不同地区青贮玉米发酵特性及微生物多样性
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摘要
以绥化、呼和浩特、赤峰、衡水和银川等地区种植的12个青贮玉米品种的16份青贮样品为材料，进行不同地区不同品种的青贮发酵特性和微生物多样性的研究，研究结果如下：
1.不同品种玉米原料上的微生物数量有很大的差异，总体来说青贮原料上附着的好氧细菌数最多，其次是酵母菌和霉菌，乳酸菌数量最少，其中赤峰林西县的金岭27青贮玉米上附着的好氧细菌数最多，银川地区的兴贮一号青贮玉米上附着的乳酸菌数量最少。经过青贮发酵后不同地区青贮饲料的乳酸菌数量增多，抑制腐败菌的生长，其中衡水地区郑单958的乳酸菌数量最多，在12个品种中没有检测到大肠杆菌。青贮玉米经乳酸菌添加剂处理后，绥化、林西、呼和浩特、衡水地区青贮玉米的乳酸菌数量高于对照组；银川地区纤维素酶处理组的青贮玉米ND4乳酸菌数量最多。
2.从青贮玉米的原料和青贮后期分离得到5个属93株乳酸菌。YC35鼠李糖乳杆菌、YC58嗜酸乳杆菌、HBL20瑞士乳杆菌、HS153铅黄肠球菌在12h后pH值4.0，36h后的吸光值为3.0以上，均高于其他菌群的生长速率，因此YC35鼠李糖乳杆菌、YC58嗜酸乳杆菌、HBL20瑞士乳杆菌、HS153铅黄肠球菌比其他菌群适合做青贮饲料添加剂，并且分析到乳杆菌属的产酸能力和生长速度优于乳球菌属。5个地区共有的乳酸菌为短乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌。
3.玉米经青贮后NDF、ADF、WSC含量均有所下降，其中银川地区ND4的NDF、ADF含量下降最多，豫贮23的WSC含量下降最多，而绥化、林西地区青贮玉米DM含量下降明显。
4.当加入乳酸菌添加剂后绥化地区、林西地区的两个品种，呼和浩特地区东陵白，衡水地区雅玉8号、中北410、雅玉26号，银川地区豫贮23、中北410等10个品种DM含量下降明显；绥化地区龙育一号青贮，林西地区中北410的NDF含量下降明显；衡水、银川地区的所有品种NDF、ADF含量下降明显；林西地区、呼和浩特地区的两个品种，衡水地区雅玉8号、中北410、郑单958、京科516，WSC含量下降明显。纤维素酶添加剂处理组降低了部分地区的NDF、CP含量。
5.添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶处理组显著降低不同地区中北410的pH值、乙酸含量，显著提高乳酸含量（P＜0.05），改善青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养品质。添加剂处理组显著降低青贮玉米NDF、ADF的含量（P＜0.05）；乳酸菌处理组显著提高了绥化、衡水、银川地区中北410的WSC含量（P＜0.05），其中银川地区的WSC最高。所有地区添加剂组的青贮玉米发酵品质Flieg等级为优。
6.通过对青贮玉米的营养品质进行聚类分析表明，不同样品及不同生长条件影响营养品质；衡水地区、绥化地区的营养品质较高，即乳酸含量高,pH值低；其中衡水地区的京科516、中农大品种的营养成分及发酵品质较好，而银川地区的ND4青贮的发酵品质较差。相关分析表明，降水量与DM、氨态氮、WSC含量正相关，气温与pH、NDF、ADF、CP含量正相关，日照与、NDF、ADF、CP含量正相关，经纬度与DM、WSC含量正相关。
To study the silage fermentation characteristics and microorganism diversity of different varietiesfrom different areas, choose16corn silage samples belonging to12varieties, including Longyu No.1and Zhongbei410planted in Suihua, Donglingbai and Zhongbei410planted in Hohhot, Jinling27andZhongbei410planted in Linxi, Yayu No.8, Yayu No.26, Jingke516, Zhengdan958and Zhongbei410planted in Hengshui, Yuchu23, Xingchu No.1, ND4, Zhongnongda and Zhongbei410planted inYinchuan. The main results are as follows.
1. Microorganism amounts of different varieties of corn raw materials vary significantly. On thewhole, amount of aerobic bacteria on silage raw material is the largest, followed by yeasts and molds,with lactic acid bacteria the smallest. Jinling27planted in Linxi has the largest amount of aerobicbacteria, and Xingchu No.1from Yinchuan has the smallest amount of lactic acid bacteria. Amounts oflactic acid bacteria on silage of different areas had increased after ensiling, inhibiting the growth ofspoilage bacteria, with Zhengdan958from Hengshui having the largest amount of lactic acid bacteria.Colon bacillus was undetected in the12varieties. After lactic acid bacteria additives processing,amounts of lactic acid bacteria on the corn silage from Suihua, Linxi, Hohhot and Hengshui were higherthan that in the control group. ND4of cellulase treatment group in Yinchuan had the largest amount oflactic acid bacteria.
2.93strains of5genus were isolated from the silage. After12hours, pH value of YC35(L.hamnosus), YC58(L.acidophilus), HBL20(L.helveticus), HS153(E.casseliflavus) was4.0, and after36hours, their light absorption was above3.0, all higher than other microflora's growth rate. So theywere more suitable for silage additives than other microflora. And acid-producing ability and growthrate of Lactobacillus were higher than that of Lactoccus. L.brevis,L.plantarum, L.acidophilus arecommon lactic for five refions.
3. After ensiling, the contents of NDF, ADF and WSC in corn were all decreased. In Yinchuan,NDF and ADF contents of ND4decreased most, and WSC content of Yuchu23decreased most. Whilein Suihua and Linxi, DM content of corn silage decreased significantly.
4. After adding lactobacillus additives, there were obvious decrease in DM content of10varieties,including2varieties from Suihua and Linxi, Donglingbai of Hohhot, Yayu No.8, Zhongbei410andYayu No.26of Hengshui, Yuchu23and Zhongbei410of Yinchuan. NDF contents of Longyu No.1fromSuihua and Zhongbei410from Linxi decreased obviously. NDF and ADF contents of all varieties fromHengshui and Yinchuan decreased obviously. WSC contents of2varieties from Linxi and Hohhot,Yayu No.8, Zhongbei410, Zhengdan958and Jingke516of Hengshui decreased obviously. Celluloseenzyme additive treatment reduced NDF and CP contents of some areas.
5. It obviously reduced pH value and acetic acid contents of Zhongbei410from different areas toadd lactobacillus and cellulose enzyme, while obviously increased lactic acid content（P＜0.05）,improving fermentation quality and nutritional quality of silage. Additives treatment obviously reducedNDF and ADF contents of corn silage（P＜0.05）, and lactobacillus treatment obviously increased WSC contents of Zhongbei410of Suihua（P＜0.05）, Yinchuan and Hengshui, with Yinchuan thehighest. Flieg Level of corn silage fermentation quality were excellent in additives group of all areas.
6. Cluster Analysis of corn silage nutritional quality showed that different samples and differentgrowth environments affect nutritional quality. Nutritional quality of corn silage in Hengshui andSuihua was better for their higher lactic acid contents and lower pH values. Jingke516andZhongnongda from Hengshui had better nutritional quality and fermentation quality, while fermentationquality of ND4from Yinchuan was worse.Correlation analysis showed, precipitation is positivelycorrelated with DM, ammonia nitrogen, WSC content;temperature and pH, NDF, ADF, CP contentpositively correlated;sunshine is positively correlated with NDF, ADF, CP content.;the latitude andlongitude and DM, WSC content positively correlated.
1.不同品种玉米原料上的微生物数量有很大的差异，总体来说青贮原料上附着的好氧细菌数最多，其次是酵母菌和霉菌，乳酸菌数量最少，其中赤峰林西县的金岭27青贮玉米上附着的好氧细菌数最多，银川地区的兴贮一号青贮玉米上附着的乳酸菌数量最少。经过青贮发酵后不同地区青贮饲料的乳酸菌数量增多，抑制腐败菌的生长，其中衡水地区郑单958的乳酸菌数量最多，在12个品种中没有检测到大肠杆菌。青贮玉米经乳酸菌添加剂处理后，绥化、林西、呼和浩特、衡水地区青贮玉米的乳酸菌数量高于对照组；银川地区纤维素酶处理组的青贮玉米ND4乳酸菌数量最多。
2.从青贮玉米的原料和青贮后期分离得到5个属93株乳酸菌。YC35鼠李糖乳杆菌、YC58嗜酸乳杆菌、HBL20瑞士乳杆菌、HS153铅黄肠球菌在12h后pH值4.0，36h后的吸光值为3.0以上，均高于其他菌群的生长速率，因此YC35鼠李糖乳杆菌、YC58嗜酸乳杆菌、HBL20瑞士乳杆菌、HS153铅黄肠球菌比其他菌群适合做青贮饲料添加剂，并且分析到乳杆菌属的产酸能力和生长速度优于乳球菌属。5个地区共有的乳酸菌为短乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌。
3.玉米经青贮后NDF、ADF、WSC含量均有所下降，其中银川地区ND4的NDF、ADF含量下降最多，豫贮23的WSC含量下降最多，而绥化、林西地区青贮玉米DM含量下降明显。
4.当加入乳酸菌添加剂后绥化地区、林西地区的两个品种，呼和浩特地区东陵白，衡水地区雅玉8号、中北410、雅玉26号，银川地区豫贮23、中北410等10个品种DM含量下降明显；绥化地区龙育一号青贮，林西地区中北410的NDF含量下降明显；衡水、银川地区的所有品种NDF、ADF含量下降明显；林西地区、呼和浩特地区的两个品种，衡水地区雅玉8号、中北410、郑单958、京科516，WSC含量下降明显。纤维素酶添加剂处理组降低了部分地区的NDF、CP含量。
5.添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶处理组显著降低不同地区中北410的pH值、乙酸含量，显著提高乳酸含量（P＜0.05），改善青贮饲料的发酵品质和营养品质。添加剂处理组显著降低青贮玉米NDF、ADF的含量（P＜0.05）；乳酸菌处理组显著提高了绥化、衡水、银川地区中北410的WSC含量（P＜0.05），其中银川地区的WSC最高。所有地区添加剂组的青贮玉米发酵品质Flieg等级为优。
6.通过对青贮玉米的营养品质进行聚类分析表明，不同样品及不同生长条件影响营养品质；衡水地区、绥化地区的营养品质较高，即乳酸含量高,pH值低；其中衡水地区的京科516、中农大品种的营养成分及发酵品质较好，而银川地区的ND4青贮的发酵品质较差。相关分析表明，降水量与DM、氨态氮、WSC含量正相关，气温与pH、NDF、ADF、CP含量正相关，日照与、NDF、ADF、CP含量正相关，经纬度与DM、WSC含量正相关。
To study the silage fermentation characteristics and microorganism diversity of different varietiesfrom different areas, choose16corn silage samples belonging to12varieties, including Longyu No.1and Zhongbei410planted in Suihua, Donglingbai and Zhongbei410planted in Hohhot, Jinling27andZhongbei410planted in Linxi, Yayu No.8, Yayu No.26, Jingke516, Zhengdan958and Zhongbei410planted in Hengshui, Yuchu23, Xingchu No.1, ND4, Zhongnongda and Zhongbei410planted inYinchuan. The main results are as follows.
1. Microorganism amounts of different varieties of corn raw materials vary significantly. On thewhole, amount of aerobic bacteria on silage raw material is the largest, followed by yeasts and molds,with lactic acid bacteria the smallest. Jinling27planted in Linxi has the largest amount of aerobicbacteria, and Xingchu No.1from Yinchuan has the smallest amount of lactic acid bacteria. Amounts oflactic acid bacteria on silage of different areas had increased after ensiling, inhibiting the growth ofspoilage bacteria, with Zhengdan958from Hengshui having the largest amount of lactic acid bacteria.Colon bacillus was undetected in the12varieties. After lactic acid bacteria additives processing,amounts of lactic acid bacteria on the corn silage from Suihua, Linxi, Hohhot and Hengshui were higherthan that in the control group. ND4of cellulase treatment group in Yinchuan had the largest amount oflactic acid bacteria.
2.93strains of5genus were isolated from the silage. After12hours, pH value of YC35(L.hamnosus), YC58(L.acidophilus), HBL20(L.helveticus), HS153(E.casseliflavus) was4.0, and after36hours, their light absorption was above3.0, all higher than other microflora's growth rate. So theywere more suitable for silage additives than other microflora. And acid-producing ability and growthrate of Lactobacillus were higher than that of Lactoccus. L.brevis,L.plantarum, L.acidophilus arecommon lactic for five refions.
3. After ensiling, the contents of NDF, ADF and WSC in corn were all decreased. In Yinchuan,NDF and ADF contents of ND4decreased most, and WSC content of Yuchu23decreased most. Whilein Suihua and Linxi, DM content of corn silage decreased significantly.
4. After adding lactobacillus additives, there were obvious decrease in DM content of10varieties,including2varieties from Suihua and Linxi, Donglingbai of Hohhot, Yayu No.8, Zhongbei410andYayu No.26of Hengshui, Yuchu23and Zhongbei410of Yinchuan. NDF contents of Longyu No.1fromSuihua and Zhongbei410from Linxi decreased obviously. NDF and ADF contents of all varieties fromHengshui and Yinchuan decreased obviously. WSC contents of2varieties from Linxi and Hohhot,Yayu No.8, Zhongbei410, Zhengdan958and Jingke516of Hengshui decreased obviously. Celluloseenzyme additive treatment reduced NDF and CP contents of some areas.
5. It obviously reduced pH value and acetic acid contents of Zhongbei410from different areas toadd lactobacillus and cellulose enzyme, while obviously increased lactic acid content（P＜0.05）,improving fermentation quality and nutritional quality of silage. Additives treatment obviously reducedNDF and ADF contents of corn silage（P＜0.05）, and lactobacillus treatment obviously increased WSC contents of Zhongbei410of Suihua（P＜0.05）, Yinchuan and Hengshui, with Yinchuan thehighest. Flieg Level of corn silage fermentation quality were excellent in additives group of all areas.
6. Cluster Analysis of corn silage nutritional quality showed that different samples and differentgrowth environments affect nutritional quality. Nutritional quality of corn silage in Hengshui andSuihua was better for their higher lactic acid contents and lower pH values. Jingke516andZhongnongda from Hengshui had better nutritional quality and fermentation quality, while fermentationquality of ND4from Yinchuan was worse.Correlation analysis showed, precipitation is positivelycorrelated with DM, ammonia nitrogen, WSC content;temperature and pH, NDF, ADF, CP contentpositively correlated;sunshine is positively correlated with NDF, ADF, CP content.;the latitude andlongitude and DM, WSC content positively correlated.
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