企业ERP系统采纳决策影响因素研究：多视角方法
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摘要
企业信息化进程伴随着计算机通信和软件技术的发展而不断发生变化,组织决策手段依赖计算机通信和软件技术成为一种趋势,特别是信息系统／信息技术采纳决策成为企业生存发展过程的一个重要环节。ERP(企业资源计划)系统是信息技术发展和企业实施信息化流程改进的一种重要软件载体,其采纳决策因素确定有助于分析企业是否具备ERP系统上线能力和未来成功实施的潜力。
企业信息技术的决策是复杂的,影响企业信息系统采纳的因素对于不同的企业会有不同的侧重点。以往企业是否采纳决策ERP系统存在相当多的困扰,主要是实施ERP系统成功的概率较低,有些实施不利的企业甚至为此发生生存危机,花钱却没有提高生产效率成为一个非常现实的问题。本研究通过对国内外计算机信息系统／信息技术理论进行阐述和分析,归纳ERP系统未来采纳决策的可能地发展趋势,研究了计算机系统／软件采纳决策理论TAM(技术接受理论)中ERP系统所做的关键影响因素分析；其次,延伸了扩展TAM理论所包括的影响因素,针对ERP系统所做出的战略管理理论的SWOT模型、德尔菲法(Delphi)、在不确定状态下使用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)将影响ERP系统采纳决策的关键影响因素进行归纳,以期解决企业担心未来实施过程可能发生的问题,这样将大幅度提高企业采纳决策使用ERP系统的意愿和实际行为；其三,分别采取FAHP+GIOWA算子以及模糊泛函映射方法对ERP系统采纳决策进行研究,并提出详细证明和解决方案；最后,从社会网络和战略决策视角分析了影响企业ERP系统采纳决策的关键要素。
根据研究问题的倾向,对影响企业信息系统采纳决策因素采取多视角、多方法进行验证。不同的视角和研究方法所得到的关键影响因素存在一定差别,不可能完全一致,有时甚至会有天壤之别,主要在于许多因素选择都是主观行为,并非客观选择所致,即每个人对同一问题看法存在差异所致。对内容研究手段采取：一是采取命题式理论研究进行归纳ERP系统采纳决策的关键要素；未来可以采取问卷调查方式进行验证,并依据不同研究目的使用不同统计分析软件,比如：SPSS、SAS、AMOS、EQS、Matlab等。二是在不确定决策状态下,构建数学模型,采取三种不同的数学模型进行阐述：(1)使用证据理论(Dempster-Shafer理论,简称DS理论)相对较好地解决战略决策过程不确定因素的模糊决策问题,并妥当处理了证据冲突问题,解决了证据有效合成,使企业信息决策时,可以依据Delphi法、SWOT模型得到关键成功因素的判断,从而避免信息化实施过程中重大失误,尽可能使信息化实施成功,提高企业的效率和绩效。同时本研究在理论分析前提下,提出企业在强制、自愿协商和混合条件下组织、群体和个体三维一体的采纳决策理论框架,进一步说明ERP系统采纳行为在不同状态下可能存在采纳决策行为差异。由于ERP采纳决策本身是为了企业提高效率和绩效,为确保实施成功,必须考虑不同情况,从而可避免信息化实施过程中重大失误,尽可能使信息化实施成功,达成企业的目标；(2)使用模糊泛函映射方法构建出ERP系统采纳决策关键因素,提出了详细的原理证明；(3)采用FAHP+GIOWA方法进一步改进了徐泽水教授提出的GIOWA算子用于ERP系统采纳决策。三是从社会网络关系和战略决策角度剖析和实证分析企业社会资本、战略惯性因素对企业绩效的作用和关系,以及对企业ERP系统采纳决策影响。说明企业社会资本与战略惯性显著正相关,而战略惯性与企业绩效则表现出非线性U型关系,也就验证了社会网络关系、战略决策因素对企业是否采纳决策的重要性,同时也说明它们是影响ERP采纳决策的关键因素之一。
本研究突破以往理论,通过多种研究方法分析影响ERP系统采纳决策的关键因素,同时将不确定性决策纳入战略理论的新方法,探索在不确定条件下分析诸多不确定关键因素,从而形成更加合理的采纳决策,促进企业因地制宜采纳决策,选择适合自己的ERP系统,同时也为其他管理软件的采纳决策提供可行的决策方案。
Enterprise informatization process is changing constantly with computer communication and software technology development, and it becomes a trend that organizational decision always rely on computer communication and software technology, especially the information system/information technology adoption decision become an very important part to the development of the enterprise. ERP (enterprise resource planning) system is an important software carrier to the information technology development and implementation of enterprise informatization process, the determination of adoption decision factors help to analysis whether a ERP system have the ability to be on-line and whether it have a potential to be successful implementation
Enterprise information technology decision is complicated; the influence factors of enterprise formation system adopted for different enterprises have different emphasis. There are quite a few problems in whether to accept the decision enterprise ERP system in the past, especially the probability of the implementation of ERP system is low. Some enterprise even have crisis for it. It is a very real problem that spends much money but can not improve production efficiency successfully. This research which discussed and analyzed the domestic and international computer information system/information technology concluded the trend of the future ERP system adopted decision-making possible development, and it researches the factors which influenced the computer system/software adopt decision theory TAM (technical accept theory) by ERP system. Secondly, extend the influenced factors which include by extended TAM theory, in view of the ERP system to make strategic management theory such as:SWOT model, the Delphi method (Delphi). Using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAPH) to conclude the key factors which affect ERP system adopted, in order to solve the problems about the implementation process which will happen in the future. This will greatly improve the will and the actual behavior of using ERP system about the enterprise adopt decision; Thirdly, respectively take FAHP+GIOWA operator and fuzzy functional mapping method to research the ERP system adopted decision, and puts forward detailed proof and solutions. Finally, it analysis the key elements of the ERP system adopted decision which is influenced by enterprise from the social network and strategic decision perspective.
According to the tendency of the problem to vivificate the factors which impact the enterprise information system adopted decision in many angles and many methods. There are some certain differences about the key factors when we using different perspective and research methods, and that absolutely can not be completely consistent, sometimes there will be a world of difference. It mainly lies in that many selected factors are subjective behavior, not objective selection. In other word, everyone have its own opinions even on the same problems. The content research means:one is to summarize the adopted key elements of ERP system by the theory research methods; the future we may verify it by the questionnaire, and according to different research purposes use different statistical analysis software, such as:SPSS, SAS, AMOS, EQS, Matlab, etc. Secondly, in the uncertain decision condition, building mathematical model, and elaborate by three different mathematical model:(1) using evidence theory (Dempster-Shafer theory, referred to as the DS theory) relatively well solve the uncertain factors of fuzzy decision in the strategic decision process and in order to deal with the problem of evidence conflict, solve the effective evidence synthesis, so when the enterprise makes a information decision that they can easily based on Delphi method, SWOT mode, so as to avoid the mistakes in the process of implementation and make the informatization implementation successfully, then can enhances the performance of the enterprise. At the same time, it is on the premise of the theoretical analysis puts forward theory frame of the enterprise using the compulsory and voluntary consultation and mixing conditions organization, group and individual three dimensional and further suggests that ERP system ado enterprise maybe difference in different state. Because of the ERP adopt decision itself is for the enterprises to improve efficiency and performance, to ensure implementation of the successful, we must consider different situation which can avoid the major mistakes in the process of implementation. Then we can make the informatization implementation successful as far as possible so that reach the targets of the enterprise (2) using fuzzy functional mapping method construct the key factors of ERP system adopted decision, and put forward the detailed proof of principle;(3) the FAHP+GIOWA method further improved the GIOWA operator used in ERP system adopted decision professor put forwarded by professor Xu. Thirdly, from social network relation and strategic decision Angle to analysis and empirical analysis the social capital of enterprise, strategic inertia factors on enterprise performance roles and relationships, as well as the influence to the enterprise ERP system adopted decision. Explaining the positive correlation to the enterprise social capital and strategic inertia significant, and then the strategic inertia and the enterprise performance shows the nonlinear U relationship, then it verifies the importance of the social network relation and strategic decision factors on enterprise. At the same time, whether or not to accept the importance of decision making and at the same time it also shows that it is one of the key factors to ERP adopt decision.
This research breakthroughs many past theories, it analysis the key factors which influenced the ERP system adopted through the various research methods, at the same time it include the uncertainty decision in the new method of the strategic theory. And it also explores many uncertain factors under the uncertain conditions, then forming a more reasonable adoption decision-making, so that promoting the adopted decision by the enterprise which adjust the measures to local conditions. We must choice the ERP system which fit ourselves, meanwhile provides feasible decision scheme for other management software adopt decision.
企业信息技术的决策是复杂的,影响企业信息系统采纳的因素对于不同的企业会有不同的侧重点。以往企业是否采纳决策ERP系统存在相当多的困扰,主要是实施ERP系统成功的概率较低,有些实施不利的企业甚至为此发生生存危机,花钱却没有提高生产效率成为一个非常现实的问题。本研究通过对国内外计算机信息系统／信息技术理论进行阐述和分析,归纳ERP系统未来采纳决策的可能地发展趋势,研究了计算机系统／软件采纳决策理论TAM(技术接受理论)中ERP系统所做的关键影响因素分析；其次,延伸了扩展TAM理论所包括的影响因素,针对ERP系统所做出的战略管理理论的SWOT模型、德尔菲法(Delphi)、在不确定状态下使用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)将影响ERP系统采纳决策的关键影响因素进行归纳,以期解决企业担心未来实施过程可能发生的问题,这样将大幅度提高企业采纳决策使用ERP系统的意愿和实际行为；其三,分别采取FAHP+GIOWA算子以及模糊泛函映射方法对ERP系统采纳决策进行研究,并提出详细证明和解决方案；最后,从社会网络和战略决策视角分析了影响企业ERP系统采纳决策的关键要素。
根据研究问题的倾向,对影响企业信息系统采纳决策因素采取多视角、多方法进行验证。不同的视角和研究方法所得到的关键影响因素存在一定差别,不可能完全一致,有时甚至会有天壤之别,主要在于许多因素选择都是主观行为,并非客观选择所致,即每个人对同一问题看法存在差异所致。对内容研究手段采取：一是采取命题式理论研究进行归纳ERP系统采纳决策的关键要素；未来可以采取问卷调查方式进行验证,并依据不同研究目的使用不同统计分析软件,比如：SPSS、SAS、AMOS、EQS、Matlab等。二是在不确定决策状态下,构建数学模型,采取三种不同的数学模型进行阐述：(1)使用证据理论(Dempster-Shafer理论,简称DS理论)相对较好地解决战略决策过程不确定因素的模糊决策问题,并妥当处理了证据冲突问题,解决了证据有效合成,使企业信息决策时,可以依据Delphi法、SWOT模型得到关键成功因素的判断,从而避免信息化实施过程中重大失误,尽可能使信息化实施成功,提高企业的效率和绩效。同时本研究在理论分析前提下,提出企业在强制、自愿协商和混合条件下组织、群体和个体三维一体的采纳决策理论框架,进一步说明ERP系统采纳行为在不同状态下可能存在采纳决策行为差异。由于ERP采纳决策本身是为了企业提高效率和绩效,为确保实施成功,必须考虑不同情况,从而可避免信息化实施过程中重大失误,尽可能使信息化实施成功,达成企业的目标；(2)使用模糊泛函映射方法构建出ERP系统采纳决策关键因素,提出了详细的原理证明；(3)采用FAHP+GIOWA方法进一步改进了徐泽水教授提出的GIOWA算子用于ERP系统采纳决策。三是从社会网络关系和战略决策角度剖析和实证分析企业社会资本、战略惯性因素对企业绩效的作用和关系,以及对企业ERP系统采纳决策影响。说明企业社会资本与战略惯性显著正相关,而战略惯性与企业绩效则表现出非线性U型关系,也就验证了社会网络关系、战略决策因素对企业是否采纳决策的重要性,同时也说明它们是影响ERP采纳决策的关键因素之一。
本研究突破以往理论,通过多种研究方法分析影响ERP系统采纳决策的关键因素,同时将不确定性决策纳入战略理论的新方法,探索在不确定条件下分析诸多不确定关键因素,从而形成更加合理的采纳决策,促进企业因地制宜采纳决策,选择适合自己的ERP系统,同时也为其他管理软件的采纳决策提供可行的决策方案。
Enterprise informatization process is changing constantly with computer communication and software technology development, and it becomes a trend that organizational decision always rely on computer communication and software technology, especially the information system/information technology adoption decision become an very important part to the development of the enterprise. ERP (enterprise resource planning) system is an important software carrier to the information technology development and implementation of enterprise informatization process, the determination of adoption decision factors help to analysis whether a ERP system have the ability to be on-line and whether it have a potential to be successful implementation
Enterprise information technology decision is complicated; the influence factors of enterprise formation system adopted for different enterprises have different emphasis. There are quite a few problems in whether to accept the decision enterprise ERP system in the past, especially the probability of the implementation of ERP system is low. Some enterprise even have crisis for it. It is a very real problem that spends much money but can not improve production efficiency successfully. This research which discussed and analyzed the domestic and international computer information system/information technology concluded the trend of the future ERP system adopted decision-making possible development, and it researches the factors which influenced the computer system/software adopt decision theory TAM (technical accept theory) by ERP system. Secondly, extend the influenced factors which include by extended TAM theory, in view of the ERP system to make strategic management theory such as:SWOT model, the Delphi method (Delphi). Using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAPH) to conclude the key factors which affect ERP system adopted, in order to solve the problems about the implementation process which will happen in the future. This will greatly improve the will and the actual behavior of using ERP system about the enterprise adopt decision; Thirdly, respectively take FAHP+GIOWA operator and fuzzy functional mapping method to research the ERP system adopted decision, and puts forward detailed proof and solutions. Finally, it analysis the key elements of the ERP system adopted decision which is influenced by enterprise from the social network and strategic decision perspective.
According to the tendency of the problem to vivificate the factors which impact the enterprise information system adopted decision in many angles and many methods. There are some certain differences about the key factors when we using different perspective and research methods, and that absolutely can not be completely consistent, sometimes there will be a world of difference. It mainly lies in that many selected factors are subjective behavior, not objective selection. In other word, everyone have its own opinions even on the same problems. The content research means:one is to summarize the adopted key elements of ERP system by the theory research methods; the future we may verify it by the questionnaire, and according to different research purposes use different statistical analysis software, such as:SPSS, SAS, AMOS, EQS, Matlab, etc. Secondly, in the uncertain decision condition, building mathematical model, and elaborate by three different mathematical model:(1) using evidence theory (Dempster-Shafer theory, referred to as the DS theory) relatively well solve the uncertain factors of fuzzy decision in the strategic decision process and in order to deal with the problem of evidence conflict, solve the effective evidence synthesis, so when the enterprise makes a information decision that they can easily based on Delphi method, SWOT mode, so as to avoid the mistakes in the process of implementation and make the informatization implementation successfully, then can enhances the performance of the enterprise. At the same time, it is on the premise of the theoretical analysis puts forward theory frame of the enterprise using the compulsory and voluntary consultation and mixing conditions organization, group and individual three dimensional and further suggests that ERP system ado enterprise maybe difference in different state. Because of the ERP adopt decision itself is for the enterprises to improve efficiency and performance, to ensure implementation of the successful, we must consider different situation which can avoid the major mistakes in the process of implementation. Then we can make the informatization implementation successful as far as possible so that reach the targets of the enterprise (2) using fuzzy functional mapping method construct the key factors of ERP system adopted decision, and put forward the detailed proof of principle;(3) the FAHP+GIOWA method further improved the GIOWA operator used in ERP system adopted decision professor put forwarded by professor Xu. Thirdly, from social network relation and strategic decision Angle to analysis and empirical analysis the social capital of enterprise, strategic inertia factors on enterprise performance roles and relationships, as well as the influence to the enterprise ERP system adopted decision. Explaining the positive correlation to the enterprise social capital and strategic inertia significant, and then the strategic inertia and the enterprise performance shows the nonlinear U relationship, then it verifies the importance of the social network relation and strategic decision factors on enterprise. At the same time, whether or not to accept the importance of decision making and at the same time it also shows that it is one of the key factors to ERP adopt decision.
This research breakthroughs many past theories, it analysis the key factors which influenced the ERP system adopted through the various research methods, at the same time it include the uncertainty decision in the new method of the strategic theory. And it also explores many uncertain factors under the uncertain conditions, then forming a more reasonable adoption decision-making, so that promoting the adopted decision by the enterprise which adjust the measures to local conditions. We must choice the ERP system which fit ourselves, meanwhile provides feasible decision scheme for other management software adopt decision.
引文
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