高压富氧燃煤烟气冷凝放热试验及受热面设计研究
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摘要
火力发电所排放的二氧化碳是导致温室效应的主要来源,实现燃煤电厂的二氧化碳捕集与封存是减少二氧化碳排放的一个重要途径,基于富氧燃烧的增压富氧燃煤发电是一项新型可实现燃煤电厂二氧化碳零排放的洁净煤发电技术。
增压富氧燃烧系统中,潜热吸收式高压排烟冷凝器是关键设备之一,为了给冷凝器的设计提供依据,本文研究了高压烟气的热力学性质和其中水分的凝结换热特性；为了探索燃烧方式和压力的变化对锅炉受热面的影响,还对受热面的换热、优化设计及磨损进行了研究。
增压富氧燃煤产生的烟气为高压含湿混合三原子气体,已有的基于理想气体的热力学性质计算方法不再适用,本文基于实际气体建立了高压混合气体热力学性质的求解模型,并通过软件验证了模型的可靠性；为了研究高压烟气的凝结换热,分别搭建了高压含湿混合气体在水平管内和横掠管束凝结换热的实验台,并依据气液界面能量平衡采用迭代计算的方法建立了适用于高压混合气体管内凝结换热的数学模型,通过理论研究与试验研究相结合,对高压含湿混合气体的凝结换热特性进行分析；基于(?)经济分析,以单位换热量换热器总费用为目标函数,采用遗传算法对增压富氧燃烧锅炉的对流受热面进行优化设计；通过与已有试验结果对比,选择合适的管壁磨损模型,分析影响磨损量的因素,并将磨损模型嵌入FLUENT软件中,通过数值模拟对常压空气燃烧锅炉和增压富氧燃烧锅炉省煤器中飞灰颗粒的流动及其对受热面的磨损特性进行了研究。
与常压空气燃烧相比,6MPa富氧燃烧下烟气的密度增大了约80倍,定压比热容增大了18.1%,而动力黏度和导热系数随压力变化不明显；烟气流速不变时,对流换热系数平均增大了16.3倍；受热面结构不变时,烟气流速降低了2个数量级,但对流换热系数却反而增加：在水平管内,含湿混合气体有凝结时的放热系数比无凝结时大了1个数量级,且放热系数随着压力的升高而增大,但压力越高增加量越小；横掠管束时,凝结的发生也增强了换热,混合气体冷凝放热系数与单相对流换热系数在同一数量级,且随着压力的升高换热系数反而有所降低；此外,无论是管内还是横掠管束,混合气体的凝结放热系数都随着雷诺数、水蒸汽含量的增加而增大；与常压空气燃烧锅炉相比,优化后的增压富氧燃烧锅炉受热面结构紧凑、尺寸减小、换热能力增强、烟气流动阻力增加较小;管壁磨损量随着颗粒入射速度和颗粒粒径的增大以及壁面材料硬度的减小而增加,随着颗粒入射角度的增加,磨损量先增大后减小；增压富氧燃烧下发生最大磨损的管排位置也不同于常压空气燃烧时,各管排磨损量较小,磨损速率分布较均匀。
Carbon dioxide produced by thermal power generation is the main source which causes greenhouse effect. The capture and storage of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants is an important way to reduce carbon dioxide emission. And the pressurized oxy-coal power generation technology based on oxy-coal combustion is a new generation of clean power generation technology which can achieve zero emission of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants.
In the pressurized oxy-coal combustion system, the high pressure exhaust condenser with latent heat recovery is one of the key equipments. In order to provide the basis of designing the condenser, the article studies the thermodynamic properties of high pressure flue gas and the condensation heat transfer characteristic of vapor in the gas. In order to explore the influence of changes in the combustion mode and pressure on heating surface of boiler, the article also investigates the heat transfer, optimized design, and erosion of the heating surface.
The flue gas produced by pressurized oxy-coal combustion is high-pressure, wet and mixed triatomic gases. The existing calculation methods of thermodynamic properties based on the ideal gas are no longer applicable. The article establishes the calculation model of thermodynamic properties of high-pressure gas mixture based on the actual gas, and the model is verified by software. To explore the condensation heat transfer of high-pressure flue gas, the experiment rigs of condensation heat transfer of wet flue gas inside a horizontal pipe and across a tube bundle are built respectively. The mathematical model of condensation heat transfer inside tube with iterative method based on energy balance on the gas-liquid interface is established. Through the combination of theoretical study and experimental research, the condensation heat transfer characteristic of wet gas mixture is analyzed. Based on exergy economic analysis, taking the total cost of heat exchanger of unit heat as the objective function, the article designs and optimizes the heating surface of pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler applying genetic algorithm method. By comparison with the existing experiment results, the appropriate erosion model is chosen, the factors influencing erosion loss are analyzed. Embedding the erosion model into the FLUENT software, the article also investigates the flow of fly ash particles and the heating surface wear properties in atmospheric air combustion boiler and pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler through numerical simulation.
Comparing with atmospheric air combustion, the density of flue gas increases almost80times, while the specific heat at constant pressure, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of flue gas change a little under oxy-coal combustion at6MPa. When the heating surface structure is unchanged, the flue gas velocity will reduce by2orders of magnitude, but the convective heat transfer coefficient will increase slightly. In the horizontal pipe, the heat transfer coefficient of wet gas mixture with condensation is1order of magnitude larger than that without condensation, and the heat transfer coefficient increases as the pressure rises. But the higher the pressure, the smaller the increment. Outside the bundle, the occurrence of condensation enhances heat transfer, the condensation heat transfer of gas mixture is in the same order of magnitude with single-phase convective heat transfer, and the heat transfer coefficient will rather diminish as the pressure increases. Besides, the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases with the larger of the Reynolds number and the content of water vapor no matter in or outside the tube. Compared to the conventional air combustion boiler, the optimized heating surface of pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler is in a more compact structure, smaller size, stronger heat transfer capability and a little larger flow resistance of flue gas. The erosion loss of the wall increases with the rises of the particle impact velocity and particle size and the decrease of the hardness of wall material. The erosion loss first increases and then decreases with increasing particle incident angle. The location of maximum wear has also changed, and the erosion loss of each tube row is smaller, the erosion rate is more evenly distributed.
增压富氧燃烧系统中,潜热吸收式高压排烟冷凝器是关键设备之一,为了给冷凝器的设计提供依据,本文研究了高压烟气的热力学性质和其中水分的凝结换热特性；为了探索燃烧方式和压力的变化对锅炉受热面的影响,还对受热面的换热、优化设计及磨损进行了研究。
增压富氧燃煤产生的烟气为高压含湿混合三原子气体,已有的基于理想气体的热力学性质计算方法不再适用,本文基于实际气体建立了高压混合气体热力学性质的求解模型,并通过软件验证了模型的可靠性；为了研究高压烟气的凝结换热,分别搭建了高压含湿混合气体在水平管内和横掠管束凝结换热的实验台,并依据气液界面能量平衡采用迭代计算的方法建立了适用于高压混合气体管内凝结换热的数学模型,通过理论研究与试验研究相结合,对高压含湿混合气体的凝结换热特性进行分析；基于(?)经济分析,以单位换热量换热器总费用为目标函数,采用遗传算法对增压富氧燃烧锅炉的对流受热面进行优化设计；通过与已有试验结果对比,选择合适的管壁磨损模型,分析影响磨损量的因素,并将磨损模型嵌入FLUENT软件中,通过数值模拟对常压空气燃烧锅炉和增压富氧燃烧锅炉省煤器中飞灰颗粒的流动及其对受热面的磨损特性进行了研究。
与常压空气燃烧相比,6MPa富氧燃烧下烟气的密度增大了约80倍,定压比热容增大了18.1%,而动力黏度和导热系数随压力变化不明显；烟气流速不变时,对流换热系数平均增大了16.3倍；受热面结构不变时,烟气流速降低了2个数量级,但对流换热系数却反而增加：在水平管内,含湿混合气体有凝结时的放热系数比无凝结时大了1个数量级,且放热系数随着压力的升高而增大,但压力越高增加量越小；横掠管束时,凝结的发生也增强了换热,混合气体冷凝放热系数与单相对流换热系数在同一数量级,且随着压力的升高换热系数反而有所降低；此外,无论是管内还是横掠管束,混合气体的凝结放热系数都随着雷诺数、水蒸汽含量的增加而增大；与常压空气燃烧锅炉相比,优化后的增压富氧燃烧锅炉受热面结构紧凑、尺寸减小、换热能力增强、烟气流动阻力增加较小;管壁磨损量随着颗粒入射速度和颗粒粒径的增大以及壁面材料硬度的减小而增加,随着颗粒入射角度的增加,磨损量先增大后减小；增压富氧燃烧下发生最大磨损的管排位置也不同于常压空气燃烧时,各管排磨损量较小,磨损速率分布较均匀。
Carbon dioxide produced by thermal power generation is the main source which causes greenhouse effect. The capture and storage of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants is an important way to reduce carbon dioxide emission. And the pressurized oxy-coal power generation technology based on oxy-coal combustion is a new generation of clean power generation technology which can achieve zero emission of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants.
In the pressurized oxy-coal combustion system, the high pressure exhaust condenser with latent heat recovery is one of the key equipments. In order to provide the basis of designing the condenser, the article studies the thermodynamic properties of high pressure flue gas and the condensation heat transfer characteristic of vapor in the gas. In order to explore the influence of changes in the combustion mode and pressure on heating surface of boiler, the article also investigates the heat transfer, optimized design, and erosion of the heating surface.
The flue gas produced by pressurized oxy-coal combustion is high-pressure, wet and mixed triatomic gases. The existing calculation methods of thermodynamic properties based on the ideal gas are no longer applicable. The article establishes the calculation model of thermodynamic properties of high-pressure gas mixture based on the actual gas, and the model is verified by software. To explore the condensation heat transfer of high-pressure flue gas, the experiment rigs of condensation heat transfer of wet flue gas inside a horizontal pipe and across a tube bundle are built respectively. The mathematical model of condensation heat transfer inside tube with iterative method based on energy balance on the gas-liquid interface is established. Through the combination of theoretical study and experimental research, the condensation heat transfer characteristic of wet gas mixture is analyzed. Based on exergy economic analysis, taking the total cost of heat exchanger of unit heat as the objective function, the article designs and optimizes the heating surface of pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler applying genetic algorithm method. By comparison with the existing experiment results, the appropriate erosion model is chosen, the factors influencing erosion loss are analyzed. Embedding the erosion model into the FLUENT software, the article also investigates the flow of fly ash particles and the heating surface wear properties in atmospheric air combustion boiler and pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler through numerical simulation.
Comparing with atmospheric air combustion, the density of flue gas increases almost80times, while the specific heat at constant pressure, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of flue gas change a little under oxy-coal combustion at6MPa. When the heating surface structure is unchanged, the flue gas velocity will reduce by2orders of magnitude, but the convective heat transfer coefficient will increase slightly. In the horizontal pipe, the heat transfer coefficient of wet gas mixture with condensation is1order of magnitude larger than that without condensation, and the heat transfer coefficient increases as the pressure rises. But the higher the pressure, the smaller the increment. Outside the bundle, the occurrence of condensation enhances heat transfer, the condensation heat transfer of gas mixture is in the same order of magnitude with single-phase convective heat transfer, and the heat transfer coefficient will rather diminish as the pressure increases. Besides, the condensation heat transfer coefficient increases with the larger of the Reynolds number and the content of water vapor no matter in or outside the tube. Compared to the conventional air combustion boiler, the optimized heating surface of pressurized oxy-coal combustion boiler is in a more compact structure, smaller size, stronger heat transfer capability and a little larger flow resistance of flue gas. The erosion loss of the wall increases with the rises of the particle impact velocity and particle size and the decrease of the hardness of wall material. The erosion loss first increases and then decreases with increasing particle incident angle. The location of maximum wear has also changed, and the erosion loss of each tube row is smaller, the erosion rate is more evenly distributed.
引文
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