稀土改性Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3的制备及其导电性能研究
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摘要
随着导电粉应用领域的不断拓宽，国内外诸多学者致力于提高导电粉导电性研究。掺杂稀土元素既可以提高粉体的导电性能，又可以改善粉体的介电性能，已成为粉体改性研究的热点。
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体。通过讨论溶胶pH值、反应温度和热处理温度等条件对Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体结构、形貌、电阻率和介电常数的影响，确定了制备Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3优化的工艺条件为：溶胶体系pH=3.5，反应温度20℃，烘干温度150℃，热处理温度350℃，煅烧温度700℃。所得Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的平均晶粒为50nm，室温电阻率为3.71×106Ω m，频率500Hz时的介电常数εr为393.21，且在高频区内介电损耗比较稳定。以柠檬酸作为螯合剂制备Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体的优化工艺条件为：溶胶体系pH=4.5，反应温度为40℃，烘干温度为120℃，热处理温度为500℃，煅烧温度为750℃。针对不同x值（x0,1）所制备的Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体中，随着x值增大，电阻率呈下降趋势，其中Ba_(0.2)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.8)TiO_3粉体室温电阻率最低，达3.24×107Ω m。
在制备纯BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的基础上，为进一步降低其电阻率，采用液相掺杂方法对BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体进行了稀土改性研究。选择稀土元素Sm、Ce、Pr和Gd进行了液相掺杂实验研究。电阻率测试结果表明，稀土元素液相掺杂可以降低粉体的电阻率，其中Sm掺杂对降低BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率最为明显。Sm掺杂使BaTiO_3粉体的电阻率从4.30×10~9·m降低至2.38×10~6·m。选择Sm元素进行了不同Sm掺杂量改性Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3实验研究，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3的电阻率随Sm掺杂量的增加呈现先降后升的趋势。当Sm的掺杂量为0.5at%时，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的电阻率最低，达2.41×10~5Ω m。介电性能测试表明，Sm掺杂使Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3的介电常数增大，介电损耗随频率变化的趋势与纯Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体相同。XRD分析结果表明，Gd、Pr和Sm均掺入到A位。SEM表征表明，稀土元素掺杂可使粉体粒径减小，部分粉体颗粒出现团聚现象。XPS分析测试表明，稀土掺杂后粉体表面富集Na元素，并形成了非化学计量表面层。
统筹考虑电性能测试和形貌分析的实验结果，选择Sm元素进行了气相扩渗实验。制备了不同温度Sm气相扩渗改性BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体，并讨论了改性前后BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体组成、结构和电性能上的变化。研究结果表明，Sm扩渗改性能降低BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体的电阻率，且在一定温度范围内（740℃~860℃），电阻率随着扩渗温度的升高而降低。当扩渗温度为860℃时，Sm扩渗改性后，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率从3.71×10~6Ω m降为4.01×10~5Ω m；BaTiO_3粉体电阻率从4.3010~9Ω m降为4.27×10~4Ω m； Ba0.6(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.4TiO3粉体电阻率从5.76×10~8Ω m降为3.67×10~3Ω m。
采用Materials Studio软件对Gd、Pr和Sm掺杂的BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系进行了计算。计算结果表明，A位和B位掺杂均使BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系晶胞发生畸变，而且A位掺杂后体系单点能更低，更稳定，说明BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系更倾向于A位掺杂。Gd、Pr和Sm降低BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率的原因是在能带中引入了杂质能级，减小了禁带宽度，从而改善BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的导电性，计算结果和实验数据基本吻合。
The conductive powders have attracted considerable attention in recent yearsbecause of their very important applications in many fields especially in staticelimination. Rare earth modified method can improve the conductivity and thedielectric properties of powders, and become the hot research of powder modified.
In this study, BaTiO_3, Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders wereprepared by the sol-gel method. The process conditions of preparing Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders such as pH, reaction temperature and heattreatment temperature were studies. The effects of the process conditions on powderstructure, morphology and resistivity, dielectric constant effects of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders were discussed to find the optimum processconditions. The optimum process conditions are as follows: pH=3.5，reactiontemperature of20℃, drying temperature of150℃, warm-up temperature of80℃,calcining temperature of700℃. The Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders with an average grainsize of50nm，has the room temperature resistivity of3.71×10~6Ω m, the frequency of500Hz, the dielectric constant εr393.21, and its cut dielectric loss in the highfrequency region is relatively stable. The optimum process conditions of preparingBa_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders with citric acid as a chelating agent are as follows:pH=4.5，reaction temperature of40℃, drying temperature of120℃, warm-uptemperature of5000℃, calcining temperature of750℃. The resistivity of theBa_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders decreases with the increases of x, and reached thelowest point of3.24×10~7Ω m with the values of x was0.8.
Based on obtained pure BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders, the liquid-phasedoping technique was adopted to improve the conductivity of the BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders. The resistivity of Sm-dopped BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders are much lower than the other rare earths dopped powders. When theconsistency of Sm is0.3at%, the resistivity of Sm-dopped BaTiO_3powder is thelowest, which drops from4.30×10~9Ω m to2.38×10~6Ω m. When the consistency ofSm is0.5at%, the resistivity of Sm-dopped Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powder is the lowest,which drops from3.71×10~6Ω m to2.41×10~5Ω m. The result of dielectric testsshowed that Sm-doping method improved the ceramic dielectric constant, and thedielectric loss versus frequency of Sm-dopped Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and pure Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3have essentially the same changing tendency. The result of XRD analysis showedthat Gd, Pr and Sm were incorporated into the A site. The result of XPS analysisshowed that the powder surface after rare earth doping enriched Na elements, and non-stoichiometric surface layer was formed.
Combined with electrical properties and morphology analysis of theexperimental test results, the gaseous penetration experiments was done by usingSm elements as diffusion agent。The composition, structure and conductivity of theSm-penetrated BaTiO_3, Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders beforeand after doping were studied. The results reveals that the powder resistivity dropswith the increase of penetration temperature. The resistivity of Sm-penetratedBaTiO_3powder drops from4.30×10~9Ω m to4.27×10~4Ω m. The resistivity ofSm-penetrated Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powder drops from3.71×10~6Ω m to4.01×10~5Ω m.The resistivity of Sm-penetrated Ba0.6(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.4TiO3powder drops from5.76×10~8Ω m to3.67×10~3Ω m.
The first-principles calculation was carried out with Materials Studio softwarepackage for Gd, Pr and Sm-modified BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3system. The resultsshow that dopant elements render crystal cell distorted. After comparison ofsingle-point energy between A-site substitution and B-site substitution, it is foundthat rare earth elements are relatively easy to substitute A site. Impurity levels areintroduced within the band gap or overlap with the band edge of the BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3structures and leading to band gap narrowing, which results in thereduction of the resistivity of the rare earth elements-modified BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3system. By the analysis of calculation results and experimental data,it is found that they match with each other and will be helpful for future research.
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体。通过讨论溶胶pH值、反应温度和热处理温度等条件对Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体结构、形貌、电阻率和介电常数的影响，确定了制备Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3优化的工艺条件为：溶胶体系pH=3.5，反应温度20℃，烘干温度150℃，热处理温度350℃，煅烧温度700℃。所得Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的平均晶粒为50nm，室温电阻率为3.71×106Ω m，频率500Hz时的介电常数εr为393.21，且在高频区内介电损耗比较稳定。以柠檬酸作为螯合剂制备Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体的优化工艺条件为：溶胶体系pH=4.5，反应温度为40℃，烘干温度为120℃，热处理温度为500℃，煅烧温度为750℃。针对不同x值（x0,1）所制备的Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体中，随着x值增大，电阻率呈下降趋势，其中Ba_(0.2)(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_(0.8)TiO_3粉体室温电阻率最低，达3.24×107Ω m。
在制备纯BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的基础上，为进一步降低其电阻率，采用液相掺杂方法对BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体进行了稀土改性研究。选择稀土元素Sm、Ce、Pr和Gd进行了液相掺杂实验研究。电阻率测试结果表明，稀土元素液相掺杂可以降低粉体的电阻率，其中Sm掺杂对降低BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率最为明显。Sm掺杂使BaTiO_3粉体的电阻率从4.30×10~9·m降低至2.38×10~6·m。选择Sm元素进行了不同Sm掺杂量改性Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3实验研究，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3的电阻率随Sm掺杂量的增加呈现先降后升的趋势。当Sm的掺杂量为0.5at%时，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的电阻率最低，达2.41×10~5Ω m。介电性能测试表明，Sm掺杂使Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3的介电常数增大，介电损耗随频率变化的趋势与纯Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体相同。XRD分析结果表明，Gd、Pr和Sm均掺入到A位。SEM表征表明，稀土元素掺杂可使粉体粒径减小，部分粉体颗粒出现团聚现象。XPS分析测试表明，稀土掺杂后粉体表面富集Na元素，并形成了非化学计量表面层。
统筹考虑电性能测试和形貌分析的实验结果，选择Sm元素进行了气相扩渗实验。制备了不同温度Sm气相扩渗改性BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体，并讨论了改性前后BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体组成、结构和电性能上的变化。研究结果表明，Sm扩渗改性能降低BaTiO_3、Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3和Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3粉体的电阻率，且在一定温度范围内（740℃~860℃），电阻率随着扩渗温度的升高而降低。当扩渗温度为860℃时，Sm扩渗改性后，Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率从3.71×10~6Ω m降为4.01×10~5Ω m；BaTiO_3粉体电阻率从4.3010~9Ω m降为4.27×10~4Ω m； Ba0.6(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.4TiO3粉体电阻率从5.76×10~8Ω m降为3.67×10~3Ω m。
采用Materials Studio软件对Gd、Pr和Sm掺杂的BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系进行了计算。计算结果表明，A位和B位掺杂均使BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系晶胞发生畸变，而且A位掺杂后体系单点能更低，更稳定，说明BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3体系更倾向于A位掺杂。Gd、Pr和Sm降低BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体电阻率的原因是在能带中引入了杂质能级，减小了禁带宽度，从而改善BaTiO_3和Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3粉体的导电性，计算结果和实验数据基本吻合。
The conductive powders have attracted considerable attention in recent yearsbecause of their very important applications in many fields especially in staticelimination. Rare earth modified method can improve the conductivity and thedielectric properties of powders, and become the hot research of powder modified.
In this study, BaTiO_3, Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders wereprepared by the sol-gel method. The process conditions of preparing Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders such as pH, reaction temperature and heattreatment temperature were studies. The effects of the process conditions on powderstructure, morphology and resistivity, dielectric constant effects of Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders were discussed to find the optimum processconditions. The optimum process conditions are as follows: pH=3.5，reactiontemperature of20℃, drying temperature of150℃, warm-up temperature of80℃,calcining temperature of700℃. The Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders with an average grainsize of50nm，has the room temperature resistivity of3.71×10~6Ω m, the frequency of500Hz, the dielectric constant εr393.21, and its cut dielectric loss in the highfrequency region is relatively stable. The optimum process conditions of preparingBa_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders with citric acid as a chelating agent are as follows:pH=4.5，reaction temperature of40℃, drying temperature of120℃, warm-uptemperature of5000℃, calcining temperature of750℃. The resistivity of theBa_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders decreases with the increases of x, and reached thelowest point of3.24×10~7Ω m with the values of x was0.8.
Based on obtained pure BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders, the liquid-phasedoping technique was adopted to improve the conductivity of the BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders. The resistivity of Sm-dopped BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powders are much lower than the other rare earths dopped powders. When theconsistency of Sm is0.3at%, the resistivity of Sm-dopped BaTiO_3powder is thelowest, which drops from4.30×10~9Ω m to2.38×10~6Ω m. When the consistency ofSm is0.5at%, the resistivity of Sm-dopped Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powder is the lowest,which drops from3.71×10~6Ω m to2.41×10~5Ω m. The result of dielectric testsshowed that Sm-doping method improved the ceramic dielectric constant, and thedielectric loss versus frequency of Sm-dopped Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and pure Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3have essentially the same changing tendency. The result of XRD analysis showedthat Gd, Pr and Sm were incorporated into the A site. The result of XPS analysisshowed that the powder surface after rare earth doping enriched Na elements, and non-stoichiometric surface layer was formed.
Combined with electrical properties and morphology analysis of theexperimental test results, the gaseous penetration experiments was done by usingSm elements as diffusion agent。The composition, structure and conductivity of theSm-penetrated BaTiO_3, Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3and Ba_((1-x))(Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5))_xTiO_3powders beforeand after doping were studied. The results reveals that the powder resistivity dropswith the increase of penetration temperature. The resistivity of Sm-penetratedBaTiO_3powder drops from4.30×10~9Ω m to4.27×10~4Ω m. The resistivity ofSm-penetrated Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3powder drops from3.71×10~6Ω m to4.01×10~5Ω m.The resistivity of Sm-penetrated Ba0.6(Na0.5Bi0.5)0.4TiO3powder drops from5.76×10~8Ω m to3.67×10~3Ω m.
The first-principles calculation was carried out with Materials Studio softwarepackage for Gd, Pr and Sm-modified BaTiO_3and Na_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3system. The resultsshow that dopant elements render crystal cell distorted. After comparison ofsingle-point energy between A-site substitution and B-site substitution, it is foundthat rare earth elements are relatively easy to substitute A site. Impurity levels areintroduced within the band gap or overlap with the band edge of the BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3structures and leading to band gap narrowing, which results in thereduction of the resistivity of the rare earth elements-modified BaTiO_3andNa_(0.5)Bi_(0.5)TiO_3system. By the analysis of calculation results and experimental data,it is found that they match with each other and will be helpful for future research.
引文
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