海港岸电兆瓦级变流核心技术及应用
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摘要
港口吞吐能力与船厂造船能力,是国家实力和科技水准的重要标志,也是各港口国家经济发展的重要推动力,但同时也是能耗和污染大户。长期以来,靠港船舶采用燃油辅机自行发电,船厂则采用变频发电机组给船舶供电,港口、船厂的高能耗和高污染日趋严重的问题,愈来愈受到各港口国家的重视。海港岸电系统能给靠港船舶提供高精度的可靠供电,停止船舶柴油机电站运转,达到节能减排的目的,是港口和船舶供电领域的一次革命性进步。然而海港岸电兆瓦级变流技术目前并不成熟。为此,论文针对海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统的系列核心技术进行了细致深入的研究,主要内容包括：
(1)研究了海港岸电电站的应用现状和发展趋势,针对海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统的电路拓扑结构、控制、并联、热设计等方面技术难题,分析了兆瓦级变流系统的技术现状和发展趋势,阐述了课题的背景意义和作者在课题中所负责的科研任务
(2)通过对海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统主电路拓扑结构的分析,从是否连接电网角度,将变流器分为电网连接型PWM整流器和无源PWM逆变器两部分,建立了电网连接型PWM整流器基本数学模型,及其在双旋转坐标系下的数学模型和瞬时功率模型,建立了三相无源逆变器的基本数学模型,及其在两相坐标系、双旋转坐标系数学模型,并给出了两种变流器的解耦数学模型,为系统控制分析和算法研究奠定基础。
(3)针对电流瞬时值准确采样难题,提出了基于小波神经网络滤波的电流采样方法,利用小波元来代替神经元,通过作为一致逼近的小波分解来建立起小波变换与神经网络的连接,使得系统既有小波变换的优点也有神经网络良好的学习功能,并通过实验证实了该方法的准确性。针对PWM整流器对网侧电流的谐波含量限制和逆变系统带非线性负载时的输出波形畸变的问题,提出了基于神经网络内模的复合控制策略,采用神经网络预估器作为变流器的内部模型,用神经网络辨识预估变流器正模型及其逆模型,在线修正、补偿内部模型与被控变流器之间的模型失配。在各种情况下进行了相关实验,证明算法的有效性。
(4)针对兆瓦级变流系统并联难题,提出了不同功率要求的系列化功率扩展方法。研究了IGBT器件并联的影响因素,提出了IGBT并联的基本原则,采用IGBT器件级并联将逆变容量扩展到500kVA；研究了功率级并联环流来源,设计了采用无功功率调节逆变器幅值差和两级异步型锁相控制调节相位差的算法,将逆变并联容量扩展1000kVA,但该方法只能用于逆变器并联而不能应用于整流器并联；提出了模块级并联的概念,指出并联功率模块之间开关时刻的差异是模块级并联环流产生的根源,外加电感可以起到抑制环流的作用,采用模块级并联,将逆变并联容量扩展到3000kVA,该方法既能用于逆变器并联也能应用于整流器并联,可满足工程应用需要。
(5)针对兆瓦级变流系统散热难题,推导和建立了易于计算的变流器IGBT模块热损耗模型,提出从采用优化控制技术以尽量减少发热量和采用有效散热方法以提高散热效率两方面进行热设计。研究了空间矢量脉宽调制技术的特点,提出了灵活应用零矢量的优化空间矢量脉宽调制技术,以减少开关次数,从而有效降低发热量。将单一／交替零矢量调制方法的相电压调制波显化,然后应用双重傅里叶变换,得到了其频域数学模型,并对其谐波特性进行了定量的数学分析,得出了交替零矢量调制方法比单一零矢量调制谐波含量更小的结论。给出了散热器热阻的实用计算公式,在此基础上设计了一套采用强迫风冷的散热系统,计算结果与试验结果的对比,验证了该设计方法的准确性与实用性。
(6)以设计和开发的2000kVA岸电电站为例,给出了基于多模块并联组合的岸电电站主电路框图,设计了主控制器及其与各从机的高速现场总线通讯方法；重点研究了网侧和负载侧滤波系统,给出了参数计算方法。抗干扰设计是兆瓦级岸电设计难点,针对通讯部分容易受到干扰的难点,设计了光纤通讯模块；针对功率模块易于因干扰造成损坏的问题,提出了层叠母排解决方案,提高系统抗干扰能力。实际工程运行结果表明该岸电电站技术指标优良,完全能满足港口岸电供电要求。
本课题开发的系列化岸电产品,整机性能指标达到预期的设计目标,已批量投入市场应用。本文研究的海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统的系列核心技术,进一步丰富和完善了兆瓦级变流系统设计理论和技术体系,对其他兆瓦级变流装备的研制也具有重要的参考价值和借鉴作用。
The harbor shore power stations can rely on harbor ship with high precise and reliable power supply, stop the ship diesel power station and achieve energy saving purposes. It is a revolutionary progress in port power supply field. But there are many technical issues to be sloved in process of engineering application. The research on MVA-class converter is of great importance to shore power stations, and the main research contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The application situation and the development trend of the harbor shore power station were researched. The theory and technique foundation had been deeply researched based on the circuit topology, control technology, parallel technology and thermal design technology of the MVA-class converter. The paper explained the research background of the project and the tasks undertaken by author.
(2) According to the analysis of the main circuit topology structure, the converter was divided to grid-connected PWM rectifier and passive power PWM inverter. The mathematical models of PWM rectifier based on double rotating coordinate system and instantaneous power model were established, and the mathematical models based on abc coordinate, αβ coordinate transformation, dqo coordinate transformation of the inverter were built too. Moreover the decoupled mathematical model of the converter was given.It was the foundation of control system analysis and algorithm research.
(3) According to the high performance demand of the current sampling, the paper presented a sampling scheme based on wavelet and neural network theory. The method was composed of the function approximation capability of the neural network and local and multi-resolution characteristics of wavelet transform. For this reason the network had more flexible and efficient function approximation capability.The simulation and experiment verified the scheme could work well. According to the characteristic of three-phase high-factor rectifier based on αβ rotating frame, the paper presented a control scheme of rectifier current output waveform control based on neural network internal model theory. The control scheme took a neural network estimate model as the internal model of three-phase inverter to estimate the actual output waveform. The performance of highly accurate steady output, fast response and less distorted waveform were gained.
(4) According to the parallel operation of MVA-class converter, the paper employed different power expansion methods to different power requirements. Research on the influence factors of IGBT devices connected in parallel, the paper put forward to a method to expand the converter capacity to500kVA with IGBT device parallel. On the base of analyzing the circulating current of the system level parallel operation, a new method was designed by using reactive power to regulate the inverter amplitude difference and by using two level asynchronous control to adjust the phase difference. The system level parallel could expand inverter capacity to1000kVA. According to the study of power level parallel principle, it was pointed out that the circulating current came from the different switch time of the power modules. A method using external inductor to restrain circulating current was presented to capacity to expand the converter capacity to3000kVA which could satisfy the engineering applications.
(5) According to the heat dissipation command of MVA-class converter, the paper put forward solution of using optimal control technique to minimize the heat generation and improve the heat dissipation efficiency. A novel heat dissipation calculation method of MVA-class converter was presented. Based on the Research of space vector PWM modulation, the paper put forward an optimal space vector modulation method of flexible application of zero vector to reduce the switching frequency, thereby could effectively reduce heat generation. The single/alternative zero vector modulation methods of phase voltage modulation wave were manifested, then the double Fourier transform was employed to get their mathematics model in frequency domain. By the quantitative mathematical analysis of the harmonic characteristics, the paper got the conclusion that harmonic content of alternative zero vector modulation method was smaller than which of single zero vector modulation method. A practical formula to calculate the heat resistance of heat dissipation system was given, and the temperature calculation formulas of the IGBT module and heat dissipation system was derived. A heat dissipation system of the converter using forced air-cool was designed. The measured losses and temperatures were given, the calculation result and the experiment result verified the validity and practicability of the presented design method of heat dissipation system.
(6) According to the demand of a port, a2000kVA shore power station was developed. Based on the multi module parallel combination, the main circuit diagram of shore power station and the high speed CAN communication method of the main controller and the slave modules were presented. Focusing on the grid-connected side and the load side filter system, the parameter calculation method was given too. Anti interference design of MVA class shore power was difficult, especially the communication part, optical fiber communication module was employed in the paper. The IGBT power module was easily effected and damaged by interference coming from the busbar, a low-inductance and low-effect design method of the busbar was proposed. As a result, a new structure of the busbar was obtained. Practical operation results showed that technical paper of the shore power station were good and could fully meet the demand.
The series of harbor shore power stations had been successfully developed. The power stations completely meet the anticipated design requirements. At present the products had been put into market applications. The study on core technologies of the MVA-class converter enriched the design theory and technology system of harbor shore power stations. It provided important reference values to develop other MVA-class converter products.
(1)研究了海港岸电电站的应用现状和发展趋势,针对海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统的电路拓扑结构、控制、并联、热设计等方面技术难题,分析了兆瓦级变流系统的技术现状和发展趋势,阐述了课题的背景意义和作者在课题中所负责的科研任务
(2)通过对海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统主电路拓扑结构的分析,从是否连接电网角度,将变流器分为电网连接型PWM整流器和无源PWM逆变器两部分,建立了电网连接型PWM整流器基本数学模型,及其在双旋转坐标系下的数学模型和瞬时功率模型,建立了三相无源逆变器的基本数学模型,及其在两相坐标系、双旋转坐标系数学模型,并给出了两种变流器的解耦数学模型,为系统控制分析和算法研究奠定基础。
(3)针对电流瞬时值准确采样难题,提出了基于小波神经网络滤波的电流采样方法,利用小波元来代替神经元,通过作为一致逼近的小波分解来建立起小波变换与神经网络的连接,使得系统既有小波变换的优点也有神经网络良好的学习功能,并通过实验证实了该方法的准确性。针对PWM整流器对网侧电流的谐波含量限制和逆变系统带非线性负载时的输出波形畸变的问题,提出了基于神经网络内模的复合控制策略,采用神经网络预估器作为变流器的内部模型,用神经网络辨识预估变流器正模型及其逆模型,在线修正、补偿内部模型与被控变流器之间的模型失配。在各种情况下进行了相关实验,证明算法的有效性。
(4)针对兆瓦级变流系统并联难题,提出了不同功率要求的系列化功率扩展方法。研究了IGBT器件并联的影响因素,提出了IGBT并联的基本原则,采用IGBT器件级并联将逆变容量扩展到500kVA；研究了功率级并联环流来源,设计了采用无功功率调节逆变器幅值差和两级异步型锁相控制调节相位差的算法,将逆变并联容量扩展1000kVA,但该方法只能用于逆变器并联而不能应用于整流器并联；提出了模块级并联的概念,指出并联功率模块之间开关时刻的差异是模块级并联环流产生的根源,外加电感可以起到抑制环流的作用,采用模块级并联,将逆变并联容量扩展到3000kVA,该方法既能用于逆变器并联也能应用于整流器并联,可满足工程应用需要。
(5)针对兆瓦级变流系统散热难题,推导和建立了易于计算的变流器IGBT模块热损耗模型,提出从采用优化控制技术以尽量减少发热量和采用有效散热方法以提高散热效率两方面进行热设计。研究了空间矢量脉宽调制技术的特点,提出了灵活应用零矢量的优化空间矢量脉宽调制技术,以减少开关次数,从而有效降低发热量。将单一／交替零矢量调制方法的相电压调制波显化,然后应用双重傅里叶变换,得到了其频域数学模型,并对其谐波特性进行了定量的数学分析,得出了交替零矢量调制方法比单一零矢量调制谐波含量更小的结论。给出了散热器热阻的实用计算公式,在此基础上设计了一套采用强迫风冷的散热系统,计算结果与试验结果的对比,验证了该设计方法的准确性与实用性。
(6)以设计和开发的2000kVA岸电电站为例,给出了基于多模块并联组合的岸电电站主电路框图,设计了主控制器及其与各从机的高速现场总线通讯方法；重点研究了网侧和负载侧滤波系统,给出了参数计算方法。抗干扰设计是兆瓦级岸电设计难点,针对通讯部分容易受到干扰的难点,设计了光纤通讯模块；针对功率模块易于因干扰造成损坏的问题,提出了层叠母排解决方案,提高系统抗干扰能力。实际工程运行结果表明该岸电电站技术指标优良,完全能满足港口岸电供电要求。
本课题开发的系列化岸电产品,整机性能指标达到预期的设计目标,已批量投入市场应用。本文研究的海港岸电兆瓦级变流系统的系列核心技术,进一步丰富和完善了兆瓦级变流系统设计理论和技术体系,对其他兆瓦级变流装备的研制也具有重要的参考价值和借鉴作用。
The harbor shore power stations can rely on harbor ship with high precise and reliable power supply, stop the ship diesel power station and achieve energy saving purposes. It is a revolutionary progress in port power supply field. But there are many technical issues to be sloved in process of engineering application. The research on MVA-class converter is of great importance to shore power stations, and the main research contents of this thesis are as follows:
(1) The application situation and the development trend of the harbor shore power station were researched. The theory and technique foundation had been deeply researched based on the circuit topology, control technology, parallel technology and thermal design technology of the MVA-class converter. The paper explained the research background of the project and the tasks undertaken by author.
(2) According to the analysis of the main circuit topology structure, the converter was divided to grid-connected PWM rectifier and passive power PWM inverter. The mathematical models of PWM rectifier based on double rotating coordinate system and instantaneous power model were established, and the mathematical models based on abc coordinate, αβ coordinate transformation, dqo coordinate transformation of the inverter were built too. Moreover the decoupled mathematical model of the converter was given.It was the foundation of control system analysis and algorithm research.
(3) According to the high performance demand of the current sampling, the paper presented a sampling scheme based on wavelet and neural network theory. The method was composed of the function approximation capability of the neural network and local and multi-resolution characteristics of wavelet transform. For this reason the network had more flexible and efficient function approximation capability.The simulation and experiment verified the scheme could work well. According to the characteristic of three-phase high-factor rectifier based on αβ rotating frame, the paper presented a control scheme of rectifier current output waveform control based on neural network internal model theory. The control scheme took a neural network estimate model as the internal model of three-phase inverter to estimate the actual output waveform. The performance of highly accurate steady output, fast response and less distorted waveform were gained.
(4) According to the parallel operation of MVA-class converter, the paper employed different power expansion methods to different power requirements. Research on the influence factors of IGBT devices connected in parallel, the paper put forward to a method to expand the converter capacity to500kVA with IGBT device parallel. On the base of analyzing the circulating current of the system level parallel operation, a new method was designed by using reactive power to regulate the inverter amplitude difference and by using two level asynchronous control to adjust the phase difference. The system level parallel could expand inverter capacity to1000kVA. According to the study of power level parallel principle, it was pointed out that the circulating current came from the different switch time of the power modules. A method using external inductor to restrain circulating current was presented to capacity to expand the converter capacity to3000kVA which could satisfy the engineering applications.
(5) According to the heat dissipation command of MVA-class converter, the paper put forward solution of using optimal control technique to minimize the heat generation and improve the heat dissipation efficiency. A novel heat dissipation calculation method of MVA-class converter was presented. Based on the Research of space vector PWM modulation, the paper put forward an optimal space vector modulation method of flexible application of zero vector to reduce the switching frequency, thereby could effectively reduce heat generation. The single/alternative zero vector modulation methods of phase voltage modulation wave were manifested, then the double Fourier transform was employed to get their mathematics model in frequency domain. By the quantitative mathematical analysis of the harmonic characteristics, the paper got the conclusion that harmonic content of alternative zero vector modulation method was smaller than which of single zero vector modulation method. A practical formula to calculate the heat resistance of heat dissipation system was given, and the temperature calculation formulas of the IGBT module and heat dissipation system was derived. A heat dissipation system of the converter using forced air-cool was designed. The measured losses and temperatures were given, the calculation result and the experiment result verified the validity and practicability of the presented design method of heat dissipation system.
(6) According to the demand of a port, a2000kVA shore power station was developed. Based on the multi module parallel combination, the main circuit diagram of shore power station and the high speed CAN communication method of the main controller and the slave modules were presented. Focusing on the grid-connected side and the load side filter system, the parameter calculation method was given too. Anti interference design of MVA class shore power was difficult, especially the communication part, optical fiber communication module was employed in the paper. The IGBT power module was easily effected and damaged by interference coming from the busbar, a low-inductance and low-effect design method of the busbar was proposed. As a result, a new structure of the busbar was obtained. Practical operation results showed that technical paper of the shore power station were good and could fully meet the demand.
The series of harbor shore power stations had been successfully developed. The power stations completely meet the anticipated design requirements. At present the products had been put into market applications. The study on core technologies of the MVA-class converter enriched the design theory and technology system of harbor shore power stations. It provided important reference values to develop other MVA-class converter products.
引文
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