内蒙古牧区生态减贫研究
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摘要
改革开放特别是实施西部大开发战略以来，内蒙古响应国家发展经济的号召，加大了资源开发力度，大大满足了当地人民生产生活的需要，牧区经济社会发展取得重大成就。伴随着经济总量快速增长，草原的生态建设步伐也悄然加快，牧民生活水平显著提高。但是，牧区也面临着更大的环境压力、发展压力和牧民增收的压力，草原生态环境破坏严重、草原畜牧业发展缓慢、城乡差距加大和牧区两极分化严重，牧区的现状没有得到根本改变。
论文结合生态环境政策，通过统计调查数据对内蒙古的经济社会发展状况和牧区减贫现状进行分析；通过调研数据对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型地区牧民成本效益、牧区生态环境状况以及环境政策在执行中存在的问题进行实证分析。论文从经济和生态两个角度进行具体研究，一是研究了改革开放以来内蒙古经济社会各项指标的纵向变化，综合比较了四大牧区、内蒙古东中西三大区域、城镇农区牧区的横向差异，深入剖析内蒙古及其牧区经济社会发展的历史沿革、现状以及存在的问题；二是研究内蒙古牧区草原退化、植被破坏背景下的生态环境现状，阐述生态环境政策的内容并分析其对牧民收入的影响和保护草原生态环境存在的问题。
总结影响内蒙古牧区减贫的两个主要矛盾：一是经济发展与生态环境之间的矛盾。随着经济快速发展，内蒙古草原生态环境也在进一步恶化。如何在发展经济的同时，通过政策有效地保护生态环境，是内蒙古牧区可持续发展的关键；二是经济发展与分配不均衡的矛盾。内蒙古城乡居民收入高低悬殊，东中西部经济发展水平差距较大。区域经济发展的不平衡，必然会造成牧区资本和人力资源的进一步流失，对于牧区经济社会的发展和生态环境的保护和恢复将产生不利的影响。
内蒙古牧区贫困的原因不尽相同，对于自然原因如干旱带来的草原退化、自然资源贫瘠等造成的贫困，国家应该通过政策帮扶为主。论文重点研究经济发展导向的牧区减贫，对于经济发展带来的环境破坏以及执行生态环境政策造成的牧民收入减少的情况，国家在减贫中应该通过政策补偿为主。论文提出通过生态减贫的发展方式，保护生态环境，实现牧民增收。生态减贫和牧区经济发展导向减贫相对而言，它是指在包容性增长的理念下，以国家生态补偿政策为主导，充分发挥牧民在发展经济和保护环境中的积极性，按照生态减贫的要求转变牧区牧民的生产经营方式，配合医疗、教育、社会保障等相关政策措施，保护草原生态环境，增加牧民收入，协调经济社会和谐发展。
Since the reform and opening up (especially the beginning of the Western DevelopmentStrategy),the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, answering to the national policy, has been enhancingits resource development, which satisfied local people’s need and made great contributions to theeconomical and social development of this region. With the rapid growth of economy, the pace ofgrassland’s ecological construction is also accelerating. But the pastoral areas are facing increasinglygreater pressure on environment, development and income growth of herdsmen. Various problems suchas the destruction of grassland’s ecological environment, the widening of the gap between urban andrural areas and the polarization of the rich and the poor are worsening. In all, status quo of pastoral areashas not been fundamentally improved.
Combining with the ecological environment policies, this article studies the status of the economicand social development in Inner Mongolia by analyzing existing literature and statistical data. Based onthe survey results, this paper makes empirical analysis about the cost effectiveness of herdsmen, thecurrent situation and problems of the pastoral areas. The thesis carries out its analysis from economicand ecological points of view: firstly,it introduces the longitudinal change of the economic and socialindicators since the reform and opening up, compares the lateral disparities of the four major pastoralareas, the three major regions of Inner Mongolia and the urban and rural areas, then the paperthoroughly analyzes the historical evolution, current development status and existingproblemsin InnerMongolia and its pastoral areas;
secondly, this article studies the current situation of the pastoral areas’ ecological environment ingrassland degradation and vegetation destruction, and then elaborates the local government’senvironmental policies and their impacts on herdsman and the grassland ecology and the existingproblems.
The paper concludes two major contradictions that hinder the development and poverty reductionin pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia: first, the contradiction between economic development andecological environment. With the rapid development of economic, grassland ecological environment isconstantly deteriorating. The key to realize the sustainable development of the pastoral areas in InnerMongolia is to protect the ecological environment by effective policies, while realizing its economicdevelopment; second, the contradiction between economic development and the uneven distribution.The income gap between the urban and rural residents and the development disparities among the threemajor regions of Inner Mongolia, also, is increasing. The regional economic development imbalancewould inevitably leads to further loss of capital and human resources in pastoral areas, whichconsequently impedes the economical development and the recovering and protection of the ecologicalenvironment.
There are various reasons for the poverty of different pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia. Thegovernment should mainly make supporting policies in solving grasslands degradation and infertility ofnatural resources because of natural reasons such as drought. The thesis mainly focuses on analyzing theeconomic-development oriented poverty reduction. For the environmental destruction owing to economic development and the reduction of herdsmen income because of the implementation ofecological policies, the government should primarily make compensating policies. The paper propose toprotect the environment and realizes herdsmen’s income growth by applying ecological povertyreduction mode. Compared with economic-development orientated poverty reduction, ecologicalpoverty reduction mode means to take national ecological compensation policy as leading direction,gives full play to herdsmen’s positivity in developing economy and protecting environment. It advocateschanging herdsmen’s production and management modes according to the requirements of ecologicalpoverty reduction. Cooperating with other related policies in health care, education, social security, etc.,such mode would realize the protection of ecological environment while increasing herdsmen income,thus realizing the harmonious development between economy and society.
论文结合生态环境政策，通过统计调查数据对内蒙古的经济社会发展状况和牧区减贫现状进行分析；通过调研数据对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型地区牧民成本效益、牧区生态环境状况以及环境政策在执行中存在的问题进行实证分析。论文从经济和生态两个角度进行具体研究，一是研究了改革开放以来内蒙古经济社会各项指标的纵向变化，综合比较了四大牧区、内蒙古东中西三大区域、城镇农区牧区的横向差异，深入剖析内蒙古及其牧区经济社会发展的历史沿革、现状以及存在的问题；二是研究内蒙古牧区草原退化、植被破坏背景下的生态环境现状，阐述生态环境政策的内容并分析其对牧民收入的影响和保护草原生态环境存在的问题。
总结影响内蒙古牧区减贫的两个主要矛盾：一是经济发展与生态环境之间的矛盾。随着经济快速发展，内蒙古草原生态环境也在进一步恶化。如何在发展经济的同时，通过政策有效地保护生态环境，是内蒙古牧区可持续发展的关键；二是经济发展与分配不均衡的矛盾。内蒙古城乡居民收入高低悬殊，东中西部经济发展水平差距较大。区域经济发展的不平衡，必然会造成牧区资本和人力资源的进一步流失，对于牧区经济社会的发展和生态环境的保护和恢复将产生不利的影响。
内蒙古牧区贫困的原因不尽相同，对于自然原因如干旱带来的草原退化、自然资源贫瘠等造成的贫困，国家应该通过政策帮扶为主。论文重点研究经济发展导向的牧区减贫，对于经济发展带来的环境破坏以及执行生态环境政策造成的牧民收入减少的情况，国家在减贫中应该通过政策补偿为主。论文提出通过生态减贫的发展方式，保护生态环境，实现牧民增收。生态减贫和牧区经济发展导向减贫相对而言，它是指在包容性增长的理念下，以国家生态补偿政策为主导，充分发挥牧民在发展经济和保护环境中的积极性，按照生态减贫的要求转变牧区牧民的生产经营方式，配合医疗、教育、社会保障等相关政策措施，保护草原生态环境，增加牧民收入，协调经济社会和谐发展。
Since the reform and opening up (especially the beginning of the Western DevelopmentStrategy),the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, answering to the national policy, has been enhancingits resource development, which satisfied local people’s need and made great contributions to theeconomical and social development of this region. With the rapid growth of economy, the pace ofgrassland’s ecological construction is also accelerating. But the pastoral areas are facing increasinglygreater pressure on environment, development and income growth of herdsmen. Various problems suchas the destruction of grassland’s ecological environment, the widening of the gap between urban andrural areas and the polarization of the rich and the poor are worsening. In all, status quo of pastoral areashas not been fundamentally improved.
Combining with the ecological environment policies, this article studies the status of the economicand social development in Inner Mongolia by analyzing existing literature and statistical data. Based onthe survey results, this paper makes empirical analysis about the cost effectiveness of herdsmen, thecurrent situation and problems of the pastoral areas. The thesis carries out its analysis from economicand ecological points of view: firstly,it introduces the longitudinal change of the economic and socialindicators since the reform and opening up, compares the lateral disparities of the four major pastoralareas, the three major regions of Inner Mongolia and the urban and rural areas, then the paperthoroughly analyzes the historical evolution, current development status and existingproblemsin InnerMongolia and its pastoral areas;
secondly, this article studies the current situation of the pastoral areas’ ecological environment ingrassland degradation and vegetation destruction, and then elaborates the local government’senvironmental policies and their impacts on herdsman and the grassland ecology and the existingproblems.
The paper concludes two major contradictions that hinder the development and poverty reductionin pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia: first, the contradiction between economic development andecological environment. With the rapid development of economic, grassland ecological environment isconstantly deteriorating. The key to realize the sustainable development of the pastoral areas in InnerMongolia is to protect the ecological environment by effective policies, while realizing its economicdevelopment; second, the contradiction between economic development and the uneven distribution.The income gap between the urban and rural residents and the development disparities among the threemajor regions of Inner Mongolia, also, is increasing. The regional economic development imbalancewould inevitably leads to further loss of capital and human resources in pastoral areas, whichconsequently impedes the economical development and the recovering and protection of the ecologicalenvironment.
There are various reasons for the poverty of different pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia. Thegovernment should mainly make supporting policies in solving grasslands degradation and infertility ofnatural resources because of natural reasons such as drought. The thesis mainly focuses on analyzing theeconomic-development oriented poverty reduction. For the environmental destruction owing to economic development and the reduction of herdsmen income because of the implementation ofecological policies, the government should primarily make compensating policies. The paper propose toprotect the environment and realizes herdsmen’s income growth by applying ecological povertyreduction mode. Compared with economic-development orientated poverty reduction, ecologicalpoverty reduction mode means to take national ecological compensation policy as leading direction,gives full play to herdsmen’s positivity in developing economy and protecting environment. It advocateschanging herdsmen’s production and management modes according to the requirements of ecologicalpoverty reduction. Cooperating with other related policies in health care, education, social security, etc.,such mode would realize the protection of ecological environment while increasing herdsmen income,thus realizing the harmonious development between economy and society.
引文
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