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生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统反馈仿真研究
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摘要
生猪生产在畜牧业中处于主体地位,其对国家经济社会发展和人民生活水平的提高都有着不可替代的重要意义,是一个重要的“三农”问题。
     随着我国生猪产业的不断发展和生猪生产的规模化和工厂化程度不断提高,生猪规模养殖产生的粪污量急剧增加且相对集中,无法被周围土地消纳,猪粪尿就从有机肥资源转变成污染源,环境污染问题日益突出。
     而沼气作为重要的户用生物质资源,户用生物质资源工程的推广和建设作为一项国家战略,出现了原料短缺和技术服务不足等问题,本文在已有研究成果的基础上,针对生猪规模养殖废弃物污染和户用生物质资源发展不足问题,探索生猪规模养殖废弃物处理和生物质资源开发的有效模式。本文研究工作和成果主要有:
     1.通过对中国生猪生产近年来生产消费基本情况的分析,得出了中国生猪生产消费在中国畜牧业以及世界猪肉生产消费中占据着主导地位。通过对“公司+生猪养殖户”模式的系统动力机制和博弈淘汰机制分析,剖析了近年来不具有市场开拓和风险应对能力的散养户不断退出的原因,验证了:随着社会经济的发展和生产技术的进步,现今我国生猪产业走上了规模化快速发展轨道,我国生猪产业正朝着规模化养殖方向发展,生猪规模化养殖已经成为我国生猪业的主要养殖模式。
     2.采用DEA对生猪规模间养殖效率进行评价,得出了:相较于散养,中小规模显示出了一定技术效率和规模效率,养殖技术和管理能力的不断升级在大规模生猪养殖中发挥了更为明显的作用。建立了生猪规模养殖环境承载力评价指标体系,通过因子分析和层次分析法,评价了2000-2011年生猪规模养殖环境承载力,评价结果警示了生猪规模养殖的环境承载力不断下降,在大力发展规模养殖的同时,必须处理好和自然环境的关系。
     3.通过SD基模对生猪规模养殖系统与户用生物质资源系统进行系统分析并进行基模并运算,提出了生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发模式。
     利用系统动力学对生猪规模养殖以及户用生物质资源的问题进行系统分析并对生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源基模进行并运算,构建了生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发创新模式,系统动力学基模研究表明生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发既缓解了生猪规模养殖污染,提高农户生产效益,增加农民收入,又实现了沼气工程改善农村生活质量的重要民生工程的战略目标。生猪规模养殖作为生猪养殖的一种必然选择,随着生猪养殖规模的扩大和规模养殖场的不断增多,生猪规模养殖的环境污染问题日益突出。生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发模式对生猪规模养殖污染和户用生物质资源能源服务技术短缺制约具有反制约作用,是生猪规模养殖废弃物处理及资源循环开发的有效模式。
     4.将演化博弈模型与系统动力学进行有效结合,建立了SD演化博弈模型并对生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统进行动态演化研究,实现了系统动力学和演化博弈模型的有效结合,也实现了对影响演化博弈稳定状态的相关因素和政策进行动态仿真,创新了博弈和系统动力学有效结合的复杂系统分析方法和工具,进一步丰富和完善了系统动力学理论。
     通过农户行为理论和博弈及演化博弈相结合,在广泛调研的基础上,分析和探讨了生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统中农户行为的演化。演化博弈是研究行为的演化动态过程,而系统动力学恰恰也是研究复杂系统动态过程,通过系统动力学和博弈论及演化博弈进行有效结合,将系统动力学与演化博弈的动态复制系统有效结合,建立了SD演化博弈模型,对农户、生猪规模养殖企业、政府三个主体在生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统中的行为进行基于系统动力学的博弈动态演化,得出了推进农户、生猪规模养殖企业和政府参与生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统的政策建议。
     5.提出了基模生成集核和基模核的概念,并利用基模生成集核和基模核对生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统进行了系统结构分析,完善了基模生成集理论,使系统结构分析的过程更为简洁直观,进一步丰富和完善了系统动力学基模及基模生成集理论。
     从系统的角度,建立刻画生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统经营模式的系统动力学流率基本入树模型,利用强简化流率基本入树模型作嵌运算生成极小基模核,由极小基模核构成基模生成集核,由基模生成集核生成具有典型意义的基模核并施行从流率基本入树模型至强简化入树模型的逆变换生成生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统的具有典型意义的基模进行反馈分析;并通过枝向量行列式反馈环计算法计算出生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统经营模式系统总体流图的反馈环并对其进行分析,得出:利用强简化流率基本入树模型作嵌运算生成反馈极小基模核,由反馈极小基模核构成反馈基模生成集核并由反馈基模生成集核生成具有典型意义的基模和施行从流率基本入树模型至强简化入树模型的逆变换的基模生成方法更为简洁、直观,这为复杂系统的基模反馈分析提供了一个更为简洁的方法和思路。同时,利用基模生成集核生成基模并结合行列式反馈环算法进行基模反馈分析得出生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统对来自环境污染、农户优质能源利用的制约具有反制约作用,土地问题为制约该模式的主要因素。
     6.以江西德邦生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统作为实证研究案例,在对生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统进行了系统结构反馈分析情况下,构建了SD演化博弈模型分析了德邦生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发系统的稳定性并进行调控对策仿真,得出了推动生猪规模养殖与户用生物质资源合作开发的政策建议。
Pig production is in the dominant position in the livestock industry, with an irreplaceable significance for the development of social economy and improvement of the living standards of the people, also an important "three rural" issue. With the development of pig industry in China and the continuous development of pig production scale and industrialization degree enhances unceasingly, manure production scale of pig farming increased dramatically and relatively centralized, which can not be consumed by surrounding land, pig manure transited from organic fertilizer resources into pollution sources, environmental pollution problems have become increasingly prominent; and biogas as an important household biomass resources, households biogas project promotion and construction is a national strategy, in which the problem of shortage of raw materials and technical services lack existing. Basing on the existing research results, this dissertation, in view of the scale pig farming waste pollution problems and biogas, biogas slurry development lack, explores the effective model of cable in pig breeding waste treatment and biomass resources development. In this dissertation, the research work and main results are as follows:
     1. Through analysis of the basic situation of the pig production of consumption in China in recent years, the Chinese pig production and consumption in China animal husbandry and production and consumption of pork in the world occupy a dominant position. Based on the analysis of "company+pig farmers" model's system dynamic mechanism and the game of elimination mechanism, the reasons Scatter-feed without market development and risk response ability continuously leave in recent years, the conclusions show:with the development of social economy and the progress of production technology, the pig industry in China is on the track of scale rapid developmentally, the pig industry of our country is toward the large-scale aquaculture development, large-scale pig farming has become a major breeding mode of China's pig industry.
     2. Using DEA to carry out the evaluation of breeding efficiency between the different pig scale, compared to the backyard, small and medium scale shows a certain technical efficiency and scale efficiency, breeding technology and management capacity upgrade in large-scale pig farming has played a more prominent role. Establish the evaluation index system of the bearing capacity of the scale pig farming environment, through factor analysis and AHP method, evaluates the environment bearing capacity of2000-2011scale pig breeding, which warns environment capacity of live pig breeding is declining, relationships between the natural environment must be properly dealt with on the development of scale breeding.
     3. Through the SD archetype for the scale pig farming system and the household biomass resources system analysis and the fundamental mode operating, puts forward to the cooperation development mode between live pig breeding and biogas resources.
     Doing system analysis using system dynamics on the live pig breeding and biogas question and operating on the scale pig farming and household biomass resources mode, constructs the development cooperation innovation mode of scale pig breeding and biogas, the system dynamics model of the research shows that the pig breeding and biogas development cooperation can relieve the scale pig breeding pollution, improve farmer's production efficiency, increase farmers' income, and realize an important strategic goal of livelihood projects and the biogas project to improve the quality of life of the rural areas. Scale pig farming as an inevitable choice of pig breeding, with the expansion of the scale of pig farms and increasing the size of farms, environmental pollution problems of scale pig farming have become increasingly prominent. Development cooperation mode of scale pig breeding and biomass resources with the restriction on scale pig breeding pollution and biogas energy shortage and service technology, which is an effective mode to the scale pig farming waste treatment and recycling of resources development.
     4. Combing the model of evolutionary game theory and system dynamics to establish SD evolutionary game model to analyse the dynamic evolution of the scale pig breeding and household biomass resources development system, which achieves effective combination of system dynamics and evolutionary game model and dynamic simulation of the related factors of the evolutionary game of steady state and policy, which innovate the complex system analysis methods and tools connected effectively by the game theory and system dynamic, further enrich and perfect the system dynamics theory.
     Through a combination of farmer behavior theory and game theory and evolutionary game theory, on the basis of extensive researches, analyze and discusses living pig breeding and the evolution of farmers' behavior in biomass resources development cooperation system. The evolution game theory is the evolution dynamically process of the study behaviors, and system dynamics is precisely the dynamic process of complex system, through the combing of system dynamics and the game theory and evolutionary game theory, combines effectively of dynamic replication system dynamics and evolutionary game theory, establishes the SD model of evolutionary game theory, evaluating dynamically based on system dynamics among the farmer, the scale pig farming enterprise, government three a subject in the live pig breeding and biogas development system behavior, concludes policy suggestions to promoting the farmers, the scale pig farming enterprises and government to participate in the live pig breeding and biomass resources development cooperation system.
     5. The concepts of archetype generating set core, archetype core were further proposed; and the scale pig breeding and biomass resources development system structure was analysed using archetype generating set core and archetype core, which perfect archetype generating set theory, and make the process of analysis of system structure more concisely.
     From the view of system, the rate fundamental in-tree model on SD about characterization of the scale pig farming and household biomass resources development system operating mode was established, using strongly simplified rate variable based in-tree of SD to get minimal archetype core by doing embedding operation and get archetype generating set core from the minimal archetype cores and specific archetype cores and doing inverse transformation of the transformation from rate variable based in-tree of SD to strongly simplified rate variable based in-tree of SD and get generate archetypes of scale pig breeding and biomass resources development system; and using archetype generating set core to generate archetypes, combining with the method of determinant feedback loop computation to systematically analyze scale pig breeding and biomass resources development system, which obtained that the method using strongly simplified rate variable based in-tree of SD to get minimal archetype core by doing embedding operation and get archetype generating set core from the minimal archetype cores and specific archetype cores and doing inverse transformation of the transformation from rate variable based in-tree of SD to strongly simplified rate variable based in-tree of SD is more succinct was obtained, which provide an more succinct method to do archetype feedback analysis of a complex system. At the same time, using the core of archetype generating set to generate archetypes and determinant analysis was born in pig breeding and biomass resources development cooperation system with the restriction from the pollution of the environment, farmers from restricting energy use feedback archetypes ring algorithm feedback, land problem becomes the main factor restricting the model.
     6. Using the Jiangxi Debang pig breeding and biomass resources development system as a case study, after system structure feedback analysis on the live pig breeding and biogas development, build the SD model of evolution game to analyze the stability of Debang pig breeding and biomass resources development cooperation model system and countermeasures the simulation, concluded policy recommendations to promote live pig breeding and biomass resources development cooperation.
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