我国人口血压参考值地域分布规律及多尺度制图表达
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摘要
影响血压的因素有很多,如种族、遗传、食盐摄入、肥胖、精神心理、生活习惯等,然而环境对血压的影响也非常关键,如海拔高度、气温等都对血压具有非常显著的影响作用。随着全球气候和生态环境的逐渐变化,越来越多的人开始关注人体相关指标和环境的关系,关于地理、环境、气候因素与人体血压间的关系近年来也有一些报道。目前有关血压与地理环境关系方面的研究较少。
本文运用多元线性回归分析、曲线估计和主成分分析的方法研究了中国各地测定的7-22岁四个年龄段人口收缩压参考值和舒张压参考值与区域地理因素之间的关系,发现有非常明显的地域分布规律。通过研究中国正常人血压参考值与地理因素的关系,将会揭示出中国正常人血压参考值的地理分布规律,为制定中国正常人血压参考值的标准提供科学依据。
论文首先通过对人体血压指标与区域地理因素的相关分析,来判断人体血压指标和区域地理因素的相关关系、利用相关系数来精确地反映各个地理因素与血压参考值之间的强弱程度。然后通过偏相关分析,单独研究人体血压参考值同某一项地理因素之间的相互关系的密切程度；由于地理因素之间具有较强的相关性；因此采用偏相关分析,通过控制单一地理因素与血压参考值的相关性,选用偏相关分析则能更好地反映地理要素与血压参考值之间存在的相互关系。
为了能得到更接近真实值的最优模型,论文将三种预测模型的预测值与实测值分别进行对比分析,主要通过多元线性回归分析、曲线估计、主成分回归分析三种回归分析方法得出回归模型的对比分析,根据预测值的趋势选择最逼近真实值的血压参考值的预测模型。
最后将各年龄段不同性别正常人收缩压和舒张压参考值的十二个最优预测模型。在选取得最优模型的基础上,使用ArcGIS10.0软件的空间数据分析模块的插值模块、采用分级统计制图法,根据各个省区的预测值分布值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的全国范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压参考值的地理分布专题图。通过所生成的专题图,能够清楚的显示各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个省区之间血压参考值的差异。
在此基础之上,论文以宁夏省区为例完成了典型省区尺度血压参考值的制图表达,根据各个省区的人口血压预测值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别、不同年龄段人口收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布专题图。通过预测值生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个市县之间血压参考值的区域整体差异。
论文主要在以下几个方面实现了创新：
1、本论文在寻求适应中国不同地方人口正常收缩压和舒张压参考值模型的同时,更注重方法的灵活性,对于不同年龄段不同性别的正常人收缩压和舒张压参考值的预测模型做了不同方法的尝试,根据实测值的趋势选择最逼近真实值的血压参考值的预测模型。主要通过多元线性回归分析、曲线估计、主成分回归分析三种回归分析方法对确定的十二项指标分别建立了回归模型；通过最优模型选择,最终确定我国各个年龄段、不同性别人口血压参考值和地理因素之间的最优回归方程。
2、为了能更清楚地表示出收缩压正常值的地理空间分布状况,本论文选取中国全国范围内34个省会城市,和333个地级城市作为基础观测点,借助ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块在矢量化好的地图上准确定位这些点,并用分级统计制图法,根据各个省区的预测值分布值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的全国范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布趋势图。根据全国范围内人体血压参考值各个指标的整体分布情况,将各个省区人体收缩压参考值分为6个等级,分别用不同的颜色表示；同时在图上附加各省区名称注记。通过所生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个省区之间血压参考值的差异。
3、本论文选取宁夏回族自治区内5个地级城市,2个县级市、一个市辖区和11个县,总共19个城市作为基础观测点,借助ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块在矢量化好的地图上准确定位这些点,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的宁夏区域范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布趋势图。实现了宁夏省区尺度分市县血压参考值的制图表达
通过预测值生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个市县之间血压参考值的区域整体差异。根据宁夏区内人体血压参考值各个指标的整体分布情况,将各个市县人体收缩压参考值预测值和舒张压参考值预测值分别分为5个等级,用不同的颜色表示。
论文最终研究发现：
在全国范围内,我国7-22岁男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布呈明显规律性；而且各个年龄段的男女性人口,其收缩压和舒张压参考值分布规律较接近,呈现相似的分布规律,在全国范围内分布规律总体上可以概括为：北高南低、东高西低。在宁夏省区范围内,我国7-22岁男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布呈明显的规律性；而且不同年龄段的男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布规律各有特点。但总体上呈现和全国区域制图上较一致的分布规律。
With the change of global climate and ecological environment, more and more people become more concerned about the relationship between the index of the body and environment.
Currently, with the lack of normal reference value of Blood Pressure in different geographical environment in China and abroad, and this has seriously affected the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. By searching through Hospitals of different areas of China and we have search many normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old all over China. We have collected the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old SBP&DBP cases in30different provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of china.
The SBP&DBP stands for Systolic Blood Pressure, we will use SBP&DBP as an abbreviation of Systolic Blood Pressure. With the change of global climate and the change of ecological environment, more and more people become more concerned about the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value and the geographic environment. And many people have studied the Normal reference value of Systolic Blood Pressure, because nowadays people become more concerned about the health of blood pressure. But they have not thematically studied the relationship between the Normal reference value of Blood Pressure and the environment.
This paper discussed the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the geographical factors in china. There are different SBP&DBP reference value in different areas of China, and we chose different geographical factors when we chose the reference value. We often use only one standard reference value without care about the geographical difference, and this can not suit the whole china. So this paper discussed the relationship between the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP reference value of different areas with different geographical conditions, the author gave the scientific foundation of making the SBP&DBP reference value though study and analysis, and found that there are significant relationship between the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old; And also get the thematic map of the regional distribution of the normal SBP&DBP reference value of different areas of china. By using GIS software, we got the regional distribution thematic map of the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in china.
We have collected the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in30different provinces, by searching through Hospital of different areas in China. In the collected data, information on the western plateau area are less than the eastern plain area, information in small cities are less than the big cities.
Geographic information is drawn from the relevant geographical works and dictionaries and the China meteorological data Sharing service network. Seven geographical average indexes are searched for nearly three decades. Geographic information includes altitude(m), annual sunshine duration(h), annual mean air temperature(℃), annual mean relative humidity(%), annual precipitation amount(mm), annual range of air temperature (℃), annual mean wind speed (m/s).7indexes that are closely related to physiological conditions. The7geographical factors are expressed as X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7.
First, we used the Correlate analysis find the correlation of the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old. and then using the SPSS17.0software to get the study of there relationships. In order to get the best result, we selected the regression analysis, the Curve analysis and the Main factor analysis altogether. Through the Comparison of the Real value and the Predicted value, We got the three different forecast models through different analysis, and then we selected the best forecast model through comparison of different models.
1) Correlation Analysis
By using the method of mathematical correlation analysis, we get the single correlation coefficient between the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the7geographical factors, the correlation coefficient of altitude (X1), annual sunshine duration (X2), annual mean air temperature (X3), annual mean relative humidity (X4), annual precipitation amount (X5), annual range of air temperature (X6), and annual mean wind speed (X7) can be calculated respectively.
2) Regression Analysis
In some complicated geographical environment, some factors are very difficult to predict and control, but other factors are easy to get, so if we can build a function between the difficult to get factors and those easy to get ones, we can easily get the change of the difficult to predict factors from the easy to get ones. The regression analysis is such kind of analysis. So we can build regression model to express the relationship between the different factors.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable, and we take the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. we get the regression analysis functions.
3) Curve analysis
In some complicated geographical environment the relativity of some factors is linear and some factors has nonlinear relationship, it is very difficult to predict and control, because the nonlinear relationship can not built the regression function directly. So we can get the curve analysis and after we get the curve model, we can use it to express the relationship between the different factors.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable, and we take the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. We get the relativity function, the model summary and the parameter estimates.
4) Main factor analysis
Factor analysis is to use the idea of dimensionality reduction, to start from correlation matrix of the original variables by the dependence of the internal, we take some complex relationship between the variables down to a small number of integrated factors in multivariate analysis methods.
First, We need to determine whether the variable can use factor analysis:Before factor analysis, we should understand the correlation between variables to determine the appropriateness of factor analysis first.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable. and we take the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(YSBP&DBP) as dependent variables. We get the relativity function, the model summary and the parameter estimates.
5) Results
This paper discussed the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the geographical factors. And we often don't care about the differentiation of geographic environment when we chose the SBP&DBP reference value, and this can not suit the whole china. So this paper discussed the relationship of the geographic factors and the normal SBP&DBP reference value of different areas where there are different geographical factors, and gave the scientific foundation of making the SBP&DBP value in China.
In order to reveal the geographical distribution regularity of normal reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in China and provide a scientific basis for making a unified standard of the normal SBP&DBP reference value.
To select the best forecasting model according to the trend of the normal reference value of the blood pressure the. The SBP&DBP forecasting models.
In this paper, the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old between geographical factors in China has been studied by using the special statistics analysis, and has found that there is a certain regularity between them.
Through the SPSS17.0, we take the nine geographic factors as independent variable, and we take the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. We find that the normal SBP&DBP reference value has greatly related with the geographic factors.
本文运用多元线性回归分析、曲线估计和主成分分析的方法研究了中国各地测定的7-22岁四个年龄段人口收缩压参考值和舒张压参考值与区域地理因素之间的关系,发现有非常明显的地域分布规律。通过研究中国正常人血压参考值与地理因素的关系,将会揭示出中国正常人血压参考值的地理分布规律,为制定中国正常人血压参考值的标准提供科学依据。
论文首先通过对人体血压指标与区域地理因素的相关分析,来判断人体血压指标和区域地理因素的相关关系、利用相关系数来精确地反映各个地理因素与血压参考值之间的强弱程度。然后通过偏相关分析,单独研究人体血压参考值同某一项地理因素之间的相互关系的密切程度；由于地理因素之间具有较强的相关性；因此采用偏相关分析,通过控制单一地理因素与血压参考值的相关性,选用偏相关分析则能更好地反映地理要素与血压参考值之间存在的相互关系。
为了能得到更接近真实值的最优模型,论文将三种预测模型的预测值与实测值分别进行对比分析,主要通过多元线性回归分析、曲线估计、主成分回归分析三种回归分析方法得出回归模型的对比分析,根据预测值的趋势选择最逼近真实值的血压参考值的预测模型。
最后将各年龄段不同性别正常人收缩压和舒张压参考值的十二个最优预测模型。在选取得最优模型的基础上,使用ArcGIS10.0软件的空间数据分析模块的插值模块、采用分级统计制图法,根据各个省区的预测值分布值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的全国范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压参考值的地理分布专题图。通过所生成的专题图,能够清楚的显示各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个省区之间血压参考值的差异。
在此基础之上,论文以宁夏省区为例完成了典型省区尺度血压参考值的制图表达,根据各个省区的人口血压预测值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别、不同年龄段人口收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布专题图。通过预测值生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个市县之间血压参考值的区域整体差异。
论文主要在以下几个方面实现了创新：
1、本论文在寻求适应中国不同地方人口正常收缩压和舒张压参考值模型的同时,更注重方法的灵活性,对于不同年龄段不同性别的正常人收缩压和舒张压参考值的预测模型做了不同方法的尝试,根据实测值的趋势选择最逼近真实值的血压参考值的预测模型。主要通过多元线性回归分析、曲线估计、主成分回归分析三种回归分析方法对确定的十二项指标分别建立了回归模型；通过最优模型选择,最终确定我国各个年龄段、不同性别人口血压参考值和地理因素之间的最优回归方程。
2、为了能更清楚地表示出收缩压正常值的地理空间分布状况,本论文选取中国全国范围内34个省会城市,和333个地级城市作为基础观测点,借助ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块在矢量化好的地图上准确定位这些点,并用分级统计制图法,根据各个省区的预测值分布值在区域范围内普染颜色,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的全国范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布趋势图。根据全国范围内人体血压参考值各个指标的整体分布情况,将各个省区人体收缩压参考值分为6个等级,分别用不同的颜色表示；同时在图上附加各省区名称注记。通过所生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个省区之间血压参考值的差异。
3、本论文选取宁夏回族自治区内5个地级城市,2个县级市、一个市辖区和11个县,总共19个城市作为基础观测点,借助ArcGIS软件中的ArcMap模块在矢量化好的地图上准确定位这些点,采用分层设色的制图方法以显示布满整个制图区域的宁夏区域范围内人口血压参考值分布的状况和差别。精确地拟合并绘制出不同性别不同年龄段收缩压及舒张压正常值的地理分布趋势图。实现了宁夏省区尺度分市县血压参考值的制图表达
通过预测值生成的专题图,能够清楚的查的各个省区人体血压参考值的整体分布情况,及各个市县之间血压参考值的区域整体差异。根据宁夏区内人体血压参考值各个指标的整体分布情况,将各个市县人体收缩压参考值预测值和舒张压参考值预测值分别分为5个等级,用不同的颜色表示。
论文最终研究发现：
在全国范围内,我国7-22岁男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布呈明显规律性；而且各个年龄段的男女性人口,其收缩压和舒张压参考值分布规律较接近,呈现相似的分布规律,在全国范围内分布规律总体上可以概括为：北高南低、东高西低。在宁夏省区范围内,我国7-22岁男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布呈明显的规律性；而且不同年龄段的男女性人口收缩压和舒张压参考值分布规律各有特点。但总体上呈现和全国区域制图上较一致的分布规律。
With the change of global climate and ecological environment, more and more people become more concerned about the relationship between the index of the body and environment.
Currently, with the lack of normal reference value of Blood Pressure in different geographical environment in China and abroad, and this has seriously affected the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. By searching through Hospitals of different areas of China and we have search many normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old all over China. We have collected the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old SBP&DBP cases in30different provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of china.
The SBP&DBP stands for Systolic Blood Pressure, we will use SBP&DBP as an abbreviation of Systolic Blood Pressure. With the change of global climate and the change of ecological environment, more and more people become more concerned about the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value and the geographic environment. And many people have studied the Normal reference value of Systolic Blood Pressure, because nowadays people become more concerned about the health of blood pressure. But they have not thematically studied the relationship between the Normal reference value of Blood Pressure and the environment.
This paper discussed the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the geographical factors in china. There are different SBP&DBP reference value in different areas of China, and we chose different geographical factors when we chose the reference value. We often use only one standard reference value without care about the geographical difference, and this can not suit the whole china. So this paper discussed the relationship between the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP reference value of different areas with different geographical conditions, the author gave the scientific foundation of making the SBP&DBP reference value though study and analysis, and found that there are significant relationship between the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old; And also get the thematic map of the regional distribution of the normal SBP&DBP reference value of different areas of china. By using GIS software, we got the regional distribution thematic map of the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in china.
We have collected the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in30different provinces, by searching through Hospital of different areas in China. In the collected data, information on the western plateau area are less than the eastern plain area, information in small cities are less than the big cities.
Geographic information is drawn from the relevant geographical works and dictionaries and the China meteorological data Sharing service network. Seven geographical average indexes are searched for nearly three decades. Geographic information includes altitude(m), annual sunshine duration(h), annual mean air temperature(℃), annual mean relative humidity(%), annual precipitation amount(mm), annual range of air temperature (℃), annual mean wind speed (m/s).7indexes that are closely related to physiological conditions. The7geographical factors are expressed as X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7.
First, we used the Correlate analysis find the correlation of the geographical factors and the SBP&DBP value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old. and then using the SPSS17.0software to get the study of there relationships. In order to get the best result, we selected the regression analysis, the Curve analysis and the Main factor analysis altogether. Through the Comparison of the Real value and the Predicted value, We got the three different forecast models through different analysis, and then we selected the best forecast model through comparison of different models.
1) Correlation Analysis
By using the method of mathematical correlation analysis, we get the single correlation coefficient between the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the7geographical factors, the correlation coefficient of altitude (X1), annual sunshine duration (X2), annual mean air temperature (X3), annual mean relative humidity (X4), annual precipitation amount (X5), annual range of air temperature (X6), and annual mean wind speed (X7) can be calculated respectively.
2) Regression Analysis
In some complicated geographical environment, some factors are very difficult to predict and control, but other factors are easy to get, so if we can build a function between the difficult to get factors and those easy to get ones, we can easily get the change of the difficult to predict factors from the easy to get ones. The regression analysis is such kind of analysis. So we can build regression model to express the relationship between the different factors.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable, and we take the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. we get the regression analysis functions.
3) Curve analysis
In some complicated geographical environment the relativity of some factors is linear and some factors has nonlinear relationship, it is very difficult to predict and control, because the nonlinear relationship can not built the regression function directly. So we can get the curve analysis and after we get the curve model, we can use it to express the relationship between the different factors.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable, and we take the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. We get the relativity function, the model summary and the parameter estimates.
4) Main factor analysis
Factor analysis is to use the idea of dimensionality reduction, to start from correlation matrix of the original variables by the dependence of the internal, we take some complex relationship between the variables down to a small number of integrated factors in multivariate analysis methods.
First, We need to determine whether the variable can use factor analysis:Before factor analysis, we should understand the correlation between variables to determine the appropriateness of factor analysis first.
Through the SPSS17.0,we take the7geographical factors as independent variable. and we take the SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(YSBP&DBP) as dependent variables. We get the relativity function, the model summary and the parameter estimates.
5) Results
This paper discussed the relationship between the SBP&DBP reference value of the four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old and the geographical factors. And we often don't care about the differentiation of geographic environment when we chose the SBP&DBP reference value, and this can not suit the whole china. So this paper discussed the relationship of the geographic factors and the normal SBP&DBP reference value of different areas where there are different geographical factors, and gave the scientific foundation of making the SBP&DBP value in China.
In order to reveal the geographical distribution regularity of normal reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old in China and provide a scientific basis for making a unified standard of the normal SBP&DBP reference value.
To select the best forecasting model according to the trend of the normal reference value of the blood pressure the. The SBP&DBP forecasting models.
In this paper, the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old between geographical factors in China has been studied by using the special statistics analysis, and has found that there is a certain regularity between them.
Through the SPSS17.0, we take the nine geographic factors as independent variable, and we take the normal SBP&DBP reference value of four age groups of normal male and female from7-22years old(SBP&DBP) as dependent variable. We find that the normal SBP&DBP reference value has greatly related with the geographic factors.
引文
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