阳光泵浦Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷激光研究
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摘要
太阳光泵浦固体激光器在空间电站、清洁能源、海洋和大气探测、深度空间通讯等领域有着潜在应用价值。目前，太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器普遍存在阈值泵浦功率偏高、体积庞大和难于维护等问题，本文以Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷作为激光工作物质，针对太阳光泵浦固体激光器中的几个关键问题进行了研究，主要包括激光介质的基本特性，菲涅尔聚焦透镜的设计以及低阈值激光器的设计与实验。力求实现一种低阈值、小体积、便于操作的太阳光直接泵浦固体激光器。
本论文首先研究了Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的光谱特性及Cr~(3+)向Nd~(3+)能量转移机制。将Nd~(3+)掺杂浓度相同的Nd/Cr:YAG陶瓷与Nd:YAG晶体的吸收谱进行对比研究，发现在各自吸收峰值处Cr~(3+)的吸收截面比Nd~(3+)的吸收截面大。测算出利用808nm激光单独激励的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷在1064nm处的有效受激发射截面为3×10~(-19)cm~2。太阳光同时激励Cr~(3+)与Nd~(3+)时，计算得出Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的有效受激发射截面为单独激励Nd~(3+)（或Nd:YAG晶体）的三倍。采用理论计算与实验两种方法，分析了Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷在579nm到601nm的可调谐激光激励下的有效能级寿命，证明了不同泵浦源激励下激光上能级有效寿命随之变化，本论文中以菲涅尔透镜聚焦后光谱为基础，计算了此泵浦光谱下的激光上能级有效寿命为0.55ms。因此选择Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷激光介质将大幅度地降低激光输出的阈值泵浦功率，有利于太阳光低辐射功率密度下获得激光输出。
在菲涅尔透镜设计方面，本文提出了聚焦光谱与Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷吸收谱相匹配的菲涅尔透镜设计方法。首先，根据几何光学原理及预估校正算法对直径600mm焦距为600mm的菲涅尔透镜参数进行求解；其次，基于蒙特卡洛算法，比较三种菲涅尔透镜设计方法对直径5mm厚度3mmCr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的聚焦平均功率密度与平均吸收功率密度的影响。采用菲涅尔透镜强聚焦设计方法计算出的聚焦平均功率密度比菲涅尔透镜成像设计方法提高了18.8%，同时Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷吸收的平均功率密度被提高了16.3%。而强吸收设计方法获得的平均吸收功率密度比传统的成像设计方法提高~20%，有利于实现太阳光低辐射功率密度下的激光振荡输出。
在理论方面，建立了菲涅尔透镜聚焦混合泵浦Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷连续运转理论模型，解释了国外报道的激光输出特性现象，并提出了低泵浦阈值功率实验运转方案。首先，采用光迹追踪算法计算了泵浦效率，并提出泵浦阈值功率密度概念，建立了平均泵浦束腰随入射的太阳光功率变化的物理模型，数值计算了激光振荡过程的模式交叠积分与模式交叠效率；其次，此理论模型数值计算出的激光输出特性与国外文献所给出的实验结果相吻合，并对实验结果给予定性分析。最后，理论分析得出1.3m~2菲涅尔透镜的聚焦效果下，选择直径为5mm长为50-60mm棒状的激光介质可降低激光泵浦阈值功率，有利于低辐射密度太阳光下获得激光输出。
在实验方面，使用1.3m~2菲涅尔透镜以及入口直径为25mm、出口直径为9mm的锥型陶瓷腔聚焦泵浦直径5mm、长度60mm的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷，在太阳光辐射为760W/m~2与800W/m~2的天气条件下进行了太阳光泵浦固体激光器的研究工作。两种天气下，输出耦合反射率为99%激光输出功率分别为0.58W与0.94W，输出耦合反射率为97%时激光输出功率分别为0.62W与1.4W。在此设计方案下，通过跟踪偏差实验计算出的有效泵浦阈值功率约为190W明显低于国外采用尺寸为直径9mm、长度100mm的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的有效泵浦阈值功率272W。最后通过能流密度模型给出了近似条件下泵浦光强分布函数，找到了由于实验条件限制导致实验结果低于预期的原因，并且理论计算了理想情况下的激光输出特性。
Solar-pumped lasers have potential applications in space solar power system(SSPS), atmospheric and ocean sensing, deep space communications and other fields.Currently, the key issues of solar-pumped solid-state lasers are generally researched asfollowing:(a), the threshold pumped power is higher.(b), the volume is large.(c), it isharder to maintain. In this paper, based on Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium, severalcrucial questions are researched including the basic characteristic of laser medium, thedesign of Fresnel lens, and design and experimental scheme of the lower thresholdpumped power.
The spectrum characteristic of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium and energytransition mechanism are firstly researched. With the same dilution Nd~(3+)concentration,both absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG crystal and Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic were comparied,The effective absorption cross section of Cr~(3+)is larger than Nd~(3+)at their absorbancepeaks. The stimulated emission spectrum was measured, when Nd~(3+)was excited at808nm, and the calculation result of effective stimulated cross-section was3×10~(-19)cm~2.The stimulated cross-section was largly enhanced because of resonance energy transferbetween Cr~(3+)and Nd~(3+), when Cr~(3+)and Nd~(3+)were exicted by solar spectrum at the sametime. The stimulated cross-section was three times larger than Nd:YAG crystal. Thetheory and experiment two kinds of methods were used to analyze the effective lifetimeof Nd upper level of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic excieted by tunable pulsed dye laser between579nm and601nm.The results show that the lifetime of Nd upper level for Cr/Nd:YAGceramic was dependent of various exicting spectum. In this paper, based on solarspectrum focused by Fresnel lens, the calculation result of the effective lifetime of Ndlaser upper level was0.55ms. Therefore, Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic was used for solarpumped laser which was helpful for realizing the laser output on the low irradiancedays.
On the design of Fresnel lens, the design method of Fresnel lens was proposed onmatching spectrum focused by Frsenel lens and the absorption spectrum of Cr/Nd:YAGceramic. Firstly, On the basis of geometrical principle and predictor-correctingalgorithm, the parameters of Fresnel lens with diameter600mm and focused length600mm was calculated, comparing with three design schemes which influencedmaximum power density and maximum absorption densiy of5mm×3mmCr/Nd:YAGceramic. Maximum foucsed power density design was18.8%higher than the designbased on the purpose of image projection, the absorption power density of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic is16.3%higher than the design based on the purpose of image projection in themeantime. The design based on the prupose of obtaining maximum absorb powerdensity is about20%higher than image projection design. The design method of Fresnellens for the prupose of obtaining maximum absorb power denstiy is useful for obtainingthe laser output on low irradiance days in conclusion.
In the theory, the physical model of the solar-pumped with Fresnel lenses andCr/Nd:YAG ceramic had been set up, on the basis of which the laser outputcharacteristics of foreign reported paperwere analyzed, and the experimental scheme oflow threshold pumping power was proposed. Firstly, the pumping efficiency wascalculated based on the trace ray algorithm, the conception of threshold pumping powerdensity and the physical model which aveage pumping beam waist was along withincident sunlight power were proposed. The model overlapping integral and efficiencyof laser oscillation were calculated. Secondly, the calculation result of laser outputcharacteristics were consistent with reported experimental result by qualitativelyanalyzing. Based on above physical model, for1.3m~2Fresnel lens, choosingФ5mm×50~60mm Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium was effectively decreasing lowpumping threshold power and helpful for obtaining laser oscillation on low irradiancedays.
On the source sunlight760W/m~2and800W/m~2, laser output power ofsolar-pumped laser system were stuied with Fresnel lens of1.3m~2surface area, conicalcavity with25mm in inlet diameter and9mm in outlet diameter and Ф5mm×60mmCr/Nd:YAG ceramic. On the two kinds of conditions, laser output power had achieved0.62W and1.4W repectively when the reflectivity of the output coupling mirror is97%.0.58W and0.94W have achieved when the reflectivity of the output coupling mirror is99%. On the basis of thisexperimental scheme, the calculation result of effectivethreshold pumping power is about190W, which was lower than the reported272Wfrom foreign literatures. Finally, distribution function of pumping power was establishedaccoring to power density model, and the reason of the experimental results performedbelow expectations was explained. Under ideal experimental conditions, the laser outputcharacteristics were calculated and analyzed.
本论文首先研究了Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的光谱特性及Cr~(3+)向Nd~(3+)能量转移机制。将Nd~(3+)掺杂浓度相同的Nd/Cr:YAG陶瓷与Nd:YAG晶体的吸收谱进行对比研究，发现在各自吸收峰值处Cr~(3+)的吸收截面比Nd~(3+)的吸收截面大。测算出利用808nm激光单独激励的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷在1064nm处的有效受激发射截面为3×10~(-19)cm~2。太阳光同时激励Cr~(3+)与Nd~(3+)时，计算得出Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的有效受激发射截面为单独激励Nd~(3+)（或Nd:YAG晶体）的三倍。采用理论计算与实验两种方法，分析了Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷在579nm到601nm的可调谐激光激励下的有效能级寿命，证明了不同泵浦源激励下激光上能级有效寿命随之变化，本论文中以菲涅尔透镜聚焦后光谱为基础，计算了此泵浦光谱下的激光上能级有效寿命为0.55ms。因此选择Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷激光介质将大幅度地降低激光输出的阈值泵浦功率，有利于太阳光低辐射功率密度下获得激光输出。
在菲涅尔透镜设计方面，本文提出了聚焦光谱与Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷吸收谱相匹配的菲涅尔透镜设计方法。首先，根据几何光学原理及预估校正算法对直径600mm焦距为600mm的菲涅尔透镜参数进行求解；其次，基于蒙特卡洛算法，比较三种菲涅尔透镜设计方法对直径5mm厚度3mmCr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的聚焦平均功率密度与平均吸收功率密度的影响。采用菲涅尔透镜强聚焦设计方法计算出的聚焦平均功率密度比菲涅尔透镜成像设计方法提高了18.8%，同时Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷吸收的平均功率密度被提高了16.3%。而强吸收设计方法获得的平均吸收功率密度比传统的成像设计方法提高~20%，有利于实现太阳光低辐射功率密度下的激光振荡输出。
在理论方面，建立了菲涅尔透镜聚焦混合泵浦Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷连续运转理论模型，解释了国外报道的激光输出特性现象，并提出了低泵浦阈值功率实验运转方案。首先，采用光迹追踪算法计算了泵浦效率，并提出泵浦阈值功率密度概念，建立了平均泵浦束腰随入射的太阳光功率变化的物理模型，数值计算了激光振荡过程的模式交叠积分与模式交叠效率；其次，此理论模型数值计算出的激光输出特性与国外文献所给出的实验结果相吻合，并对实验结果给予定性分析。最后，理论分析得出1.3m~2菲涅尔透镜的聚焦效果下，选择直径为5mm长为50-60mm棒状的激光介质可降低激光泵浦阈值功率，有利于低辐射密度太阳光下获得激光输出。
在实验方面，使用1.3m~2菲涅尔透镜以及入口直径为25mm、出口直径为9mm的锥型陶瓷腔聚焦泵浦直径5mm、长度60mm的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷，在太阳光辐射为760W/m~2与800W/m~2的天气条件下进行了太阳光泵浦固体激光器的研究工作。两种天气下，输出耦合反射率为99%激光输出功率分别为0.58W与0.94W，输出耦合反射率为97%时激光输出功率分别为0.62W与1.4W。在此设计方案下，通过跟踪偏差实验计算出的有效泵浦阈值功率约为190W明显低于国外采用尺寸为直径9mm、长度100mm的Cr/Nd:YAG陶瓷的有效泵浦阈值功率272W。最后通过能流密度模型给出了近似条件下泵浦光强分布函数，找到了由于实验条件限制导致实验结果低于预期的原因，并且理论计算了理想情况下的激光输出特性。
Solar-pumped lasers have potential applications in space solar power system(SSPS), atmospheric and ocean sensing, deep space communications and other fields.Currently, the key issues of solar-pumped solid-state lasers are generally researched asfollowing:(a), the threshold pumped power is higher.(b), the volume is large.(c), it isharder to maintain. In this paper, based on Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium, severalcrucial questions are researched including the basic characteristic of laser medium, thedesign of Fresnel lens, and design and experimental scheme of the lower thresholdpumped power.
The spectrum characteristic of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium and energytransition mechanism are firstly researched. With the same dilution Nd~(3+)concentration,both absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG crystal and Nd/Cr:YAG ceramic were comparied,The effective absorption cross section of Cr~(3+)is larger than Nd~(3+)at their absorbancepeaks. The stimulated emission spectrum was measured, when Nd~(3+)was excited at808nm, and the calculation result of effective stimulated cross-section was3×10~(-19)cm~2.The stimulated cross-section was largly enhanced because of resonance energy transferbetween Cr~(3+)and Nd~(3+), when Cr~(3+)and Nd~(3+)were exicted by solar spectrum at the sametime. The stimulated cross-section was three times larger than Nd:YAG crystal. Thetheory and experiment two kinds of methods were used to analyze the effective lifetimeof Nd upper level of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic excieted by tunable pulsed dye laser between579nm and601nm.The results show that the lifetime of Nd upper level for Cr/Nd:YAGceramic was dependent of various exicting spectum. In this paper, based on solarspectrum focused by Fresnel lens, the calculation result of the effective lifetime of Ndlaser upper level was0.55ms. Therefore, Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic was used for solarpumped laser which was helpful for realizing the laser output on the low irradiancedays.
On the design of Fresnel lens, the design method of Fresnel lens was proposed onmatching spectrum focused by Frsenel lens and the absorption spectrum of Cr/Nd:YAGceramic. Firstly, On the basis of geometrical principle and predictor-correctingalgorithm, the parameters of Fresnel lens with diameter600mm and focused length600mm was calculated, comparing with three design schemes which influencedmaximum power density and maximum absorption densiy of5mm×3mmCr/Nd:YAGceramic. Maximum foucsed power density design was18.8%higher than the designbased on the purpose of image projection, the absorption power density of Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic is16.3%higher than the design based on the purpose of image projection in themeantime. The design based on the prupose of obtaining maximum absorb powerdensity is about20%higher than image projection design. The design method of Fresnellens for the prupose of obtaining maximum absorb power denstiy is useful for obtainingthe laser output on low irradiance days in conclusion.
In the theory, the physical model of the solar-pumped with Fresnel lenses andCr/Nd:YAG ceramic had been set up, on the basis of which the laser outputcharacteristics of foreign reported paperwere analyzed, and the experimental scheme oflow threshold pumping power was proposed. Firstly, the pumping efficiency wascalculated based on the trace ray algorithm, the conception of threshold pumping powerdensity and the physical model which aveage pumping beam waist was along withincident sunlight power were proposed. The model overlapping integral and efficiencyof laser oscillation were calculated. Secondly, the calculation result of laser outputcharacteristics were consistent with reported experimental result by qualitativelyanalyzing. Based on above physical model, for1.3m~2Fresnel lens, choosingФ5mm×50~60mm Cr/Nd:YAG ceramic laser medium was effectively decreasing lowpumping threshold power and helpful for obtaining laser oscillation on low irradiancedays.
On the source sunlight760W/m~2and800W/m~2, laser output power ofsolar-pumped laser system were stuied with Fresnel lens of1.3m~2surface area, conicalcavity with25mm in inlet diameter and9mm in outlet diameter and Ф5mm×60mmCr/Nd:YAG ceramic. On the two kinds of conditions, laser output power had achieved0.62W and1.4W repectively when the reflectivity of the output coupling mirror is97%.0.58W and0.94W have achieved when the reflectivity of the output coupling mirror is99%. On the basis of thisexperimental scheme, the calculation result of effectivethreshold pumping power is about190W, which was lower than the reported272Wfrom foreign literatures. Finally, distribution function of pumping power was establishedaccoring to power density model, and the reason of the experimental results performedbelow expectations was explained. Under ideal experimental conditions, the laser outputcharacteristics were calculated and analyzed.
引文
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