中国在东非的跨国企业及经济多样化
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摘要
近年来非洲国家采用经济多元化措施来应对非洲大陆经济发展水平所面临的挑战。本文分析了中国对东非国家由传统援助投资向新型投资模式的转型问题,重点考察中国在肯尼亚与乌干达的投资如何在新的全球化时代推进了中国在东非投资的多元化,以及中国新兴企业在这一过程中发挥何种作用。本项研究应用全球化转型理论(transformationalist globalization wave)建立起在新全球化时代,新兴跨国公司和投资多样化之间的联系。该理论强调了作为对外直接投资资源的跨国公司的新角色以及发展中国家跨国公司的兴起是如何促使对外直接投资流向非传统领域拓展的。本研究的结论是尽管中国企业国际化不足10年,仍处在初级阶段,但在相比其他资源丰富的,诸如撒哈拉以南非洲的南非、津巴布韦、尼日利亚和北非的埃及、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚等国对外国投资吸引力较弱的东非,中国投资也迅速走向多样化。肯尼亚和乌干达在过去12年间见证了中国投资由传统性援助工程向直接在建筑业、制造业、电信业、萃取业、农业、银行业、旅游业等其他服务行业方面投资的大量扩展。进一步研究表明,尽管存在这种积极趋势,中国在东非的公司与投资引发了对关于个别国家与地区整体利益的经济卷入的关注,同时作为国际公司的后来者,面临着各种各样的挑战。我的结论是：近些年中国公司在非洲许多地区扩展外国投资活动中扮演了新的重要角色,因此在全球化迅速发展的时代,在研究当代中非关系之时,给予中国公司特别的关注是十分重要的。
在新世纪,经济增长缓慢和欠发达问题仍然困扰着非洲。在经济的许多领域吸引境外直接投资已成为非洲解决这些问题的重要手段。本研究的目标是通过关注近期中国跨国公司在东非的投资状况来进一步考察中国境外投资的集中领域。本研究采用全球化转型理论来进行学术科学研究,以检验在新全球化时代,跨国公司投资是怎样与经济多元化问题联系起来的,及其是如何被应用于中非经济关系的。
之所以选择东非作为研究案例,是因为它提供了考察中国跨国公司投资的独特机会。肯尼亚与乌干达都在独立后立即与中国建立外交关系。新世纪伊始,直接投资便开始出现。
而且,东非并不是资源丰富的地区,这使其在吸引全球境外直接投资方面比不上诸如刚果、尼日利亚、苏丹、津巴布韦、赞比亚和南非等撒哈拉以南的非洲国家。因此,有关中国对东非投资的研究就更少了。然而中国对东非的投资迅猛增长,并从包括基础设施建设、农业发展工程的传统领域向制造业、旅游业,电信、银行等服务业以及制药业等新领域拓展。这些问题将在第四章进行探讨。
本研究中的经济多元化并不是指终止或转移传统投资,而是指中国投资在东非其他经济领域的拓展。将分为六章进行探讨。
第一章是序论,包括研究背景等部分,简要探讨后独立时代的非洲政府在吸引全球境外投资方面的历史状况以及面临的挑战。这一章还将探讨一些研究问题,例如中国在东非的投资由什么构成?哪些领域被集中关注,并关注到何种程度?之后本章还涉及研究目的,包括确定中国在肯尼亚、乌干达的跨国公司与投资,从而确定中国跨国公司与投资的何种扩展影响到了本地区的经济多元化。
本研究的重要意义在于指出在新经济全球化时代,中国跨国公司在推进中非
关系发展的过程中扮演着怎样的角色以及面临着怎样的挑战。研究方法是对有关中国在非洲跨国公司与投资的二手资料数据进行收集与定性分析,并选取东非国家肯尼亚和乌干达作为研究案例。
第二章介绍本研究的理论框架,即全球化学派(globalization school)思想和在新的经济全球化时期强调跨国公司与境外投资密切相关的转型理论。并指出在经济全球化时代新兴国家的跨国公司已经在数量上和形式上对全球境外投资流产生了重大影响。
第三章探讨关于中国在非洲的新兴跨国公司出现的情况,对其现状进行总结,还将概述促使跨国公司向外国市场扩展的现实。
第四章和第五章是本研究的核心部分。首先将简要回顾东非全球境外直接投资状况。其次将分别对中非交往与中国在肯尼亚和乌干达的跨国公司与资本进行对比分析。最后将得出中国投资领域的分布状况,并分析促使这种投资倾向产生的原因。
第五章将指出关于中国跨国公司与投资的关键问题所在。我们将讨论中国投资在东非经济领域的潜在影响,并将给出中国投资怎样以及何时为非洲经济增长做出贡献的答案。最后将指出中国跨国公司面临的挑战。
第六章作为最后一章将简要地说明此次研究的主要发现,同时将指出研究局第六章作为最后一章将简要地说明此次研究的主要发现,同时将指出研究局限以及本次研究的贡献与结论。
Economic diversification is one of the recent measures adopted by African countries as a means of that will help address the challenge of the level of economic growth faced by the continent. This study analyses the evolving China-East Africa investments from traditional aid related investments to new forms investments. The main research question is to examine how Chinese investments in Kenya and Uganda have evolve under the new globalization era resulting into the diversification of Chinese investments in East Africa and what role have emerging Chinese companies played in the process. The study has applied the transformationalist wave to establish a link between emerging multinational companies and investment diversification in the new globalization era. The theory stresses the new role of MNCs as sources of FDI and how the emergence of MNCs from developing countries has led to an increase in FDI flows to nontraditional sectors. The conclusion from this study is that although Chinese companies are still at the initial stage of internationalization which started less a than a decade ago they have to a great extent diversified in Chinese investments in East Africa a region which attracted less foreign investments in relation to other rich resource Sub-Sahara African countries like south Africa, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Egypt, Morocco, Algeria in North Africa. Kenya and Uganda in the past twelve years has witnessed an increase in the volume Chinese investments expanding from traditional development aid projects to direct investments in construction, manufacturing, telecommunication, extraction, agriculture sector, banking, tourism and other service sectors. The further study shows that despite this positive trend Chinese Companies and Investments in East Africa rise major concerns in terms of economic implication to Individual country interests and region as a whole, while facing various challenges as later comers in international corporate business. My conclusion is that with this new crucial role being played by Chinese companies in expansion of foreign investments in various sectors of Africa in recent years, it is important to give Chinese companies special attention while studying contemporary Sino-Africa Relation under fast globalization era.
Attracting foreign direct investments in various sectors of the African economy has become an important measure to address the slow economic growth and underdevelopment problems which continues to affect the African continent in the new century. The aim of this study is to further examine various sectors targeted by Chinese foreign direct investment by focusing the recent investments made by Chinese MNCs in East Africa. The study adopted the transformationalist wave for an academic and scientific research to test the subject in question how EMNCs investments are connected to economic diversification in the new globalization era and how can it be applied to China-Africa economic relation.
East Africa is chosen as a case study, as it provides very unique opportunity to investigate Chinese MNCS investments. Both cases Kenya and Uganda although established diplomatic relations with China immediately after independence direct investments began to pick up at the beginning of the new century. Also East Africa is not a rich resource region making it a less attractive global FDI in comparison to other sub-Sahara countries including Congo, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa thus less research has been carried out concerning Chinese investments into East Africa. However Chinese investments into East Africa have grown rapidly and expanded to various sectors which include traditional forms of investment like infrastructure, agriculture development projects to new sectors such as manufacturing, tourism and service sectors covering telecommunication, banking, and pharmaceuticals among others as discussed in length in chapter four.
Therefore the term economic diversification in this study, means not stopping or diverting away from traditional investments but expansion of Chinese investments to other sectors of the East African economy. Thus it is very important to take into account past experiences and literature about Chinese investments in Africa and East Africa in general and the study will proceed in six chapters as show below.
Chapter One which is the introduction of the study includes various parts such as background of study which will briefly discuss the history and challenges faced by the African governments to attract global foreign investments in post-independence period. Another discussion in this Chapter is the research problem of the study which investigating what comprises of Chinese investments in East Africa? How much and what sectors have been targeted? Followed by the aims and objectives of study, which include identifying Chinese MNCs and investments Kenya and Uganda to determine to what extent of Chinese MNEs investment have impacted the region's economic diversification.
The Significance of the study is to point out the role and challenges faced by Chinese MNCs in promoting Sino-Africa relations in the new economic globalized era. The research methodology in this study is largely qualitative where by information was collected from secondary data sources related to Chinese MNCs and investments in Africa and applied to the case of study of two countries of East Africa Kenya and Uganda.
Chapter Two is theoretical framework of the study, is globalization school of thought and transformationlist wave which emphasizes the close relationship between MNCs and FDI under the new economic globalization. Pointing out that under the globalized economic era MNCs from emerging countries have had a great impact on the amount and forms of global FDI flows.
Chapter three comprise of discussion about the emergency of Chinese MNCs and an overview of their presence in Africa this include outlining the facts that motivates their expansion to foreign markets.
Chapter four and five are the heart of this study will start brief view of global FDI flows to East Africa, Then followed by a comparative analysis of China-East Africa engagements and Chinese MNCs investments in Kenya and Uganda respectively. And lastly establish Chinese sector investment distribution and factors driving this investment trend.
Chapter five, will point out the key issues concerning Chinese MNCs and Investment, this will include discussing potential impacts of Chinese investments in East Africa economy and will provide answers to the question of how and when are Chinese investments are contributing to the African economic growth and lastly challenges faces by Chinese MNCs will then be addressed.
The last chapters six will summary major findings of the study, as well as pointing out limitations encountered during the research, followed by contribution and conclusion of the study.
在新世纪,经济增长缓慢和欠发达问题仍然困扰着非洲。在经济的许多领域吸引境外直接投资已成为非洲解决这些问题的重要手段。本研究的目标是通过关注近期中国跨国公司在东非的投资状况来进一步考察中国境外投资的集中领域。本研究采用全球化转型理论来进行学术科学研究,以检验在新全球化时代,跨国公司投资是怎样与经济多元化问题联系起来的,及其是如何被应用于中非经济关系的。
之所以选择东非作为研究案例,是因为它提供了考察中国跨国公司投资的独特机会。肯尼亚与乌干达都在独立后立即与中国建立外交关系。新世纪伊始,直接投资便开始出现。
而且,东非并不是资源丰富的地区,这使其在吸引全球境外直接投资方面比不上诸如刚果、尼日利亚、苏丹、津巴布韦、赞比亚和南非等撒哈拉以南的非洲国家。因此,有关中国对东非投资的研究就更少了。然而中国对东非的投资迅猛增长,并从包括基础设施建设、农业发展工程的传统领域向制造业、旅游业,电信、银行等服务业以及制药业等新领域拓展。这些问题将在第四章进行探讨。
本研究中的经济多元化并不是指终止或转移传统投资,而是指中国投资在东非其他经济领域的拓展。将分为六章进行探讨。
第一章是序论,包括研究背景等部分,简要探讨后独立时代的非洲政府在吸引全球境外投资方面的历史状况以及面临的挑战。这一章还将探讨一些研究问题,例如中国在东非的投资由什么构成?哪些领域被集中关注,并关注到何种程度?之后本章还涉及研究目的,包括确定中国在肯尼亚、乌干达的跨国公司与投资,从而确定中国跨国公司与投资的何种扩展影响到了本地区的经济多元化。
本研究的重要意义在于指出在新经济全球化时代,中国跨国公司在推进中非
关系发展的过程中扮演着怎样的角色以及面临着怎样的挑战。研究方法是对有关中国在非洲跨国公司与投资的二手资料数据进行收集与定性分析,并选取东非国家肯尼亚和乌干达作为研究案例。
第二章介绍本研究的理论框架,即全球化学派(globalization school)思想和在新的经济全球化时期强调跨国公司与境外投资密切相关的转型理论。并指出在经济全球化时代新兴国家的跨国公司已经在数量上和形式上对全球境外投资流产生了重大影响。
第三章探讨关于中国在非洲的新兴跨国公司出现的情况,对其现状进行总结,还将概述促使跨国公司向外国市场扩展的现实。
第四章和第五章是本研究的核心部分。首先将简要回顾东非全球境外直接投资状况。其次将分别对中非交往与中国在肯尼亚和乌干达的跨国公司与资本进行对比分析。最后将得出中国投资领域的分布状况,并分析促使这种投资倾向产生的原因。
第五章将指出关于中国跨国公司与投资的关键问题所在。我们将讨论中国投资在东非经济领域的潜在影响,并将给出中国投资怎样以及何时为非洲经济增长做出贡献的答案。最后将指出中国跨国公司面临的挑战。
第六章作为最后一章将简要地说明此次研究的主要发现,同时将指出研究局第六章作为最后一章将简要地说明此次研究的主要发现,同时将指出研究局限以及本次研究的贡献与结论。
Economic diversification is one of the recent measures adopted by African countries as a means of that will help address the challenge of the level of economic growth faced by the continent. This study analyses the evolving China-East Africa investments from traditional aid related investments to new forms investments. The main research question is to examine how Chinese investments in Kenya and Uganda have evolve under the new globalization era resulting into the diversification of Chinese investments in East Africa and what role have emerging Chinese companies played in the process. The study has applied the transformationalist wave to establish a link between emerging multinational companies and investment diversification in the new globalization era. The theory stresses the new role of MNCs as sources of FDI and how the emergence of MNCs from developing countries has led to an increase in FDI flows to nontraditional sectors. The conclusion from this study is that although Chinese companies are still at the initial stage of internationalization which started less a than a decade ago they have to a great extent diversified in Chinese investments in East Africa a region which attracted less foreign investments in relation to other rich resource Sub-Sahara African countries like south Africa, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Egypt, Morocco, Algeria in North Africa. Kenya and Uganda in the past twelve years has witnessed an increase in the volume Chinese investments expanding from traditional development aid projects to direct investments in construction, manufacturing, telecommunication, extraction, agriculture sector, banking, tourism and other service sectors. The further study shows that despite this positive trend Chinese Companies and Investments in East Africa rise major concerns in terms of economic implication to Individual country interests and region as a whole, while facing various challenges as later comers in international corporate business. My conclusion is that with this new crucial role being played by Chinese companies in expansion of foreign investments in various sectors of Africa in recent years, it is important to give Chinese companies special attention while studying contemporary Sino-Africa Relation under fast globalization era.
Attracting foreign direct investments in various sectors of the African economy has become an important measure to address the slow economic growth and underdevelopment problems which continues to affect the African continent in the new century. The aim of this study is to further examine various sectors targeted by Chinese foreign direct investment by focusing the recent investments made by Chinese MNCs in East Africa. The study adopted the transformationalist wave for an academic and scientific research to test the subject in question how EMNCs investments are connected to economic diversification in the new globalization era and how can it be applied to China-Africa economic relation.
East Africa is chosen as a case study, as it provides very unique opportunity to investigate Chinese MNCS investments. Both cases Kenya and Uganda although established diplomatic relations with China immediately after independence direct investments began to pick up at the beginning of the new century. Also East Africa is not a rich resource region making it a less attractive global FDI in comparison to other sub-Sahara countries including Congo, Nigeria, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa thus less research has been carried out concerning Chinese investments into East Africa. However Chinese investments into East Africa have grown rapidly and expanded to various sectors which include traditional forms of investment like infrastructure, agriculture development projects to new sectors such as manufacturing, tourism and service sectors covering telecommunication, banking, and pharmaceuticals among others as discussed in length in chapter four.
Therefore the term economic diversification in this study, means not stopping or diverting away from traditional investments but expansion of Chinese investments to other sectors of the East African economy. Thus it is very important to take into account past experiences and literature about Chinese investments in Africa and East Africa in general and the study will proceed in six chapters as show below.
Chapter One which is the introduction of the study includes various parts such as background of study which will briefly discuss the history and challenges faced by the African governments to attract global foreign investments in post-independence period. Another discussion in this Chapter is the research problem of the study which investigating what comprises of Chinese investments in East Africa? How much and what sectors have been targeted? Followed by the aims and objectives of study, which include identifying Chinese MNCs and investments Kenya and Uganda to determine to what extent of Chinese MNEs investment have impacted the region's economic diversification.
The Significance of the study is to point out the role and challenges faced by Chinese MNCs in promoting Sino-Africa relations in the new economic globalized era. The research methodology in this study is largely qualitative where by information was collected from secondary data sources related to Chinese MNCs and investments in Africa and applied to the case of study of two countries of East Africa Kenya and Uganda.
Chapter Two is theoretical framework of the study, is globalization school of thought and transformationlist wave which emphasizes the close relationship between MNCs and FDI under the new economic globalization. Pointing out that under the globalized economic era MNCs from emerging countries have had a great impact on the amount and forms of global FDI flows.
Chapter three comprise of discussion about the emergency of Chinese MNCs and an overview of their presence in Africa this include outlining the facts that motivates their expansion to foreign markets.
Chapter four and five are the heart of this study will start brief view of global FDI flows to East Africa, Then followed by a comparative analysis of China-East Africa engagements and Chinese MNCs investments in Kenya and Uganda respectively. And lastly establish Chinese sector investment distribution and factors driving this investment trend.
Chapter five, will point out the key issues concerning Chinese MNCs and Investment, this will include discussing potential impacts of Chinese investments in East Africa economy and will provide answers to the question of how and when are Chinese investments are contributing to the African economic growth and lastly challenges faces by Chinese MNCs will then be addressed.
The last chapters six will summary major findings of the study, as well as pointing out limitations encountered during the research, followed by contribution and conclusion of the study.
引文
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3 Ibid
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6 Ibid
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2 Ibid
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1 JIANG ZEMIN.PRC. China and Africa-Usher in the New Century Together. Available from http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dyjbzjhy/SP12009/t606804.htm accessed on 20/7/2012
2 YANG J. China-Africa Strategic Partnership Grows from Strength to Strength. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.available@ http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=6714&magazine=397
3 RUCHITA.B. China's rise profile in Africa.[J] SAGE Publications,43.297 2007:298
4 JONATHAN.H. Friendly Giant? China's Evolving Africa Policy [J]. Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS) vol.2 (5) 2007:3-5
1 China-Africa Research Center, China-Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010 Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation. Available@ http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t832788.htm accessed on 2012/8/2
2 Ibid
3 GARTH.S.FARHANA.P. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation A strategic opportunity.[M] Johannesburg. Institute for Security Studies,2008:17-20
4 DAOUDA CISSE. FOCAC:trade, investments and aid in China-Africa relations[J] Centre for Chinese Studies,2012:1-4
1 DAOUDA CISSE. FOCAC:trade, investments and aid in China-Africa relations[J] Centre for Chinese Studies,2012:1-4
2 CHRIS A. Background Notes on FOCAC[J]The bulletin of Fridays of the commission Vol 3,No 1.2010:10-11
3 Ibid
4 UCHE E O. Trade, Empires, and Subjects-China-Africa Trade:A New Fair Scramble for Africa? Available from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Ofodile-CR-final-with-author-revisions-ARJ.pdf. Accessed on 2013/1/25
1 DEXIN Y. Foreign Direct Investment from Developing Countries:A case study of China's Outward Investment. Available from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/262/1/02whole.pdf. Accessed 2012/6/14
2 HELMUT A.MARGOT S. China's Engagement in Africa:Opportunities and Risks for Development. Available from www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2008-de-china-afrika-lang.pdf.Accessed 2012/7/12
1 DEXIN Y. Foreign Direct Investment from Developing Countries:A case study of China's Outward Investment. Victoria University, Melbourne.2003.Available from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/262/1/02whole.pdf. Accessed 2012/6/14
2 Ibid
3 HARRY G B. Chinese-African Trade and Investment:he Vanguard of South-South Commerce in the Twenty-First Century[C] China in Africa. Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press.2008:105
4 MULLER ML. China's expansionism:Competitive Questions [J] SA Journal of Information Management, Vol 10(3),2008:1-5
1 HELMUT A.MARGOT S. China's engagement in Africa:Opportunities and Risks for Development. Africa Department, Economic Affairs. Available from http://www.giga-hamburg.de/dl/download.php?d=/english/content/ias/pdf/studie_chinas_engagement_in_afrika_en .pdf.Accessed on 2012/7/12
2 RENARD, MARY-F. China's Trade and FDI in Africa [J]African development bank working paper series Tunisia, No 126,2011:18
1 SANDRA P. Inward and Outward FDI in China. Paris School of Economics and CEPII. Available from ces.univ-parisl.fr/membre/Poncet/Perso/Chapter_FDI_PONC Accessed on 2012/8/12.
2 YIN.W.C, JAKO DE HAAN el.at. China's Outward Direct Investment in Africa. Available from http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/qianx/index files/ChinaODIafrica.pdf.Accessed on 2012/5/15
3 CHRIS A. China in Africa[M] International African Institute, the Royal African Society and the Social Science Research Council.2007:38-47
4 David E. Determinants of the Manifold Chinese Investments in African Countries. University of Leipzig, Institute of African Studies, Leipzig, Germany, Available from http://www.aegis-eu.org/archive/ecas4/ecas-4/panels/61-80/panel-67/David%20Engelhardt%20-%20Abstract.pdf. Accessed on 2012/6/16
1 JORGE.B, LUIS B P. JOSE M L. Drivers of China's Foreign Direct Investment into Africa. FEUNL Working Paper Series No.544.2009.Available from http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1589393.Accessed on 2012/6/17
2 LEMBLE M, Chinese Outward Direct Investment in Africa-Determinants and Implications. Lund University School of Economics and Management, Available from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=2163084&fileOId=2163087.Accessed on 2012/6/20
1 LUKE.M. The Third Wave in Globalization Theory [J]. International Studies Review, University of Sussex, 2007:15-18
1 DAVID G, DAVID H,ANTHONY M,JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balance of Power[J].Alternatives, Global, Local, Political, Vol 22,No 3,1992:271
2 Ibid
3 ANTHONY.M. Globalization and Global Politics[M]Chapter 1:20-23.Available from http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/extracts/9780199297771baylis.pdf_accessed on 2012/6/26
1 CYNTHIA.S. Globalization Theory.Available from http://www.juergensmeyer.com/files/C.Stohl%20Globalization%20Theory.pdf accessed on 2012/6/29:231-240
2 PATRICK HAYDEN.CHAMSY EL-OJEILI.Critical Theories of Globalization[M].Palgrave Macmillian,2006:55-5
3 DAVID HELD,ANTHONY McGREW, The Global Transformations Reader, An introduction to Globalization debate[M].United Kingdom Cambridge:Polity Press.2000:25-27
1 DAVID G, DAVID H,ANTHONY M,JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balance of Power[J]. Alternatives, Global, Local, Political, Vol 22,No 3,1992:227-280
2 BRIGITTE L. The interface between globalization, trade and development:Theoretical issues for international business studies[J] International Business Review 16,2007:596
1 GOLDBLATT D, DAVID H, ANTHONY M, JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation State.The transformation of political power? soundings issue 7 Autumn 1997:61-73. Avaliable from http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/soundings/07_61.pdf.Accessed on 2012/11/18
2 NILUFER K G Globalization and the State.Centre for strategic research Republic of turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs 2004:4.Available from http://sam.gov.tr/globalisation-and-the-state/.Aceesed on 2013/1/26
3 David G, David H, Anthony M, Jonathan P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balances of Power [J] Alternatives:Global, Local, Political, Vol.22, No.3.1997:279
1 THOMAS.I PALLEY. External Contradiction of Chinese Development Model:Export-led growth and the dangers of global economic contractions[J] Journal of Contemporary China,Vol 15(46)2006:71
1 ANTHONY.G. Run Away World. BBC Reith lectures,1999:1-6. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99 accesses on 2012/1/19
2 YIN-WONGC, JAKOB DE HAAN et.al. China s Outward Direct Investments in Africa. Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research, Working Paper No.13/2011:1
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5 GOLDBLATT D, DAVID H,ANTHONY M, JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation State.The transformation of political power? Soundings issue 7 autumns 1997:280. http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/soundings/07_61.pdf.Accessed on 2012/11/18
1 OCED, Development Centre. Emerging Multinationals:Who are they? What do they do? What is at stake? March 2006:2.Avaliable form www.oecd.org/dev/36316850.pdf.Accesed on 2012/12/5
2 DILEK A. GOLDSTEIN. A.Developing Country Multinationals:South-South Investment comes of age. OECD development Centre.Working Paper No.257.2006:7-8
3 Ibid
4 OCED Development Centre Emerging Multinationals:Who are they? What do they do? What is at stake? March 2006:2.Avaliable form www.oecd.org/dev/36316850.pdf.Accesed on 2012/12/5
5 MOHAMED A. The Economic Geography of Globalization[C] Croatia:InTech.2011:66
1 JAVIER S. The Shifting Wealth of Nations. A Rebalancing World Economy sees Emerging Countries more resilient to crises. OCED Development Centre Holcim, Zurich May 2008:7
2 Ibid
3 BRIGITTE L. The interface between globalization, trade and development:Theoretical issues for international business studies[J] International Business Review 16,2007:596
4 DILEK A. Paper prepared for the workshop Intra-Asian FDI Flows:Magnitude, Trends, Prospects and Policy Implications, ICRIER, Delhi, India,24-25 April 2007:16.-18
1 MOHAMED A. The Economic Geography of Globalization[C] Croatia:InTech.2011:78
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4RUGMAN A. JING L. Will China's Multinationals Succeed Globally or Regionally?[J] European Management Journal Vol.25, No.5,2007:1-2
1 WAI-CHENG Y H. Third World Multinationals Revisited:A Research Critique and Future Agenda[J] Third World Quarterly, Vol.15, No.2 1994:297
2 GAMMELFORT P, BERNARD H, et.al. Emerging multinationals, emerging theory:Macro-and Micro-level perspectives [J] Journal of International Management 16 2010:96-97.
3 Chris A. Martyn D. Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa., Available from http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materi als/conference/china-africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporation s.pdf.Acessed on 2012/9/20
4 YI-CHIEH C. Anthony K. Ming-Sung K. Family firms'radicalness in entry mode choice:Evidence from Taiwanese companies' FDI in China
1 KRAGELUND P. knocking on a Wide Open Door:Chinese Investments in Africa[J].Danish Institute of International Studies,2008:2-3
2 BRAUTIGAM D. The Dragon's Gift:The real story of China in Africa[M].Oxford University Press,2009:65-69
3Ibid
4 PORCARO J W. China s Engagement in Africa and its Economic and Political Consequences. Available from http://www.tuins.ac.jp/library/pdf/2009gensha-PDF/2009-05Porcaro.pdf,accessed on 2012/6/19:4-9
1 ANTHONY Y. B, JAUCH H. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [M].Accra and Windhoek: African Labour Research Network 2009:1-14.
1 HUANG, W. AND WILKES A. Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, Agriculture and forestry sectors, Working Paper 81. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia,2011:3
2 VALERIE.N. China's African Strategy. Centre for Asie lfri.2007:6 Available from http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/0805-Niquet-ANG.pdf.Acessed on 2012/8/15
3 ALEXIS F. Total, CNOOC Join Tallow in Uganda oil Project. Available from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204909104577237204056245764.html Accessed on 2013/1/30
1 LUCY C. CHRISTOPHER B. MARTYN D. China's Role in the Development of Africa's Infrastructure. Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. Available from http://www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/africa.Acessed on 2012/8/15
2 CHRIS A. MARTYN D. A Profile of the Operations of Chinese Multinationals in Africa[J] SAIIA Volume 13, Issue 1, Summer/Autumn 2006:83-95
3 Ibid
4 JING G The Last Golden Land? Chinese Private Companies Go to Africa The Institute of Development Studies. Working paper Number 365.volume 2011:13-21
5 Ibid
1 HUANG, W. AND WILKES A.2011:3 Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, agriculture and forestry sectors. Working Paper 81. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
1 HUANG, W. WILKES A. Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, agriculture and forestry sectors, Working Paper 81.2011:3 CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
1 GANG Y. Chinese transnational corporations Shanghai Research institute of international economy and trade. Shanghai. Vol.1 No 2.1999:127
2 ZHANG A.Going Aboard -China's Corporations Go Global, Price water house Coopers' Macroeconomics Unit in London.2002
3 FRIEDRICH W. China Inc., International. The International Economy Policy 2005:27-29
4 HSIU-LING W. CHEN H, An Assessment of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from China's Transitional Economy[J] Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.53, No.2001:1236-1238
1 JING G. China's Private Enterprises in Africa and the Implications for African. Development. Institute of Development Studies 10-15
2 GILL B. REILLY J. The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa, The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The Washington Quarterly Summer 2007:38-36
3 MESSARIS B. The Political Economy of Indian and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Multinationals in Sub-Saharan Africa, University of Stellenbosch.2012:37. Available from Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za. Accessed on 2012/8/20
1 BRAUTIGAM D. Close Encounters:Chinese Business Networks As Industrial Catalysts In Sub-Saharan Africa[J] African Affairs 98,393.Royal African Society 2003:448
2 HONG S. Chinese Private Direct Investment and Overseas Chinese Network in Africa [J] China & World Economy. Vol.19, No.4,2011:121-124
1 ONJALA.J. A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Kenya African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:4. Available on http://www.africaportal.org/dspace/articles/scoping-study-china-africa-economic-relations-case-kenyaaccessed on 9/10/2012
2 CHEGE.M. Economic Relations between Kenya and China,1963-2007[] CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies 2008:20-23 available at http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080603_chege_kenyachina.pdf accessed on 9/10.2012
3 ROBERT.I.R. China into Africa, aid.trade and influence[M] Brookings Institution Press,2008:22-25
4 PATRICK MUTUA KIOKO Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro Unversity,Kenya.2011 Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050
1 PATRICK MUTUA KIOKO Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro Unversity,Kenya.2011 Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050
2 Ibid
3 ANTHONY. Y. HERBERTJ. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C]] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:421
1 CHRIS A. Chinese Investments and Employment Creation in Algeria and Egypt AfDB Economic brief @http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Brochure%20China%20Anglais.pdf. Accessed on 13/11/2012
2 CUI P. China now Africa's Largest trading partner, people's daily online. November 18,2011
3 KIOKO P. M.Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro University, Kenya. Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050 accessed on 12/11/1012
4 ODHIAMBO.A. Kenya:China Bilateral Trade Hits Record Sh144 Billion available at http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t803625.htm.Accessed on 28/12/2012
1 China, Kenya to Expand Areas of Economic Cooperation Available at http://ke2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/201104/20110407526598.html.Accessed on 28/12/2012
2 ONJALA.J. The Impact of China-Africa Trade Relations:The Case of Kenya. [J]The African Economic Research Consortium (AERC),2010,5:14
3 YUAN W. China and Africa:Translated by Li Guoqing [M] China intercontinental,2006:47-53
4 GEORGE T.Y. Africa in Chinese Foreign Policy[J] University of California Press,1988, Vol.28,No.8:851-161
1 Ibid
2 THOMAS.L.HANNAH.F.JULISSA G.G, ANNE.L. China's foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America and south East Asia Congressional Research Services 2009.Available on http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40361.pdf. Accessed on 30/11/2012
3HEIDI S. Friends and Interests:A Comparison of Chinese and Nordic Aid to Tanzania Norwegian University of life science May 2007:63 Available at http://www.umb.no/noragric.Accessed on 28/11/2012.
4 Ibid
1 MARTINE.H.STEPHEN.M. China in Africa:lending, policy space and governance, Norwegian Campaign for Debt Cancellation 2008:11.
2 ROBERT.1.R. China into Africa, aid,trade and influence[M] Brookings Institution Press,2008:8
3HELMUT R. Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa? G-24 Policy Brief No.9 available on http://www.oecd.org/dev/39628269.pdf.Acessed on 13/11/2012
1 Ibid
2 YUAN W. China and Africa:Translated by Li Guoqing[M] China intercontinental,2006:49
3 ONJALAJ. A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Kenya African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) Report, Nairobi 2008:34
4 FRANCIS M.MWEGA.A case study of Aid Effectiveness in Kenya Volatility and Fragmentation of Foreign aid, with a focus on Health. [M] Wolfensohn Center for Development:Brookings Institution.2009:7
1 KIOKO P. M.A Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya [J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3) 2012:49
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4 JANE.MASTA. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C]] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:395
1 OCHIENG BEN. Africa Focus:Kenya hails China's assistance in health sector [N] Xinhua Sept.142012
2 ONJALA J. A scoping study of China-African Economic relations, the case of Kenya, Institute for Development Studies, African Economic Research Consortium, (AERC):Nairobi.2008:13
3 ABDI.L.DAHIR. Kenyans weigh cost of Chinese investment [N] Terra daily, August 3,2012. Available on http://www.terraddaily.com/ports/Kenyans_weigh_cost_of_Chinese_investment_999.html Accessed on 20/12/1012
1 WILLIAM T, MAZRUI A.The Left and the Super-Left in Tanzania. [J] The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.10, No.3,1972:433-434
2 Ian T. China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise.[M] Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 2006:26-28,
3 MOSI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:5
1 MOSI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:5
2 Ibid
3 Ian TAYLOR. China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise.[M] Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 2006:.26-28
1 TRACY H, JOHANNA J, GARTH S et.al. Evaluating China's FOCAC commitments to Africa and mapping the way ahead. Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2010:109. Available from http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ENGLISH-Evaluating-Chinas-FOCAC-commitments-td-Afric a-2010.pdf. Accessed on 2012/9/20
2 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-11
3 MOSHI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:9
4 TRACY H, JOHANNA J, GARTH S et.al. Evaluating China's FOCAC commitments to Africa and mapping the way ahead. Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2010:109
1 H.P.B. Moshi. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:12
2 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-11
3 CELINA OMPESHIKOMBANI (MP), Minister of State on the official talk with Yang Shiqiu Minister of Human Resource and Social Security on the government of China held on 18 sempt,2012.Avaiable form http://www.utumishi.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=292.Accesed on 2012/8/15
1 RENARD China's Trade and FDI in Africa. African Development Bank Group Working Paper No.126, 2011:18-23.
2 YU, G. "China's role in Africa" (J). American Academy of political Social Sciences, vol.432,1977:96
1 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:3
2 AILI M. TRIPP. The Changing Face of Authoritarianism in Africa:The Case of Uganda[J] Indiana University Press,2004 Vol.50, No.3:4
3 MARGRAET C. LEE. Uganda and China:Unleashing the Power of the Dragon, China in Africa [C] Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2007:29
1 Ibid
2 SSEWANYANA.S.BATEGEKA.L. Managing Oil Revenue in Uganda A Policy Note, March 2009. Avaliable@http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Managing%20Oil%20 Revenue_in%20Uganda%20ENG%20version_01.pdf accessed on 20/12/2012
3 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-133
1 MARGRAET C. LEE. Uganda and China:Unleashing the Power of the Dragon. China in Africa [C] Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2007:30
2 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:11.Avaliableww.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/uganda.pdf. Accessed on 21/11/2012
3 SSENYANGE.E. South-South Development Cooperation:A Challenge to Traditional Aid Relations?[C] Philippines:IBON Books,2010:56
4 MADINA, GULOBA et al. Impact of China-Africa Aid Relations:A Case Study of Uganda. Economic Policy ResearchCentre.2010:2.Avaliablehttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/china-africa-country-cases/Uganda_Aid_Re lations.pdf accessed on 15/11/2012
5 Ibid
1 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:11.
2 Ibid
3 XU J. China's economic and trade relations with Uganda former political attache of Chinese Embassy to Uganda face to face interview.Date:12/12/2011
4 Ibid
1 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:5.Avaliableww.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/uganda.pdf.Accesse Accessed on 21/11/2012
2 Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Semi Annual Report on External Assistance to Uganda,2011:5.
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5 Uganda Investment Authority (UIA).Quarterly Report (Q1:FY2011-2012):July-September 2011.Avaliable on http://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=239
1 KIGOZI M. FDI Trends and Prospects in Land Locked Developing Countries:opportunities and Challenges. The case of Uganda.2008 Available form www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/LLDC Documents/MTR/Investment Forum October 2008/UGAND A FDI Trends and Prospects.ppt. Accessed on 2012/8/21
2 Ugandan Embassy in Beijing. Marking 50 Years China-Uganda Economic Cooperation. Available at http://www.ugandaembassycn.org/Accessed on 2012/11/20
3SSEKANDI.R. YUAN Q. China categorizes 50-year ties with Uganda as sincere, protective.[N] Xinhua, September 29,2012
1 YORK W. BRADSHAW. Reassessing Economic Dependency and Uneven Development:The Kenyan Experience.[J] American Sociological Review, Vol.53, No.5,1988:696
2 AFRICA REIT LTD. Economic Development and Prospects 2010. Available from http://www.africareit.co.ke/about-kenya/economic-development.Accesed on 25/12/2012
3 WORLD TRADE ORGANS1ATION (WTO) Uganda's economic reform attracts foreign investment and contributes to economic growth. TRADE Policy Reviews 21 December 2001 Available from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp182_e.htm Accessed on 2013/1/3
1 TODDYJ.M el.at. Is Africa's Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified? Evidence from East African Firm Survey Data. Centre for Global Development 2004:11
1 Ibid
2 RORY.A. BANERJEE.S et.al. Investment Policy Review Kenya, Geneva:United Nations 2005:69-72
3 RAILA ODINGA. Prime Minister of Kenya notes that East Africa's economic hub one of the most developed economies on the continent, Kenya is the transportation, communication and financial nexus of East Africa, with a pro-active business environment and a drive for public-private partnerships. Available on http://www.panoramareports-ltd.com/pdf/kenya.pdf. Accessed on 2012/12/30
4 TODDY J M. el.at. Is Africa's Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified? Evidence from East African Firm Survey Data. Centre for Global Development 2004:12
5 Export Processing Zones Authority. Doing Business In KENYA 2005:53 www.epzakenya.com/UserFiles/File/Kenya Business Environment Report.June05 final.pdf.Accessed on 2012/7/12
1 NYAMWANGE M. Foreign direct investment in Kenya, MPRA Paper No.34155,University of Nairobi,2009:6 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/34155/1/MPRA_paper_34155.pdf. Accessed on 19/3/2013
2 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:122
3MWEGA F. M. Global Financial Crisis Discussion Series Paper 17:Kenya Phase 2.2010:10.Avaliablefrom http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5794.pdf.Acessedon 19/3/2013
1 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:138-39
1 Ⅱ.HAAM.P. Innovation in sub-Saharan Africa:Competitiveness, capability and achievements in South Africa, Nigeria and Uganda[C] Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa 2009:98
2 OBWONA.M. Determinants of FDI and Economic impacts on Uganda, Economic Policy Research Centre 2001:49-53 Available from http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10330689810WP_Obwona_1998-1.pdf.Accessed on 15/11/2012
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 MELISSA.H.TAMARA H.K. et.al The Fishing Cluster in Uganda. Harvard Business School,2010:4
6 Ibid.
1 MELISSA.H.TAMARA H.K. et.al The Fishing Cluster in Uganda. Harvard Business School,2010:4
2 Bank of Uganda, Uganda Bureau of Statistics and Uganda Investment Authority, Private Sector Investment Survey of 2011:11 Available from: http://www.bou.or.ug/export/sites/default/bou/bou-downloads/publications/PrivateSectorCapital/PSIS/2011/All/PS IS_2011_Report.pdf. Accessed on 12/12/3012
3 MARCO S. Chinese FDI to Africa:What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation? African Development Review, Vol.22, No. S1,2010:602
1 ONJALA.J.A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:14-20
2 Ibid
3 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399. [C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:399-400
1 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399. [C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:399-400
1 ONJALA.J.A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:14-19
1 JANE.MASTA. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:399-401
1 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399.[C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:400
2 MWANGI M.D. Copenhagen Business School 2011:62.Avalibale from studenttheses.cbs.dk/handle/10417/3104.Accessed on 15/8/2012
1 Embassy of the PRC in the Republic of Kenya. Name List of Chinese Investment Enterprises in Kenya.2011 Available from:http://ke2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chtf/chtfmedia/201105/20110507562198.html. Accessed on 22/10.2012
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3 Chinese Foreign Ministry. Uganda October 10,2006. Available from http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183409.htm. Accessed on 2012/12/28
1 APOLINARI TAIRO. Challenge For East African Tourism.[N]ETN Tanzania 2012 SEP 24 http://www.eturbonews.com/31337/tanzania-president-calls-competitive-east-african-tourism.Accessed on 2013/1/1
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3 ONGONG'A. A. Chinese tourists to Kenya up 27 percent [N]. Xinhua News Agency February 7,2008. available from http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/242286.html
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2 Pan African Chamber of commerce. Spurred Chinese investment in Kenya. Available from http://www.pacci.org/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=222:spurred-chinese-investment-in-kenya &catid=4:recent-news&Itemid=43.Accessed on 2012/12/5
3 Xinhua CNOOC optimistic about Uganda's oil industry[N] 12012-9-23 16:37:27http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/734746.shtm.Accessed on 2012/12/15
4 MUTUA.P. Chinese mining Firm gets Clean bill of health[N] http://www.standardmedia.semptember8 2012 available from http://www.standardmedia.co.ke
5 Thomson. Uganda invites bids to restart of copper mine.Available http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/content/en/mineweb-fast-news?oid=150431&sn=Detai.Acceses on 2012/12/24
1 KIOKO P.M. A study on Chinese economic relations with Africa:Case study, Kenya[J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3),2012:8
2 WATTATHU N. Kenya's foreign inflows dropped by a massive Sh96b in 2012[N] standard Digtial News. February 26 2013.Avaliable from http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000078143&story_title=Kenya%E2%80%99s-foreign-inflows-dropp ed-by-a-massive-Sh96b-in-2012. Accessed on 25/3/2013.
1 OBWONA.GULOBA.et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic Policy Research Center.2007:8
2 NAKAWEESI D. China tops foreign direct investors in Uganda [N] Daily monitor Uganda. Friday, July 9,2010
3 EMORUT F. Uganda:China Injects Sh2.5 Trillion for Investment [N] New vision Uganda 2 October 2012.
4 AfDB/OECD. African Economic Outlook.Kenya,2003. Available from http://www.oecd.org/countries/kenya/2497750.pdf.Accessed on 2012/12/31.
1 Ihid
2 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Kenya:Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper 2010. Available from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10224.pdf.Accessed on 2013/2/2
3 LI JIABOA, BAO CHANG Investment in Africa urged[N] China Daily 2011-09-09.avaliable from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-09/09/content_13655208.htm,Accessed 2013/1/18
4 Ibid
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1 East African Community information Guide to Investors 2005:8 available unctad.org/en/pages/Publication Archive.aspx? Publicationid=47. Accessed on 2012/12/30
2 The Treaty for Establishment of the East African Community was signed on 30 November 1999 and entered into force on 7 July 2000 following its ratification by the original three Partner States - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The Republic of Rwanda and the Republic of Burundi acceded to the EAC Treaty on 18 June 2007 and became full Members of the Community with effect from 1 July 2007.
1 COMESA is a Free Trade Area (FTA) was launched on 31 October 2000 with nine Member States. This was the first FTA in Africa under the African Union. Membership in the FTA is now 13 Member States trading on a full duty free and quota free basis, with the remaining countries at various stages of joining the FTA.
2 SCHNEIDMAN.W. ZENIA A.W. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) looking Back, Looking Forward. Africa Growth Initiative Brookings Institution 2012:4
3 The EU and EAC. Trading with the East African community. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bateral-relations/regions/eac/Accessed on 2013/1/1
4 SANFILIPPO.M. Chinese FDI to Africa:What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation? [J]. African Development Review, Vol.22, No. SI,2010:604
1 Ibid
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3 ARIANNA L. Kenya:Marco Economic Evolution Since Independence November 2002:18-20
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2 BALIMWIKUNGU A. Fang min reaps from her toil and sweat New Vision [N] 2000-2009. Thursday, January 10,2013
3 OBWANO. Determinants of FDI and their implications on Uganda Economic Growth. African Development Review, Volume 13,Issue 1,2002:53-54
4 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:125
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2 PETER V.N. China and the World Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium [C].Columbia University, West view Press,1998:160
3 Ibid
4 TIMONTHY S.R, STERLING R. Evaluating Sino-African relations:new wine in old bottles?[N] The Newsletter |No.59|Spring 2012
5 Chinese government's official portal The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue(2000) available@ http://english.gov.cn/official/2005-07/27/content_17613.htm accessed on 2012/7/15
6 Ibid
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3 JOSHUA.E. ERIC.H. DEREK.M. China and the Developing World:Beijing's Strategy for the twenty-first century.[M]M.E.Sharpe,Inc,2007:29-52
1 CHRIS. A. Background notes on FOCAC [J].The bulletin of Fridays of the commission.Vol3.Nol 2010:9
2 HE WENPING Moving forward with the Time:the Evolution of China's African policy. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, CASS.2006.@http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/china-africa/papers/He,Wengping.pdf. accessed on 2012/7/18
3 GARTH.S.FARHANA.P. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation A strategic opportunity.[M] Johannesburg. Institute for Security Studies,2008:17-20
1 H.E.WEI RUXING. Ten-Year Anniversary of the Forum on China-Africa[N] Namibia Today, November 5 2012
2 Ibid
3 NTONO.D. el.at. Chinese Multilateralism in Africa:Forum for Sino-African cooperation (FOCAC)[J],Berkley Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 1,No.8,2011:3-6
1 JIANG ZEMIN.PRC. China and Africa-Usher in the New Century Together. Available from http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dyjbzjhy/SP12009/t606804.htm accessed on 20/7/2012
2 YANG J. China-Africa Strategic Partnership Grows from Strength to Strength. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.available@ http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=6714&magazine=397
3 RUCHITA.B. China's rise profile in Africa.[J] SAGE Publications,43.297 2007:298
4 JONATHAN.H. Friendly Giant? China's Evolving Africa Policy [J]. Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies (BICCS) vol.2 (5) 2007:3-5
1 China-Africa Research Center, China-Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010 Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation. Available@ http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t832788.htm accessed on 2012/8/2
2 Ibid
3 GARTH.S.FARHANA.P. Forum on China-Africa Cooperation A strategic opportunity.[M] Johannesburg. Institute for Security Studies,2008:17-20
4 DAOUDA CISSE. FOCAC:trade, investments and aid in China-Africa relations[J] Centre for Chinese Studies,2012:1-4
1 DAOUDA CISSE. FOCAC:trade, investments and aid in China-Africa relations[J] Centre for Chinese Studies,2012:1-4
2 CHRIS A. Background Notes on FOCAC[J]The bulletin of Fridays of the commission Vol 3,No 1.2010:10-11
3 Ibid
4 UCHE E O. Trade, Empires, and Subjects-China-Africa Trade:A New Fair Scramble for Africa? Available from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/jotl/manage/wp-content/uploads/Ofodile-CR-final-with-author-revisions-ARJ.pdf. Accessed on 2013/1/25
1 DEXIN Y. Foreign Direct Investment from Developing Countries:A case study of China's Outward Investment. Available from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/262/1/02whole.pdf. Accessed 2012/6/14
2 HELMUT A.MARGOT S. China's Engagement in Africa:Opportunities and Risks for Development. Available from www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2008-de-china-afrika-lang.pdf.Accessed 2012/7/12
1 DEXIN Y. Foreign Direct Investment from Developing Countries:A case study of China's Outward Investment. Victoria University, Melbourne.2003.Available from http://vuir.vu.edu.au/262/1/02whole.pdf. Accessed 2012/6/14
2 Ibid
3 HARRY G B. Chinese-African Trade and Investment:he Vanguard of South-South Commerce in the Twenty-First Century[C] China in Africa. Washington, D.C. Brookings Institution Press.2008:105
4 MULLER ML. China's expansionism:Competitive Questions [J] SA Journal of Information Management, Vol 10(3),2008:1-5
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2 RENARD, MARY-F. China's Trade and FDI in Africa [J]African development bank working paper series Tunisia, No 126,2011:18
1 SANDRA P. Inward and Outward FDI in China. Paris School of Economics and CEPII. Available from ces.univ-parisl.fr/membre/Poncet/Perso/Chapter_FDI_PONC Accessed on 2012/8/12.
2 YIN.W.C, JAKO DE HAAN el.at. China's Outward Direct Investment in Africa. Available from http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/qianx/index files/ChinaODIafrica.pdf.Accessed on 2012/5/15
3 CHRIS A. China in Africa[M] International African Institute, the Royal African Society and the Social Science Research Council.2007:38-47
4 David E. Determinants of the Manifold Chinese Investments in African Countries. University of Leipzig, Institute of African Studies, Leipzig, Germany, Available from http://www.aegis-eu.org/archive/ecas4/ecas-4/panels/61-80/panel-67/David%20Engelhardt%20-%20Abstract.pdf. Accessed on 2012/6/16
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2 LEMBLE M, Chinese Outward Direct Investment in Africa-Determinants and Implications. Lund University School of Economics and Management, Available from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=2163084&fileOId=2163087.Accessed on 2012/6/20
1 LUKE.M. The Third Wave in Globalization Theory [J]. International Studies Review, University of Sussex, 2007:15-18
1 DAVID G, DAVID H,ANTHONY M,JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balance of Power[J].Alternatives, Global, Local, Political, Vol 22,No 3,1992:271
2 Ibid
3 ANTHONY.M. Globalization and Global Politics[M]Chapter 1:20-23.Available from http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/extracts/9780199297771baylis.pdf_accessed on 2012/6/26
1 CYNTHIA.S. Globalization Theory.Available from http://www.juergensmeyer.com/files/C.Stohl%20Globalization%20Theory.pdf accessed on 2012/6/29:231-240
2 PATRICK HAYDEN.CHAMSY EL-OJEILI.Critical Theories of Globalization[M].Palgrave Macmillian,2006:55-5
3 DAVID HELD,ANTHONY McGREW, The Global Transformations Reader, An introduction to Globalization debate[M].United Kingdom Cambridge:Polity Press.2000:25-27
1 DAVID G, DAVID H,ANTHONY M,JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balance of Power[J]. Alternatives, Global, Local, Political, Vol 22,No 3,1992:227-280
2 BRIGITTE L. The interface between globalization, trade and development:Theoretical issues for international business studies[J] International Business Review 16,2007:596
1 GOLDBLATT D, DAVID H, ANTHONY M, JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation State.The transformation of political power? soundings issue 7 Autumn 1997:61-73. Avaliable from http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/soundings/07_61.pdf.Accessed on 2012/11/18
2 NILUFER K G Globalization and the State.Centre for strategic research Republic of turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs 2004:4.Available from http://sam.gov.tr/globalisation-and-the-state/.Aceesed on 2013/1/26
3 David G, David H, Anthony M, Jonathan P. Economic Globalization and the Nation-State:Shifting Balances of Power [J] Alternatives:Global, Local, Political, Vol.22, No.3.1997:279
1 THOMAS.I PALLEY. External Contradiction of Chinese Development Model:Export-led growth and the dangers of global economic contractions[J] Journal of Contemporary China,Vol 15(46)2006:71
1 ANTHONY.G. Run Away World. BBC Reith lectures,1999:1-6. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/reith_99 accesses on 2012/1/19
2 YIN-WONGC, JAKOB DE HAAN et.al. China s Outward Direct Investments in Africa. Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research, Working Paper No.13/2011:1
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5 GOLDBLATT D, DAVID H,ANTHONY M, JONATHAN P. Economic Globalization and the Nation State.The transformation of political power? Soundings issue 7 autumns 1997:280. http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/soundings/07_61.pdf.Accessed on 2012/11/18
1 OCED, Development Centre. Emerging Multinationals:Who are they? What do they do? What is at stake? March 2006:2.Avaliable form www.oecd.org/dev/36316850.pdf.Accesed on 2012/12/5
2 DILEK A. GOLDSTEIN. A.Developing Country Multinationals:South-South Investment comes of age. OECD development Centre.Working Paper No.257.2006:7-8
3 Ibid
4 OCED Development Centre Emerging Multinationals:Who are they? What do they do? What is at stake? March 2006:2.Avaliable form www.oecd.org/dev/36316850.pdf.Accesed on 2012/12/5
5 MOHAMED A. The Economic Geography of Globalization[C] Croatia:InTech.2011:66
1 JAVIER S. The Shifting Wealth of Nations. A Rebalancing World Economy sees Emerging Countries more resilient to crises. OCED Development Centre Holcim, Zurich May 2008:7
2 Ibid
3 BRIGITTE L. The interface between globalization, trade and development:Theoretical issues for international business studies[J] International Business Review 16,2007:596
4 DILEK A. Paper prepared for the workshop Intra-Asian FDI Flows:Magnitude, Trends, Prospects and Policy Implications, ICRIER, Delhi, India,24-25 April 2007:16.-18
1 MOHAMED A. The Economic Geography of Globalization[C] Croatia:InTech.2011:78
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4RUGMAN A. JING L. Will China's Multinationals Succeed Globally or Regionally?[J] European Management Journal Vol.25, No.5,2007:1-2
1 WAI-CHENG Y H. Third World Multinationals Revisited:A Research Critique and Future Agenda[J] Third World Quarterly, Vol.15, No.2 1994:297
2 GAMMELFORT P, BERNARD H, et.al. Emerging multinationals, emerging theory:Macro-and Micro-level perspectives [J] Journal of International Management 16 2010:96-97.
3 Chris A. Martyn D. Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa., Available from http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materi als/conference/china-africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporation s.pdf.Acessed on 2012/9/20
4 YI-CHIEH C. Anthony K. Ming-Sung K. Family firms'radicalness in entry mode choice:Evidence from Taiwanese companies' FDI in China
1 KRAGELUND P. knocking on a Wide Open Door:Chinese Investments in Africa[J].Danish Institute of International Studies,2008:2-3
2 BRAUTIGAM D. The Dragon's Gift:The real story of China in Africa[M].Oxford University Press,2009:65-69
3Ibid
4 PORCARO J W. China s Engagement in Africa and its Economic and Political Consequences. Available from http://www.tuins.ac.jp/library/pdf/2009gensha-PDF/2009-05Porcaro.pdf,accessed on 2012/6/19:4-9
1 ANTHONY Y. B, JAUCH H. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [M].Accra and Windhoek: African Labour Research Network 2009:1-14.
1 HUANG, W. AND WILKES A. Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, Agriculture and forestry sectors, Working Paper 81. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia,2011:3
2 VALERIE.N. China's African Strategy. Centre for Asie lfri.2007:6 Available from http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/0805-Niquet-ANG.pdf.Acessed on 2012/8/15
3 ALEXIS F. Total, CNOOC Join Tallow in Uganda oil Project. Available from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204909104577237204056245764.html Accessed on 2013/1/30
1 LUCY C. CHRISTOPHER B. MARTYN D. China's Role in the Development of Africa's Infrastructure. Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. Available from http://www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/africa.Acessed on 2012/8/15
2 CHRIS A. MARTYN D. A Profile of the Operations of Chinese Multinationals in Africa[J] SAIIA Volume 13, Issue 1, Summer/Autumn 2006:83-95
3 Ibid
4 JING G The Last Golden Land? Chinese Private Companies Go to Africa The Institute of Development Studies. Working paper Number 365.volume 2011:13-21
5 Ibid
1 HUANG, W. AND WILKES A.2011:3 Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, agriculture and forestry sectors. Working Paper 81. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
1 HUANG, W. WILKES A. Analysis of approvals for Chinese companies to invest in Africa's mining, agriculture and forestry sectors, Working Paper 81.2011:3 CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
1 GANG Y. Chinese transnational corporations Shanghai Research institute of international economy and trade. Shanghai. Vol.1 No 2.1999:127
2 ZHANG A.Going Aboard -China's Corporations Go Global, Price water house Coopers' Macroeconomics Unit in London.2002
3 FRIEDRICH W. China Inc., International. The International Economy Policy 2005:27-29
4 HSIU-LING W. CHEN H, An Assessment of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from China's Transitional Economy[J] Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.53, No.2001:1236-1238
1 JING G. China's Private Enterprises in Africa and the Implications for African. Development. Institute of Development Studies 10-15
2 GILL B. REILLY J. The Tenuous Hold of China Inc. in Africa, The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The Washington Quarterly Summer 2007:38-36
3 MESSARIS B. The Political Economy of Indian and Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Multinationals in Sub-Saharan Africa, University of Stellenbosch.2012:37. Available from Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za. Accessed on 2012/8/20
1 BRAUTIGAM D. Close Encounters:Chinese Business Networks As Industrial Catalysts In Sub-Saharan Africa[J] African Affairs 98,393.Royal African Society 2003:448
2 HONG S. Chinese Private Direct Investment and Overseas Chinese Network in Africa [J] China & World Economy. Vol.19, No.4,2011:121-124
1 ONJALA.J. A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Kenya African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:4. Available on http://www.africaportal.org/dspace/articles/scoping-study-china-africa-economic-relations-case-kenyaaccessed on 9/10/2012
2 CHEGE.M. Economic Relations between Kenya and China,1963-2007[] CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies 2008:20-23 available at http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080603_chege_kenyachina.pdf accessed on 9/10.2012
3 ROBERT.I.R. China into Africa, aid.trade and influence[M] Brookings Institution Press,2008:22-25
4 PATRICK MUTUA KIOKO Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro Unversity,Kenya.2011 Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050
1 PATRICK MUTUA KIOKO Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro Unversity,Kenya.2011 Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050
2 Ibid
3 ANTHONY. Y. HERBERTJ. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C]] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:421
1 CHRIS A. Chinese Investments and Employment Creation in Algeria and Egypt AfDB Economic brief @http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Brochure%20China%20Anglais.pdf. Accessed on 13/11/2012
2 CUI P. China now Africa's Largest trading partner, people's daily online. November 18,2011
3 KIOKO P. M.Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya, Masinde Muliro University, Kenya. Available on http://papers.ssrn.com/so13/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1998050 accessed on 12/11/1012
4 ODHIAMBO.A. Kenya:China Bilateral Trade Hits Record Sh144 Billion available at http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t803625.htm.Accessed on 28/12/2012
1 China, Kenya to Expand Areas of Economic Cooperation Available at http://ke2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/201104/20110407526598.html.Accessed on 28/12/2012
2 ONJALA.J. The Impact of China-Africa Trade Relations:The Case of Kenya. [J]The African Economic Research Consortium (AERC),2010,5:14
3 YUAN W. China and Africa:Translated by Li Guoqing [M] China intercontinental,2006:47-53
4 GEORGE T.Y. Africa in Chinese Foreign Policy[J] University of California Press,1988, Vol.28,No.8:851-161
1 Ibid
2 THOMAS.L.HANNAH.F.JULISSA G.G, ANNE.L. China's foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America and south East Asia Congressional Research Services 2009.Available on http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40361.pdf. Accessed on 30/11/2012
3HEIDI S. Friends and Interests:A Comparison of Chinese and Nordic Aid to Tanzania Norwegian University of life science May 2007:63 Available at http://www.umb.no/noragric.Accessed on 28/11/2012.
4 Ibid
1 MARTINE.H.STEPHEN.M. China in Africa:lending, policy space and governance, Norwegian Campaign for Debt Cancellation 2008:11.
2 ROBERT.1.R. China into Africa, aid,trade and influence[M] Brookings Institution Press,2008:8
3HELMUT R. Is China Actually Helping Improve Debt Sustainability in Africa? G-24 Policy Brief No.9 available on http://www.oecd.org/dev/39628269.pdf.Acessed on 13/11/2012
1 Ibid
2 YUAN W. China and Africa:Translated by Li Guoqing[M] China intercontinental,2006:49
3 ONJALAJ. A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Kenya African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) Report, Nairobi 2008:34
4 FRANCIS M.MWEGA.A case study of Aid Effectiveness in Kenya Volatility and Fragmentation of Foreign aid, with a focus on Health. [M] Wolfensohn Center for Development:Brookings Institution.2009:7
1 KIOKO P. M.A Study on Chinese's Economic Relations with Africa:Case Study Kenya [J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3) 2012:49
2 Ibid
3 Ibid
4 JANE.MASTA. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C]] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:395
1 OCHIENG BEN. Africa Focus:Kenya hails China's assistance in health sector [N] Xinhua Sept.142012
2 ONJALA J. A scoping study of China-African Economic relations, the case of Kenya, Institute for Development Studies, African Economic Research Consortium, (AERC):Nairobi.2008:13
3 ABDI.L.DAHIR. Kenyans weigh cost of Chinese investment [N] Terra daily, August 3,2012. Available on http://www.terraddaily.com/ports/Kenyans_weigh_cost_of_Chinese_investment_999.html Accessed on 20/12/1012
1 WILLIAM T, MAZRUI A.The Left and the Super-Left in Tanzania. [J] The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.10, No.3,1972:433-434
2 Ian T. China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise.[M] Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 2006:26-28,
3 MOSI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:5
1 MOSI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:5
2 Ibid
3 Ian TAYLOR. China and Africa, Engagement and Compromise.[M] Routledge Taylor and Francis Group 2006:.26-28
1 TRACY H, JOHANNA J, GARTH S et.al. Evaluating China's FOCAC commitments to Africa and mapping the way ahead. Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2010:109. Available from http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/ENGLISH-Evaluating-Chinas-FOCAC-commitments-td-Afric a-2010.pdf. Accessed on 2012/9/20
2 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-11
3 MOSHI H.P.B. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:9
4 TRACY H, JOHANNA J, GARTH S et.al. Evaluating China's FOCAC commitments to Africa and mapping the way ahead. Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2010:109
1 H.P.B. Moshi. Scoping Studies on China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Tanzania[J] AERC, Nairobi, Kenya-March 2008:12
2 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-11
3 CELINA OMPESHIKOMBANI (MP), Minister of State on the official talk with Yang Shiqiu Minister of Human Resource and Social Security on the government of China held on 18 sempt,2012.Avaiable form http://www.utumishi.go.tz/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=292.Accesed on 2012/8/15
1 RENARD China's Trade and FDI in Africa. African Development Bank Group Working Paper No.126, 2011:18-23.
2 YU, G. "China's role in Africa" (J). American Academy of political Social Sciences, vol.432,1977:96
1 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:3
2 AILI M. TRIPP. The Changing Face of Authoritarianism in Africa:The Case of Uganda[J] Indiana University Press,2004 Vol.50, No.3:4
3 MARGRAET C. LEE. Uganda and China:Unleashing the Power of the Dragon, China in Africa [C] Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2007:29
1 Ibid
2 SSEWANYANA.S.BATEGEKA.L. Managing Oil Revenue in Uganda A Policy Note, March 2009. Avaliable@http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Managing%20Oil%20 Revenue_in%20Uganda%20ENG%20version_01.pdf accessed on 20/12/2012
3 JOHANNA J, CHRISTOPHER BURKE et.al Patterns of Chinese investment, aid and trade in Tanzania Centre for Chinese Studies, University of Stellenbosch,2009:1-133
1 MARGRAET C. LEE. Uganda and China:Unleashing the Power of the Dragon. China in Africa [C] Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2007:30
2 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:11.Avaliableww.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/uganda.pdf. Accessed on 21/11/2012
3 SSENYANGE.E. South-South Development Cooperation:A Challenge to Traditional Aid Relations?[C] Philippines:IBON Books,2010:56
4 MADINA, GULOBA et al. Impact of China-Africa Aid Relations:A Case Study of Uganda. Economic Policy ResearchCentre.2010:2.Avaliablehttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/china-africa-country-cases/Uganda_Aid_Re lations.pdf accessed on 15/11/2012
5 Ibid
1 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:11.
2 Ibid
3 XU J. China's economic and trade relations with Uganda former political attache of Chinese Embassy to Uganda face to face interview.Date:12/12/2011
4 Ibid
1 OBWONA, GULOBA, NABIDDO et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic PolicyResearchCenter2007:5.Avaliableww.aercafrica.org/documents/china_africa_relations/uganda.pdf.Accesse Accessed on 21/11/2012
2 Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Semi Annual Report on External Assistance to Uganda,2011:5.
3 Ibid
4 Ibid
5 Uganda Investment Authority (UIA).Quarterly Report (Q1:FY2011-2012):July-September 2011.Avaliable on http://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=239
1 KIGOZI M. FDI Trends and Prospects in Land Locked Developing Countries:opportunities and Challenges. The case of Uganda.2008 Available form www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/LLDC Documents/MTR/Investment Forum October 2008/UGAND A FDI Trends and Prospects.ppt. Accessed on 2012/8/21
2 Ugandan Embassy in Beijing. Marking 50 Years China-Uganda Economic Cooperation. Available at http://www.ugandaembassycn.org/Accessed on 2012/11/20
3SSEKANDI.R. YUAN Q. China categorizes 50-year ties with Uganda as sincere, protective.[N] Xinhua, September 29,2012
1 YORK W. BRADSHAW. Reassessing Economic Dependency and Uneven Development:The Kenyan Experience.[J] American Sociological Review, Vol.53, No.5,1988:696
2 AFRICA REIT LTD. Economic Development and Prospects 2010. Available from http://www.africareit.co.ke/about-kenya/economic-development.Accesed on 25/12/2012
3 WORLD TRADE ORGANS1ATION (WTO) Uganda's economic reform attracts foreign investment and contributes to economic growth. TRADE Policy Reviews 21 December 2001 Available from http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp182_e.htm Accessed on 2013/1/3
1 TODDYJ.M el.at. Is Africa's Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified? Evidence from East African Firm Survey Data. Centre for Global Development 2004:11
1 Ibid
2 RORY.A. BANERJEE.S et.al. Investment Policy Review Kenya, Geneva:United Nations 2005:69-72
3 RAILA ODINGA. Prime Minister of Kenya notes that East Africa's economic hub one of the most developed economies on the continent, Kenya is the transportation, communication and financial nexus of East Africa, with a pro-active business environment and a drive for public-private partnerships. Available on http://www.panoramareports-ltd.com/pdf/kenya.pdf. Accessed on 2012/12/30
4 TODDY J M. el.at. Is Africa's Skepticism of Foreign Capital Justified? Evidence from East African Firm Survey Data. Centre for Global Development 2004:12
5 Export Processing Zones Authority. Doing Business In KENYA 2005:53 www.epzakenya.com/UserFiles/File/Kenya Business Environment Report.June05 final.pdf.Accessed on 2012/7/12
1 NYAMWANGE M. Foreign direct investment in Kenya, MPRA Paper No.34155,University of Nairobi,2009:6 http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/34155/1/MPRA_paper_34155.pdf. Accessed on 19/3/2013
2 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:122
3MWEGA F. M. Global Financial Crisis Discussion Series Paper 17:Kenya Phase 2.2010:10.Avaliablefrom http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5794.pdf.Acessedon 19/3/2013
1 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:138-39
1 Ⅱ.HAAM.P. Innovation in sub-Saharan Africa:Competitiveness, capability and achievements in South Africa, Nigeria and Uganda[C] Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa 2009:98
2 OBWONA.M. Determinants of FDI and Economic impacts on Uganda, Economic Policy Research Centre 2001:49-53 Available from http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10330689810WP_Obwona_1998-1.pdf.Accessed on 15/11/2012
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 MELISSA.H.TAMARA H.K. et.al The Fishing Cluster in Uganda. Harvard Business School,2010:4
6 Ibid.
1 MELISSA.H.TAMARA H.K. et.al The Fishing Cluster in Uganda. Harvard Business School,2010:4
2 Bank of Uganda, Uganda Bureau of Statistics and Uganda Investment Authority, Private Sector Investment Survey of 2011:11 Available from: http://www.bou.or.ug/export/sites/default/bou/bou-downloads/publications/PrivateSectorCapital/PSIS/2011/All/PS IS_2011_Report.pdf. Accessed on 12/12/3012
3 MARCO S. Chinese FDI to Africa:What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation? African Development Review, Vol.22, No. S1,2010:602
1 ONJALA.J.A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:14-20
2 Ibid
3 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399. [C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:399-400
1 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399. [C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:399-400
1 ONJALA.J.A Scoping Study on China-Africa Economic Relations:African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi 2008:14-19
1 JANE.MASTA. Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspective [C] Edited African labour Research Network May 2009:399-401
1 MASTA.J. Chinese Investments in Kenya 399.[C] Chinese Investments in Africa:A Labour Perspectiv,2009:400
2 MWANGI M.D. Copenhagen Business School 2011:62.Avalibale from studenttheses.cbs.dk/handle/10417/3104.Accessed on 15/8/2012
1 Embassy of the PRC in the Republic of Kenya. Name List of Chinese Investment Enterprises in Kenya.2011 Available from:http://ke2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chtf/chtfmedia/201105/20110507562198.html. Accessed on 22/10.2012
2 KIOKO P.M. A study on Chinese economic relations with Africa:Case study, Kenya[J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3),2012:8
KIOKO P.M. A study on Chinese economic relations with Africa:Case study, Kenya[J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3),2012:8
1 OBWONA.GULOBA.et.al. China-Africa Economic Relations:The Case of Uganda Economic Policy Research Center.2007:8
1 OECD, United Nations OSAA. Economic Diversification in Africa:A Review of Selected Countries, 2010:15.Available on http://www.oecd.org/countries/tunisia/46148761.pdf. Accessed on 2010/9/
2 BRAUTIGAM D. China in Africa:Seven Myths. Professor of International Development, School of International Service, American University, Washington DC. Real institutio Elcano 2011:6
1 WANJAMAJ.K. Challenge of Revitalizing Agriculture in Kenya:Implementation of Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA)).Available from http://www.kari.org/fileadmin/publications/l OthProceedings/Volone/ChallengeRevitalise.pdf Accessed on 2012/12/20
2 South African High Commission, report on opportunities in Agricultural Trade and Investment In Uganda 1998.Avalibale from http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/GenReports/Uganda.htm.Accessed on 2012/12/20
1 ANDRE'POTTAS. Deloitte & Touche Addressing Africa's infrastructure Challenge 2012:1-4. Available https://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-SouthAfrica/Local%20Assets/Documents/Africa%20Infrastructure%20Fin al.pdf. Accessed on 2012/12/21
2 NDAIGA HILLEN. Kenyans-hail-expertise-of-Chinese-contractors[N]Construction Business Review,,2011, October,11
3 Chinese Foreign Ministry. Uganda October 10,2006. Available from http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183409.htm. Accessed on 2012/12/28
1 APOLINARI TAIRO. Challenge For East African Tourism.[N]ETN Tanzania 2012 SEP 24 http://www.eturbonews.com/31337/tanzania-president-calls-competitive-east-african-tourism.Accessed on 2013/1/1
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3 ONGONG'A. A. Chinese tourists to Kenya up 27 percent [N]. Xinhua News Agency February 7,2008. available from http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/242286.html
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2 Pan African Chamber of commerce. Spurred Chinese investment in Kenya. Available from http://www.pacci.org/index.php?option=com content&view=article&id=222:spurred-chinese-investment-in-kenya &catid=4:recent-news&Itemid=43.Accessed on 2012/12/5
3 Xinhua CNOOC optimistic about Uganda's oil industry[N] 12012-9-23 16:37:27http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/734746.shtm.Accessed on 2012/12/15
4 MUTUA.P. Chinese mining Firm gets Clean bill of health[N] http://www.standardmedia.semptember8 2012 available from http://www.standardmedia.co.ke
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1 KIOKO P.M. A study on Chinese economic relations with Africa:Case study, Kenya[J] Prime Journal of Business Administration and Management (BAM) Vol.2(3),2012:8
2 WATTATHU N. Kenya's foreign inflows dropped by a massive Sh96b in 2012[N] standard Digtial News. February 26 2013.Avaliable from http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/?articleID=2000078143&story_title=Kenya%E2%80%99s-foreign-inflows-dropp ed-by-a-massive-Sh96b-in-2012. Accessed on 25/3/2013.
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2 NAKAWEESI D. China tops foreign direct investors in Uganda [N] Daily monitor Uganda. Friday, July 9,2010
3 EMORUT F. Uganda:China Injects Sh2.5 Trillion for Investment [N] New vision Uganda 2 October 2012.
4 AfDB/OECD. African Economic Outlook.Kenya,2003. Available from http://www.oecd.org/countries/kenya/2497750.pdf.Accessed on 2012/12/31.
1 Ihid
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4 Ibid
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1 East African Community information Guide to Investors 2005:8 available unctad.org/en/pages/Publication Archive.aspx? Publicationid=47. Accessed on 2012/12/30
2 The Treaty for Establishment of the East African Community was signed on 30 November 1999 and entered into force on 7 July 2000 following its ratification by the original three Partner States - Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The Republic of Rwanda and the Republic of Burundi acceded to the EAC Treaty on 18 June 2007 and became full Members of the Community with effect from 1 July 2007.
1 COMESA is a Free Trade Area (FTA) was launched on 31 October 2000 with nine Member States. This was the first FTA in Africa under the African Union. Membership in the FTA is now 13 Member States trading on a full duty free and quota free basis, with the remaining countries at various stages of joining the FTA.
2 SCHNEIDMAN.W. ZENIA A.W. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) looking Back, Looking Forward. Africa Growth Initiative Brookings Institution 2012:4
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4 SANFILIPPO.M. Chinese FDI to Africa:What Is the Nexus with Foreign Economic Cooperation? [J]. African Development Review, Vol.22, No. SI,2010:604
1 Ibid
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3 ARIANNA L. Kenya:Marco Economic Evolution Since Independence November 2002:18-20
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4 MWEGAM M.F. NGUGI W.R. Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa:Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential [C] Nairobi African Economic Research Consortium 2006:125
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