soil CH4and N2O emissions did not significantly differ between the open-air and greenhouse vegetable systems. The combined annual GWP of CH4and N2O emissions were lowest for the organic open-air vegetable control plots while highest for the conventional greenhouse vegetable fertilized plots. The results of this study suggest that the conversion of conventional to organic cropping regimes would benefit for mitigating global warming potentials of CH4and N2O emissions in vegetable fields, while greenhouse instead of open-air vegetable cropping systems would slightly increase their global warming potentials.
5. We compiled measurement data of direct N2O emissions from vegetable fields published in peer-reviewed Chinese and English journals, processed data according to certain rules. Model building by available field N2O flux measurements data over or close to1-year indicated a linear relationship between N2O emission and the amount of fertilizer application and that the background N2O emissions from conventional vegetable fields were significantly greater than those estimates from Chinese staple cropping uplands or rice-upland rotation systems. Considering all N2O fluxes data, thereby, we estimated the emission factor of N2O, on average, to be0.59%in conventional vegetable fields. The annual background N2O emission was, on average,2.76kg N2O-N ha-1in vegetable fields. By adopting the emission factor and background emission of N2O in conventional vegetable fields, the present study estimated annual direct N2O emissions to be79.1Gg N2O-N yr-1in Chinese vegetable cropping systems in2008, contributed20-23%of the total N2O emission from croplands in China.
Thus, the CH4and N2O fluxes in rice paddies depended on the rice cropping regimes. The net global warming potentials (GWP) of CH4and N2O emissions from organic rice paddies were significantly higher or comparable under various water regimes relative to conventional rice paddies. The greenhouse gas intensities were greater, CER were lower in organic relative to conventional rice paddies. The results of this study suggest that organic cropping systems might not be an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4and N2O in paddy rice production. Secondly, the results of incubation experiments indicate that the mineralization, nitrification and denitrification of greenhouse were more intensive than that of open-air vegetable soil. Thirdly, both CH4and N2O emissions differed between the organic and conventional vegetable cropping systems. Over the whole annual cycle, the soils varied from being minor net sources of CH4in the organic cropping systems to small net sinks for atmospheric CH4in the conventional vegetable cropping systems. The combined annual GWP of CH4and N2O emissions were lower for organic vegetable plots, meanwhile, greenhouse instead of open-air vegetable cropping systems would slightly increase their global warming potentials. Finally, the present study estimated annual direct N2O emissions to be79.1Gg N2O-N yr-1in Chinese vegetable cropping systems in2008, contributed20-23%of the total N2O emission from croplands in China.
引文
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