大型动力离心机设计理论与关键技术研究
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摘要
按照装备振动台与否，土工离心机大致可分为静力试验离心机和动力试验离心机（也称离心机振动台）两大类，本文将后者简称为动力离心机。动力离心机（Dynamic Centrifuge）是目前国际公认研究岩土地震工程和土动力学最先进、最有效的科学试验平台，而我国仅拥有数台辅助建设的中小型动力离心机设备，且主要技术指标与国际存在很大差距。国内大型动力离心机则为空白，这与我国辽阔的地域、复杂的工程地质条件、高速发展的经济建设以及严峻的地震形势十分不相称。大型动力离心机系统十分复杂而庞大，涉及技术多，成功经验少，建设过程具有问题多、难度大、历时长、花费高等特点。全球仅有两台大型动力离心机，且自建设后一直不断改进，其中UC Davis大型动力离心机建设周期累计长达16年。国际当前动力离心机研制技术和试验技术均不成熟，尚处于初级发展阶段，而国内对大型动力离心机的认识仅限于指标和功能的了解，缺乏系统的关键技术和设计理论研究。
本文以国内对大型动力离心机的迫切需要为背景，以工程力学研究所DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机建设为蓝本，就大型动力离心机的设计理论和关键技术展开研究，确定关键技术和设计难点，剖析主要难点和关键问题，对其中关键问题进行系统地分析、建模、推导、计算和验证。完成的主要工作和成果如下：
1.详细总结了国内外动力离心机及土工离心机发展现状，提出了两者性能评价指标差异和规模划分标准；阐述了动力离心机研制技术和试验技术当前研究进展，指出了国内动力离心机发展的重点方向与趋势；提出了中国地震局工程力学研究所DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机设计指标，阐明了其总体规模和功能特点。
2.密切跟踪国际相关技术最新发展，剖析了国际上仅有的UC Davis和PWRI两台大型动力离心机设备建设经验、结构组成和设计方法；分析了大型动力离心机系统各部分的机械结构、运动约束及功能条件的内在影响和制约；确定了四个子系统的关键技术、设计重点和难点，指出了离心振动台是整个系统的研制核心。
3.针对大型动力离心机的研制核心，深入研究高振动容量和高振动负载下离心振动台设计的新问题和主要难点，引进融合国际最新技术，提出了大型离心振动台整体和主要部件的总设计新方法与基本理论；以DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机设计指标为样本，提出了设计思路与基本方法，给出了主要部件结构、参数确定和元件选型，计算了负载特性及安全校核；建立和求解了等效吊篮质量计算模型和公式。
4.以大型离心振动台总体设计方法为基础，分等级建立和求解了三种离心振动台动力分析模型和传递函数，给出了三类不同设计条件下离心振动台液压机构基本动力特性；以DCIEM-40-300设计指标为样本，利用求解出的传递函数，分析了吊篮主要参数对离心振动台动力性能的影响规律，提出了改进离心振动台动力性能的设计方法。
5.建立了离心振动台与吊篮伺服控制动力仿真模型，研究了离心振动台三参数反馈//输入伺服控制设计方法，提出了最佳参数求解标准；给出了动力离心试验功能要求下，现有伺服控制理论拓展液压系统频宽和提高稳定性的最大能力，探讨了大型离心振动台电液伺服控制系统设计的优化方法。
6.研究了试验数据采集系统环境条件、功能要求及传感器设计问题，提出了一种多信号类型、不等数量线制、多通道复用式的大型动力离心试验数据采集系统设计方法；研究了理想条件下试验模型箱的设计要求，给出了多种结构型式，提出了一套柔性剪切模型箱设计新方法和基本理论；提出了试验图像采集系统基本设计要求和总体设计方法。
7.研究了设备总体结构布局方法和土建设计关键问题；分析了设备基础荷载条件和发生方式，建立了大型动力离心机基础振动分析模型和计算方法，提出了DCIEM-40-300基础设计方案；建立了风阻功率的计算模型，推导出了其解析计算公式，提出了便于工程应用的简化计算方法，解释了主机室空气运动的内在机理。
Depending on the equipment of centrifugal shakers, geotechnicalcentrifuges can be generally classified as static testing centrifuges anddynamic testing centrifuges (also known as centrifuge shaking tables), whilstthe name of latter classification is shortened as dynamic centrifuges herein.Presently dynamic centrifuges are internationally acknowledged as the mostadvanced and the most effective scientific experiment platforms ingeotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. Whereas only a fewmedium and small dynamic centrifuges established as an auxiliary functionexist in China, and moreover their major technical parameters lag far behindthe international levels. No large dynamic centrifuge has been constructed inChina, which situation hardly sorts with t the wide territory, complicatedengineering geotechnical conditions, rapid economy growth and seriousseismic risks in China. One large dynamic centrifuge is a quite complicatedand huge system involving multidisciplinary techniques and lackingsuccessful experience, furthremore its construction is characterized by manyproblems, great difficulties, long period, and huge cost. Currently only twolarge dynamic centrifuges have been constructed and have being improvedconstantly since their completion, while the one in USA has an accumulativeconstruction period of approximately16years. The manufacture technologyand test technology of dynamic centrifuges are both worldly undeveloped andstill in primary phase. Additionally the acquaintance of large dynamiccentrifuges is very limited and confined to the indexes and functions in China,so what lacks more is systematic study on the key technology and designtheory of large dynamic centrifuges.
Based on the urgent need for large dynamic centrifuges in China and thelarge dynamic centrifuge (DCIEM-40-300) construction in Institute ofEngineering Mechanics taken as application background, this paper focuseson the design theory and key technology of large dynamic centrifuges to study,in which the key technology and design difficulties are firstly ascertained andthen the main difficulties and critical problems are analyzed referring tomodeling, formulation, calculation, validation and other process. The mainconclusive and creative works can be outlined, as follows：
1．By detailed summaries on the developments both at home and abroad,the performance evaluation index differences and the grading standards fordynamic centrifuges and geotechnical centrifuges are put forward. Byreviewing the status of dynamic centrifuge manufacture technology and testtechnology, the principal development key and trend in China are proposed.Meanwhile, the design indexes of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge arepresented, and its scale and functions are also illustrated.
2． Following the newly development of correlation technology, theconstruction experience, structural composition and design methods of thetwo existing large dynamic centrifuges in UC Davis and PWRI respectivelyare deeply analyzed. Studying mechanical structures, dynamic restrictions andfunctional inherent conditions of each part of a large dynamic centrifugesystem fixes the key technology, design points and difficulties of foursubsystems, in which the centrifugal shaker is identified as the core of wholesystem.
3．Based on the core of a large dynamic centrifuge, the new problems andmain difficulties of the centrifugal shaker with high shaking capacity and highshaking payload are studied in detail. Moreover, the new design method andbasic theory of the whole and the major components of large centrifugalshakers are proposed, in which the international latest technologies areemployed. Taking the design indexes of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifugeas a sample, the design procedures and basic methods are presented, includingthe main structure design, parameter definition and component selection,meanwhile the load characteristics and mechanical properties are also checked.An equivalent mass calculation model for buckets is established andformulated.
4．Based on the overall design method of large centrifugal shakers, theanalytic models and transfer functions of centrifugal shaker dynamics areestablished and calculated on three levels respectively, by which the hydraulicmechanistic dynamic features of centrifugal shakers under three differentdesign conditions are showed. Also, taking the design indexes ofDCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge as a sample and utilizing the transferfunctions calculated ahead, the influence of main parameters of buckets oncentrifugal shaker dynamics is analyzed, and then the optimum designmethods for centrifugal shakers are proposed.
5． The servo-control simulation model for centrifugal shakers andbuckets is built to study the three parameter feedback and feedforwardcontrollers of centrifugal shakers, meanwhile, the standards for calculating theoptimized parameters are given. Then, the best ability of current servo-controltheory to improve the frequency band and stability of hydraulic systems ispresented on the function request of dynamic centrifuge tests. Simultaneously,the optimum design methods for the servo-control system of large centrifugalshaker are discussed.
6．By studying the operating environments, functional requirements andtransducer design problems of test data acquisition systems, a large scaledesign method for large dynamic centrifuges to gather multi-type signals andmulti-wire sensors is proposed and characterized with multiplexing functions.Under ideal conditions, the design requirements and structure types of testcontainers are analyzed, meantime the design method and fundamental theoryof new flexible shear beam containers are developed. In addition, the basic requirement and overall method for design of a new test image acquisitionsystem are also provided.
7．The structural layout method of equipments and the critical problemsof civil construction are systematically researched. By investigating theloading condition of machine foundation and the generation mode of vibration,the foundation vibration models for large dynamic centrifuges are developedas well as calculation methods, and the foundation design of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge is presented. Otherwise, the mathematical model andcalculation method of wind resistance power are derived, and a simplifiedcalculation method is also presented to convenient for engineeringapplications. The intrinsic mechanism of air movement of operation halls isexplained.
本文以国内对大型动力离心机的迫切需要为背景，以工程力学研究所DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机建设为蓝本，就大型动力离心机的设计理论和关键技术展开研究，确定关键技术和设计难点，剖析主要难点和关键问题，对其中关键问题进行系统地分析、建模、推导、计算和验证。完成的主要工作和成果如下：
1.详细总结了国内外动力离心机及土工离心机发展现状，提出了两者性能评价指标差异和规模划分标准；阐述了动力离心机研制技术和试验技术当前研究进展，指出了国内动力离心机发展的重点方向与趋势；提出了中国地震局工程力学研究所DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机设计指标，阐明了其总体规模和功能特点。
2.密切跟踪国际相关技术最新发展，剖析了国际上仅有的UC Davis和PWRI两台大型动力离心机设备建设经验、结构组成和设计方法；分析了大型动力离心机系统各部分的机械结构、运动约束及功能条件的内在影响和制约；确定了四个子系统的关键技术、设计重点和难点，指出了离心振动台是整个系统的研制核心。
3.针对大型动力离心机的研制核心，深入研究高振动容量和高振动负载下离心振动台设计的新问题和主要难点，引进融合国际最新技术，提出了大型离心振动台整体和主要部件的总设计新方法与基本理论；以DCIEM-40-300大型动力离心机设计指标为样本，提出了设计思路与基本方法，给出了主要部件结构、参数确定和元件选型，计算了负载特性及安全校核；建立和求解了等效吊篮质量计算模型和公式。
4.以大型离心振动台总体设计方法为基础，分等级建立和求解了三种离心振动台动力分析模型和传递函数，给出了三类不同设计条件下离心振动台液压机构基本动力特性；以DCIEM-40-300设计指标为样本，利用求解出的传递函数，分析了吊篮主要参数对离心振动台动力性能的影响规律，提出了改进离心振动台动力性能的设计方法。
5.建立了离心振动台与吊篮伺服控制动力仿真模型，研究了离心振动台三参数反馈//输入伺服控制设计方法，提出了最佳参数求解标准；给出了动力离心试验功能要求下，现有伺服控制理论拓展液压系统频宽和提高稳定性的最大能力，探讨了大型离心振动台电液伺服控制系统设计的优化方法。
6.研究了试验数据采集系统环境条件、功能要求及传感器设计问题，提出了一种多信号类型、不等数量线制、多通道复用式的大型动力离心试验数据采集系统设计方法；研究了理想条件下试验模型箱的设计要求，给出了多种结构型式，提出了一套柔性剪切模型箱设计新方法和基本理论；提出了试验图像采集系统基本设计要求和总体设计方法。
7.研究了设备总体结构布局方法和土建设计关键问题；分析了设备基础荷载条件和发生方式，建立了大型动力离心机基础振动分析模型和计算方法，提出了DCIEM-40-300基础设计方案；建立了风阻功率的计算模型，推导出了其解析计算公式，提出了便于工程应用的简化计算方法，解释了主机室空气运动的内在机理。
Depending on the equipment of centrifugal shakers, geotechnicalcentrifuges can be generally classified as static testing centrifuges anddynamic testing centrifuges (also known as centrifuge shaking tables), whilstthe name of latter classification is shortened as dynamic centrifuges herein.Presently dynamic centrifuges are internationally acknowledged as the mostadvanced and the most effective scientific experiment platforms ingeotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. Whereas only a fewmedium and small dynamic centrifuges established as an auxiliary functionexist in China, and moreover their major technical parameters lag far behindthe international levels. No large dynamic centrifuge has been constructed inChina, which situation hardly sorts with t the wide territory, complicatedengineering geotechnical conditions, rapid economy growth and seriousseismic risks in China. One large dynamic centrifuge is a quite complicatedand huge system involving multidisciplinary techniques and lackingsuccessful experience, furthremore its construction is characterized by manyproblems, great difficulties, long period, and huge cost. Currently only twolarge dynamic centrifuges have been constructed and have being improvedconstantly since their completion, while the one in USA has an accumulativeconstruction period of approximately16years. The manufacture technologyand test technology of dynamic centrifuges are both worldly undeveloped andstill in primary phase. Additionally the acquaintance of large dynamiccentrifuges is very limited and confined to the indexes and functions in China,so what lacks more is systematic study on the key technology and designtheory of large dynamic centrifuges.
Based on the urgent need for large dynamic centrifuges in China and thelarge dynamic centrifuge (DCIEM-40-300) construction in Institute ofEngineering Mechanics taken as application background, this paper focuseson the design theory and key technology of large dynamic centrifuges to study,in which the key technology and design difficulties are firstly ascertained andthen the main difficulties and critical problems are analyzed referring tomodeling, formulation, calculation, validation and other process. The mainconclusive and creative works can be outlined, as follows：
1．By detailed summaries on the developments both at home and abroad,the performance evaluation index differences and the grading standards fordynamic centrifuges and geotechnical centrifuges are put forward. Byreviewing the status of dynamic centrifuge manufacture technology and testtechnology, the principal development key and trend in China are proposed.Meanwhile, the design indexes of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge arepresented, and its scale and functions are also illustrated.
2． Following the newly development of correlation technology, theconstruction experience, structural composition and design methods of thetwo existing large dynamic centrifuges in UC Davis and PWRI respectivelyare deeply analyzed. Studying mechanical structures, dynamic restrictions andfunctional inherent conditions of each part of a large dynamic centrifugesystem fixes the key technology, design points and difficulties of foursubsystems, in which the centrifugal shaker is identified as the core of wholesystem.
3．Based on the core of a large dynamic centrifuge, the new problems andmain difficulties of the centrifugal shaker with high shaking capacity and highshaking payload are studied in detail. Moreover, the new design method andbasic theory of the whole and the major components of large centrifugalshakers are proposed, in which the international latest technologies areemployed. Taking the design indexes of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifugeas a sample, the design procedures and basic methods are presented, includingthe main structure design, parameter definition and component selection,meanwhile the load characteristics and mechanical properties are also checked.An equivalent mass calculation model for buckets is established andformulated.
4．Based on the overall design method of large centrifugal shakers, theanalytic models and transfer functions of centrifugal shaker dynamics areestablished and calculated on three levels respectively, by which the hydraulicmechanistic dynamic features of centrifugal shakers under three differentdesign conditions are showed. Also, taking the design indexes ofDCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge as a sample and utilizing the transferfunctions calculated ahead, the influence of main parameters of buckets oncentrifugal shaker dynamics is analyzed, and then the optimum designmethods for centrifugal shakers are proposed.
5． The servo-control simulation model for centrifugal shakers andbuckets is built to study the three parameter feedback and feedforwardcontrollers of centrifugal shakers, meanwhile, the standards for calculating theoptimized parameters are given. Then, the best ability of current servo-controltheory to improve the frequency band and stability of hydraulic systems ispresented on the function request of dynamic centrifuge tests. Simultaneously,the optimum design methods for the servo-control system of large centrifugalshaker are discussed.
6．By studying the operating environments, functional requirements andtransducer design problems of test data acquisition systems, a large scaledesign method for large dynamic centrifuges to gather multi-type signals andmulti-wire sensors is proposed and characterized with multiplexing functions.Under ideal conditions, the design requirements and structure types of testcontainers are analyzed, meantime the design method and fundamental theoryof new flexible shear beam containers are developed. In addition, the basic requirement and overall method for design of a new test image acquisitionsystem are also provided.
7．The structural layout method of equipments and the critical problemsof civil construction are systematically researched. By investigating theloading condition of machine foundation and the generation mode of vibration,the foundation vibration models for large dynamic centrifuges are developedas well as calculation methods, and the foundation design of DCIEM-40-300dynamic centrifuge is presented. Otherwise, the mathematical model andcalculation method of wind resistance power are derived, and a simplifiedcalculation method is also presented to convenient for engineeringapplications. The intrinsic mechanism of air movement of operation halls isexplained.
引文
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