稻麦轮作系统中施用有机无机复混肥对作物生长及土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
水稻和小麦是世界上最重要的粮食作物。水稻-小麦轮作系统的稳定生产关系到我国乃至世界的粮食安全,而维持和提高土壤肥力是保障作物产量的关键。有机无机配施被认为是一种高产高效的施肥模式,然而对于利用化肥和堆肥工业化生产的有机无机复混肥对作物生长和土壤肥力的研究鲜有报道。本文针对稻麦轮作系统中进行连续4年的不同施肥模式田间试验,研究了等养分条件下以猪粪堆肥为原料的有机无机复混肥对作物产量、干物质累积量、氮素累积量、土壤矿质态氮、土壤微生物量、土壤微生物多样性以及土壤有机质、土壤团聚体等指标的影响,旨在探讨连续施用有机无机复混肥下作物的生物性状变化及土壤有机质转化和积累机制。研究结果表明：
在连续三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的水稻籽粒产量(8504.2～9642.2kg·hm-2)都高于化肥处理(7918.7～9013.3kg·hm-2),但差异不显著。在2007季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的穗数和每穗粒数都低于化肥处理,而在2008和2009季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的穗数和每穗粒数高于化肥处理。在三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量在水稻生长前期都低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期逐渐高于化肥处理；有机无机复混肥处理水稻植株的地上部氮素累积量也是在前期低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期逐渐高于化肥处理。三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态含量在水稻生长前期低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态氮含量与化肥处理相当甚至高于化肥处理。三季水稻中有机无机复混肥处理的水稻氮肥利用率(44.0%-43.5%)都高于化肥处理(33.8%-36.9%)。
在2006-2007小麦季,化肥处理的小麦籽粒产量显著(6760.0kg·hm-2)高于有机无机复混肥处理(4583.9kg·hm-2),在2007-2008季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦籽粒产量(6850.7kg·hm-2)略低于化肥处理(6900.7kg·hm-2),在2008-2009季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦籽粒产量(4783.3kg·hm-2)高于化肥处理(4674.4kg·hm-2),但差异不显著。在2006-2007小麦季,有机无机复混肥处理的有效穗数和每穗粒数都低于化肥处理,进入2008-2009季后,有机无机复混肥处理的有效穗数和每穗粒数超过化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量和氮素累积量在小麦整个生长过程中都显著低于化肥处理,到2007-2008季和2008-2009季后,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量和氮素累积量直到小麦生长后期才超过化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态氮含量始终低于化肥处理,在2007-2008和2008-2009季有机无机复混肥处理在小麦生长后期都高于化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦氮肥利用率(27.3%)低于化肥处理(33.7%),在2007-2008季(36.5%)和2008-2009季(45.8%)有机无机复混肥处理的小麦氮肥利用率高于化肥处理(34.5%,35.8%)。
为了从土壤肥力方面了解有机无机复混肥的增产机制,在2010年的小麦和水稻成熟期分别采取了土样,对土壤有机质及其物理组分以及土壤微生物进行了研究,得到以下结果：
小麦季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中的有机碳含量(16.9g·kg-1、19.8g·kg-1)、全氮含量(1.93g·kg1-、2.]5g·kg-1)和团聚体的平均重量直径(1.1mm、1.9mm)都高于化肥处理(1.Omm),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中大团聚体(>0.25mm)的有机碳和全氮含量都高于化肥处理。有机肥处理的显著高于化肥处理。水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中的有机碳含量(14.9g·kg-1、17.7g·kg-1)、全氮含量(1.87g·kg-1、2.13g·kg-1)都高于化肥处理(14.6g·kg-1、1.82g·kg-1),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。不同施肥处理对水稻季土壤团聚体稳定性影响较小,但有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤各粒径团聚体的有机碳和全氮含量都高于化肥处理,有机肥处理的显著高于化肥处理。
通过采用13C交叉极化结合魔角旋转的固体核磁共振光谱技术(CPMAS13C NMR)分析了土壤有机质的化学结构,发现不同施肥处理对土壤有机质及团聚体中有机质的化学结构也有不同的影响。小麦季土壤中,有机无机复混肥处理(23.43%)和有机肥处理(24.58%)的烷基碳的相对百分含量都低于化肥处理(24.61%),而烷氧基碳的相对百分含量都高于化肥处理,有机无机复混肥(0.50)和有机肥处理(0.51)的烷基碳/烷氧基碳的比值都低于化肥处理(0.56)。水稻季土壤中各施肥处理对土壤有机质化学结构的影响趋势与小麦季不同。水稻季中有机无机复混肥处理(30.57%)的烷基碳的相对百分含量高于化肥处理(28.22%),而烷氧基碳相对百分含量低于化肥处理,有机肥处理的烷基碳和烷氧基碳的相对百分含量都低于化肥处理。不同粒径团聚体中有机质的化学结构也不相同。不同施肥处理对大团聚体的有机质化学结构影响较大,与其它处理相比,有机肥处理增加了大团聚体中烷氧基碳的相对百分含量而降低了烷基碳的相对百分含量,从而降低了有机质的降解程度。
不同施肥处理对土壤有机质密度组分的影响较大。两季土壤中有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的游离态轻组和闭蓄态轻组的含量都高于化肥处理,矿物结合态(重组)的含量低于化肥处理,而且有机肥处理的有机质各组分中的有机碳含量和全氮含量都显著高于化肥处理。
采用氯仿熏蒸法、PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)和real-time PCR(实时定量PCR)分子技术研究了不同施肥处理对土壤微生物数量和多样性的影响。小麦季和水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理(275.82mg kg-1、278.63mg kg-1)和有机肥处理(349.54mg kg-1、331.86mg kg-1)的微生物生物量都高于化肥处理(267.63mg kg-1、250.14mg kg-1),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。小麦季和水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的细菌和真菌群落的多样性都较化肥的高。两季土壤中有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S rRNA的拷贝数都高于化肥处理,且有机肥显著高于化肥。
综上认为,与化肥相比,施用有机无机复混肥可以获得相当甚至更高的作物产量,而且施用有机无机复混肥和有机肥更有利于提高土壤有机质数量和质量、改良土壤物理结构,为作物的生长提供良好的条件,提高土壤肥力和生产力。
Rice and Wheat are the most important staple crops in the world. The sustainable production of rice-wheat crop rotation system concerns the food security of China and the world. The conservation of the soil fertility is essential for the world to maintain the food production. Combined application of organic and inorganic compound fertilizers is realized as a fertilization mold with high nutrient use efficiency and high yield. However, few studies have been reported on effects of mass-produced complex fertilizers made from chemical fertilizers and compost on plant growth and soil fertility. Field experiments were carried out in a rice-wheat rotation system for4years to study the effects of application of the mass-produced complex fertilizer made from chemical fertilizers and pig manure compost on crop yields, biomass and nitrogen uptake and soil properties such as available nitrogen contents, soil microbial biomass and microbial diversity, soil organic matter and soil aggregates with focus on the mechanisms of soil organic matter transformation and accumulation under different fertilization molds. The main results were listed as follows:
The yields of rice obtained by the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OICF)(8504.2～9642.2kg·hm-2) were higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment (CF)(7918.7～9013.3kg·hm-2) in3successive rice seasons, but the difference in yield between the two treatments was not significant. The number of spike and grains per rice panicle of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment in2007, but in2008and2009the number of spike and grains per rice panicle of OICF treatment were higher than that of CF treatment. The aboveground biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation and available soil nitrogen of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment in early stage of rice but higher than that of CF treatment in later stage of rice for all three rice season. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice for OICF treatments (44.0%-43.5%) was higher than that of CF treatment through three rice seasons (33.8%-36.9%).
The yields of wheat of CF treatment (6760.0kg·hm-2、6900.7kg·hm-2) were higher than that of OICF treatment (4583.9kg·hm-2、6850.7kg·hm-2) in wheat season of 2006-2007and2007-2008, and the difference between the two treatments was significant in2006-2007. The yields of wheat by OICF treatment (4783.3kg-hm-2) were higher than that of CF (4674.4kg-hm-2) in2008-2009, but no significant difference existed between the two treatments. The number of spike and grains per panicle of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment under wheat season in2006-2007, but higher in2008-2009. The aboveground biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment through whole stage of wheat in2006-2007, but higher than CF treatment in later stage of wheat in2007-2008and2008-2009. The soil available nitrogen of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment through whole stage of wheat in2006-2007, but higher than that of CF treatment in later stage of wheat in2007-2008and2008-2009. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat under OICF treatment (27.3%) was lower than that of CF treatment (33.7%) in2006-2007, but in2007-2008and2008-2009the nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat under OICF treatment (36.5%,45.8%) was higher than that of CF treatment (34.5%,35.8%).
To understand the mechanism of increasing crop grain through the aspect of soil fertility, the soil was sampled in the maturity of wheat and rice to study the soil organic matter, aggregation and microbial properties. The results were listed as follows:
The content of soil organic carbon (SOC)(16.9g-kg-119.8g-kg-1)and soil total nitrogen (TN)(1.93g-kg、2.15g·kg-1) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates under OICF treatment (1.1mm) and pig manure compost fertilizer (PMC) treatment (1.9mm) were higher than that of CF treatment (1.0mm) in wheat season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The content of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates (>0.25mm) under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment in wheat season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The content of SOC (14.9g·kg-1、17.7g·kg-1) and TN (1.87g·kg-1、2.13g·kg-1) under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment (14.6g·kg-1、1.82g·kg-1) in rice season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The effect of different fertilizer on soil aggregate stability in rice season was little. The content of SOC and TN in all aggregate fractions under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment in rice season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant.
After analyzing the chemical structure of soil organic matter through CPMAS13C NMR, we find that different fertilizer have different influences on the chemical structure of organic matter in bulk soil and aggregates. In the soil of wheat season, the relative content of alkyl C of OICF treatment (23.43%) and PMC treatment (24.58%) were lower than that of CF treatment (24.61%), the relative content of O-alkyl C of the both were higher than that of CF treatment, and ratio of Alkyl C/O-alkyl C (0.50.0.51) were all lower that of CF treatment (0.56). In the soil of rice season, the influences of various fertilizer treatments on the chemical structure of soil organic matter were different from that of wheat season. The relative content of alkyl C of OICF treatment (30.57%)was higher than that of CF treatment (28.22%), while the relative content of O-alkyl C were all lower than that of CF treatment, and the relative content of alkyl C and O-alkyl C of PMC treatment were all lower than that of CF treatment. Besides, the chemical structures of soil organic matter among different size aggregates were also different, and the different fertilization treatments had a great impact on the chemical structure of organic matter in macro-aggregates. The relative content of O-alkyl C in macro-aggregate of PMC treatment were higher than that of other treatments, and the relative content of alkyl C in macro-aggregate of PMC treatment were lower than that of other treatments, which contributed to lower decomposition extent of SOM in macro-aggregate under PMC treatment.
The different fertilization treatment had a great impact on the density fraction of SOM. The content of free light fraction and occlude light fraction under OICF and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment, and the content of heavy fraction of free light fraction and occlude light fraction under OICF and PMC treatment were lower than that of CF treatment for both season.
The effect of different fertilizer on soil microbe quantities and soil microbial diversity were studied through PCR-DGGE and real-time PCR. The soil microbial biomass C (275.82mg kg-1) of OICF and PMC treatments (278.63mg kg-1)were higher than CF treatment (267.63mg kg"1.250.14mg kg-1) for wheat and rice season, and the difference between PMC and CF treatment was significant. The soil microbial diversity of OICF and PMC treatments were better than that of CF treatment in the wheat and rice seasons. The number of soil bacterial16S rRNA copies and soil fungal18S rRNA copies in OICF and PMC treatments were higher than that of CF treatment in wheat and rice season, and the difference between PMC and CF treatment was significant.
In conclusion, compared with the chemical fertilizer, using organic and inorganic compound fertilizer can not only obtain considerable or higher crop yields, but also contribute to increasing the amount and quality of soil organic matters, improving the physical structure of soil, providing good condiction for crop growth and increasing the soil fertility and productivity.
在连续三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的水稻籽粒产量(8504.2～9642.2kg·hm-2)都高于化肥处理(7918.7～9013.3kg·hm-2),但差异不显著。在2007季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的穗数和每穗粒数都低于化肥处理,而在2008和2009季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的穗数和每穗粒数高于化肥处理。在三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量在水稻生长前期都低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期逐渐高于化肥处理；有机无机复混肥处理水稻植株的地上部氮素累积量也是在前期低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期逐渐高于化肥处理。三季水稻中,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态含量在水稻生长前期低于化肥处理,进入水稻生长中后期,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态氮含量与化肥处理相当甚至高于化肥处理。三季水稻中有机无机复混肥处理的水稻氮肥利用率(44.0%-43.5%)都高于化肥处理(33.8%-36.9%)。
在2006-2007小麦季,化肥处理的小麦籽粒产量显著(6760.0kg·hm-2)高于有机无机复混肥处理(4583.9kg·hm-2),在2007-2008季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦籽粒产量(6850.7kg·hm-2)略低于化肥处理(6900.7kg·hm-2),在2008-2009季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦籽粒产量(4783.3kg·hm-2)高于化肥处理(4674.4kg·hm-2),但差异不显著。在2006-2007小麦季,有机无机复混肥处理的有效穗数和每穗粒数都低于化肥处理,进入2008-2009季后,有机无机复混肥处理的有效穗数和每穗粒数超过化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量和氮素累积量在小麦整个生长过程中都显著低于化肥处理,到2007-2008季和2008-2009季后,有机无机复混肥处理的地上部干物质量和氮素累积量直到小麦生长后期才超过化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的土壤矿质态氮含量始终低于化肥处理,在2007-2008和2008-2009季有机无机复混肥处理在小麦生长后期都高于化肥处理。在2006-2007季,有机无机复混肥处理的小麦氮肥利用率(27.3%)低于化肥处理(33.7%),在2007-2008季(36.5%)和2008-2009季(45.8%)有机无机复混肥处理的小麦氮肥利用率高于化肥处理(34.5%,35.8%)。
为了从土壤肥力方面了解有机无机复混肥的增产机制,在2010年的小麦和水稻成熟期分别采取了土样,对土壤有机质及其物理组分以及土壤微生物进行了研究,得到以下结果：
小麦季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中的有机碳含量(16.9g·kg-1、19.8g·kg-1)、全氮含量(1.93g·kg1-、2.]5g·kg-1)和团聚体的平均重量直径(1.1mm、1.9mm)都高于化肥处理(1.Omm),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中大团聚体(>0.25mm)的有机碳和全氮含量都高于化肥处理。有机肥处理的显著高于化肥处理。水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤中的有机碳含量(14.9g·kg-1、17.7g·kg-1)、全氮含量(1.87g·kg-1、2.13g·kg-1)都高于化肥处理(14.6g·kg-1、1.82g·kg-1),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。不同施肥处理对水稻季土壤团聚体稳定性影响较小,但有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理土壤各粒径团聚体的有机碳和全氮含量都高于化肥处理,有机肥处理的显著高于化肥处理。
通过采用13C交叉极化结合魔角旋转的固体核磁共振光谱技术(CPMAS13C NMR)分析了土壤有机质的化学结构,发现不同施肥处理对土壤有机质及团聚体中有机质的化学结构也有不同的影响。小麦季土壤中,有机无机复混肥处理(23.43%)和有机肥处理(24.58%)的烷基碳的相对百分含量都低于化肥处理(24.61%),而烷氧基碳的相对百分含量都高于化肥处理,有机无机复混肥(0.50)和有机肥处理(0.51)的烷基碳/烷氧基碳的比值都低于化肥处理(0.56)。水稻季土壤中各施肥处理对土壤有机质化学结构的影响趋势与小麦季不同。水稻季中有机无机复混肥处理(30.57%)的烷基碳的相对百分含量高于化肥处理(28.22%),而烷氧基碳相对百分含量低于化肥处理,有机肥处理的烷基碳和烷氧基碳的相对百分含量都低于化肥处理。不同粒径团聚体中有机质的化学结构也不相同。不同施肥处理对大团聚体的有机质化学结构影响较大,与其它处理相比,有机肥处理增加了大团聚体中烷氧基碳的相对百分含量而降低了烷基碳的相对百分含量,从而降低了有机质的降解程度。
不同施肥处理对土壤有机质密度组分的影响较大。两季土壤中有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的游离态轻组和闭蓄态轻组的含量都高于化肥处理,矿物结合态(重组)的含量低于化肥处理,而且有机肥处理的有机质各组分中的有机碳含量和全氮含量都显著高于化肥处理。
采用氯仿熏蒸法、PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳)和real-time PCR(实时定量PCR)分子技术研究了不同施肥处理对土壤微生物数量和多样性的影响。小麦季和水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理(275.82mg kg-1、278.63mg kg-1)和有机肥处理(349.54mg kg-1、331.86mg kg-1)的微生物生物量都高于化肥处理(267.63mg kg-1、250.14mg kg-1),有机肥处理显著高于化肥处理。小麦季和水稻季中,有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的细菌和真菌群落的多样性都较化肥的高。两季土壤中有机无机复混肥处理和有机肥处理的细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S rRNA的拷贝数都高于化肥处理,且有机肥显著高于化肥。
综上认为,与化肥相比,施用有机无机复混肥可以获得相当甚至更高的作物产量,而且施用有机无机复混肥和有机肥更有利于提高土壤有机质数量和质量、改良土壤物理结构,为作物的生长提供良好的条件,提高土壤肥力和生产力。
Rice and Wheat are the most important staple crops in the world. The sustainable production of rice-wheat crop rotation system concerns the food security of China and the world. The conservation of the soil fertility is essential for the world to maintain the food production. Combined application of organic and inorganic compound fertilizers is realized as a fertilization mold with high nutrient use efficiency and high yield. However, few studies have been reported on effects of mass-produced complex fertilizers made from chemical fertilizers and compost on plant growth and soil fertility. Field experiments were carried out in a rice-wheat rotation system for4years to study the effects of application of the mass-produced complex fertilizer made from chemical fertilizers and pig manure compost on crop yields, biomass and nitrogen uptake and soil properties such as available nitrogen contents, soil microbial biomass and microbial diversity, soil organic matter and soil aggregates with focus on the mechanisms of soil organic matter transformation and accumulation under different fertilization molds. The main results were listed as follows:
The yields of rice obtained by the organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OICF)(8504.2～9642.2kg·hm-2) were higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment (CF)(7918.7～9013.3kg·hm-2) in3successive rice seasons, but the difference in yield between the two treatments was not significant. The number of spike and grains per rice panicle of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment in2007, but in2008and2009the number of spike and grains per rice panicle of OICF treatment were higher than that of CF treatment. The aboveground biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation and available soil nitrogen of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment in early stage of rice but higher than that of CF treatment in later stage of rice for all three rice season. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of rice for OICF treatments (44.0%-43.5%) was higher than that of CF treatment through three rice seasons (33.8%-36.9%).
The yields of wheat of CF treatment (6760.0kg·hm-2、6900.7kg·hm-2) were higher than that of OICF treatment (4583.9kg·hm-2、6850.7kg·hm-2) in wheat season of 2006-2007and2007-2008, and the difference between the two treatments was significant in2006-2007. The yields of wheat by OICF treatment (4783.3kg-hm-2) were higher than that of CF (4674.4kg-hm-2) in2008-2009, but no significant difference existed between the two treatments. The number of spike and grains per panicle of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment under wheat season in2006-2007, but higher in2008-2009. The aboveground biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment through whole stage of wheat in2006-2007, but higher than CF treatment in later stage of wheat in2007-2008and2008-2009. The soil available nitrogen of OICF treatment were lower than that of CF treatment through whole stage of wheat in2006-2007, but higher than that of CF treatment in later stage of wheat in2007-2008and2008-2009. The nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat under OICF treatment (27.3%) was lower than that of CF treatment (33.7%) in2006-2007, but in2007-2008and2008-2009the nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat under OICF treatment (36.5%,45.8%) was higher than that of CF treatment (34.5%,35.8%).
To understand the mechanism of increasing crop grain through the aspect of soil fertility, the soil was sampled in the maturity of wheat and rice to study the soil organic matter, aggregation and microbial properties. The results were listed as follows:
The content of soil organic carbon (SOC)(16.9g-kg-119.8g-kg-1)and soil total nitrogen (TN)(1.93g-kg、2.15g·kg-1) and the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates under OICF treatment (1.1mm) and pig manure compost fertilizer (PMC) treatment (1.9mm) were higher than that of CF treatment (1.0mm) in wheat season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The content of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates (>0.25mm) under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment in wheat season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The content of SOC (14.9g·kg-1、17.7g·kg-1) and TN (1.87g·kg-1、2.13g·kg-1) under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment (14.6g·kg-1、1.82g·kg-1) in rice season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant. The effect of different fertilizer on soil aggregate stability in rice season was little. The content of SOC and TN in all aggregate fractions under OICF treatment and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment in rice season, and the difference between CF and PMC treatments were significant.
After analyzing the chemical structure of soil organic matter through CPMAS13C NMR, we find that different fertilizer have different influences on the chemical structure of organic matter in bulk soil and aggregates. In the soil of wheat season, the relative content of alkyl C of OICF treatment (23.43%) and PMC treatment (24.58%) were lower than that of CF treatment (24.61%), the relative content of O-alkyl C of the both were higher than that of CF treatment, and ratio of Alkyl C/O-alkyl C (0.50.0.51) were all lower that of CF treatment (0.56). In the soil of rice season, the influences of various fertilizer treatments on the chemical structure of soil organic matter were different from that of wheat season. The relative content of alkyl C of OICF treatment (30.57%)was higher than that of CF treatment (28.22%), while the relative content of O-alkyl C were all lower than that of CF treatment, and the relative content of alkyl C and O-alkyl C of PMC treatment were all lower than that of CF treatment. Besides, the chemical structures of soil organic matter among different size aggregates were also different, and the different fertilization treatments had a great impact on the chemical structure of organic matter in macro-aggregates. The relative content of O-alkyl C in macro-aggregate of PMC treatment were higher than that of other treatments, and the relative content of alkyl C in macro-aggregate of PMC treatment were lower than that of other treatments, which contributed to lower decomposition extent of SOM in macro-aggregate under PMC treatment.
The different fertilization treatment had a great impact on the density fraction of SOM. The content of free light fraction and occlude light fraction under OICF and PMC treatment were higher than that of CF treatment, and the content of heavy fraction of free light fraction and occlude light fraction under OICF and PMC treatment were lower than that of CF treatment for both season.
The effect of different fertilizer on soil microbe quantities and soil microbial diversity were studied through PCR-DGGE and real-time PCR. The soil microbial biomass C (275.82mg kg-1) of OICF and PMC treatments (278.63mg kg-1)were higher than CF treatment (267.63mg kg"1.250.14mg kg-1) for wheat and rice season, and the difference between PMC and CF treatment was significant. The soil microbial diversity of OICF and PMC treatments were better than that of CF treatment in the wheat and rice seasons. The number of soil bacterial16S rRNA copies and soil fungal18S rRNA copies in OICF and PMC treatments were higher than that of CF treatment in wheat and rice season, and the difference between PMC and CF treatment was significant.
In conclusion, compared with the chemical fertilizer, using organic and inorganic compound fertilizer can not only obtain considerable or higher crop yields, but also contribute to increasing the amount and quality of soil organic matters, improving the physical structure of soil, providing good condiction for crop growth and increasing the soil fertility and productivity.
引文
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