云南某矿区复杂地层深孔岩心钻探关键技术应用研究
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摘要
随着我国经济持续发展和对资源需求的日益增长,矿产资源勘探迅速向深部发展,复杂地层深孔钻探需求迅速增长。与世界先进的钻探技术相比,目前我国地质勘探岩心钻探工程的总体装备水平和技术水平还比较落后,在复杂地层深孔金刚石绳索取心钻探领域,国外最新的技术装备和工艺手段在国内还没有得到充分的吸收和推广应用。复杂地层深孔钻探是当今地质钻探的热点、难点,设备作业能力、泥浆体系护壁堵漏、钻进工艺和规程参数选择、孔内事故预防与处理等是复杂地层深部钻探的关键技术。
本文总结概述了国内外深部钻探技术国内外现状,包括:钻探设备、钻杆与钻具、钻进工艺等;对云南某矿区的地质条件和地层钻进特性进行了分析,提出了该矿区钻探施工存在的主要技术问题;依据矿区存在的相关钻进技术难题,给出了本文的研究内容。本文主要研究了该矿区钻探施工钻孔设计、钻探设备优选、钻进工艺方法和规程参数优选、防塌抑制性泥浆设计和孔内事故预防与处理等,并对关键技术进行了现场试验研究。通过本文研究,主要取得以下研究成果:
(1)钻孔施工设计和设备优选
针对该矿区复杂地质主要特点,依据钻探施工设计原则,给出了典型的钻孔结构设计,以及复杂地层钻进方法、泥浆体系和孔内事故预防与处理等工艺设计;针对矿区地质设计主要要求和选用的钻进工艺方法,依据钻探设备选择主要因素,提出了钻机和泥浆泵等辅助设备优选方案。
(2)钻进工艺方法
针对上部废渣堆积层和溶洞地层等复杂地层特点,在分析常规溶洞地层钻进方法和跟管钻进技术特点的基础上,研究提出了上部溶洞等复杂地层采用内外管式跟管钻进方法;针对该矿区地层特点和绳索取心钻进工艺方法特点,优选给出了钻头、钻杆和钻具组合以及绳索取心钻进的规程参数。
(3)泥浆体系设计
针对本矿区地层存在较大的地应力,提出了漏失试验法和泥浆密度调整法预测评估地层的破裂压力和坍塌压力;本矿区存在多种坍塌复杂地层,从孔壁力学平衡出发,分析给出了不同情况下维持孔壁稳定的条件:P_w+P_H≤P_p+P_(opm)或P_w+P_H+P_(ops)≤P_p,以及保证该矿区坍塌地层孔壁稳定的泥浆密度窗口为:1.08~1.15g/cm~3;针对该矿区的水敏性地层等复杂特点,分析设计了两种泥浆体系,配方一:0.15~0.20%的Quick-Gel(膨润土)+0.04~0.07%的EZ-MUDGold+0.07~0.11%的Liquid-Pol+0.07~0.20%的Quick-TrolGold或0.20~0.28%的AUS-Trol+PAC-R或PAC-L+<0.2%的CR650+BitLube或TorqFree+堵漏剂;配方二:1.43~2.15%的Quick-Gel(膨润土)+0.7%的PAC-R+0.7~1.43%的氯化钾+纯碱+<0.2%的CR650+BitLube或TorqFree+重晶石;同时,分析给出了该矿区现场泥浆使用的技术特点,以及泥浆配制、维护、操作和钻进过程泥浆使用监测技术要求。
(4)孔内事故预防与处理
孔内事故与处理技术是复杂深孔钻探的重要关键技术之一,卡钻是复杂地层深孔钻探需要面临的主要孔内事故,原因众多、处理复杂,需要重点预防,处理措施要有针对性;钻孔漏失和孔壁坍塌是该矿区的主要孔内复杂情况,需要采取针对性技术措施加以预防和处理;在该矿区孔内事故预防,重点要做好3项技术措是:准确预测地层压力、护孔技术措施和钻进施工技术措施。
(5)关键技术应用研究
采用水压致裂漏失试验方法,测试评价预测了地层坍塌压力和漏失压力,为矿区泥浆设计和安全钻进施工提供了基础技术数据;分析讨论了抑制性泥浆体系在该矿区应用技术,包括:泥浆配置、泥浆固相控制和泥浆性能维护等技术;重点分析了复杂深孔钻探经常遇到的孔内事故——钻卡的事故处理案例,包括卡点计算和处理工艺。
该矿区应用本文的研究成果钻孔全部突破500m深的钻深极限,施工钻孔终孔在650m~1500m之间,达到或超过了地质设计孔深,在深部发现了地质预测的工业矿体,完全达到了地质目的;本文提出的溶洞地层钻进工艺、地层压力预测、防塌抑制性泥浆体系、孔内事故预防与处理研究成果具有行业创新性,对国内相似钻探条件矿区深孔复杂地层钻探工程具有重要的指导意义。
With rapid growth of national economy and demand for natural resources in China, mineral exploration is going toward more deep-hole operations and complicated ground formations at a fast pace. Compared to advanced exploration drilling technologies in the world, China is still behind many other countries in terms of drilling equipment and drilling methodology. In the field of deep-hole complex-ground wire-line core drilling, lots of new drilling technologies have not been well promoted and used in exploration drilling operations in China. Deep-hole complex-ground drilling is among the current hot and challenging topics in the industry of mineral exploration. The key technical challenges involve equipment deployment, accident prevention and treatment, drilling fluid control, drilling parameter design and site management, etc.
In this paper, we are going to do a summary of national and international technologies related to deep-hole complex-formation exploration drilling in areas of drilling equipment, drill rods and drill tools and drilling techniques. We will make a thorough study on the geological condition and down-hole characteristics of a deep-hole complex-formation drilling project in Yunan province, South China. We will then define the main challenges for the drilling tasks and raise key topics of the study. The study of this paper will focus on how to fulfill the tasks in drill-hole design, drilling equipment selection, drilling process set-up, drilling fluid utilization, drilling accident control, etc. with on-site examinations on the key operational techniques at the drilling project. With all the studies, this paper will lead to the following achievements:
1. Drill-hole design and drilling equipment selection
Based on the specific characteristics of the ground formation of the mine site and general principles of wire-line core drilling, this paper will introduce the guidelines for drill-hole design, drilling process selection and drilling fluid application, risk control and accident handling, as well as guidelines about how to use accessorial equipment for drilling and pumping.
2. Drilling process and techniques
Based on the complexity of the up-layer overburden and caving formations, this paper will analyze the general techniques of overburden drilling and then configure practical drilling process for the specific ground formation. It will also define the productive ways on how to select the drill bits, drill rods, drill tools and drilling parameters.
3. Drilling fluid system design
In view of the great ground stress existing at the mine site, this paper will stipulate the ways to predict the shear and collapse stress of the ground by testing the leaking rate and fluid density in the drill-hole. It is defined that the balance condition of the drill-hole is Pw+PH 4. Down-hole risk control and accident handling
Down-hole risk control and accident handling is key drilling technologies. This paper will explore in both theory and practice the application of ground stress prediction, stuck-point calculation, and drilling fluid control techniques to reduce and resolve drilling accidents effectively with output of innovative experiments in the field of exploration wire-line core drilling.
5. Research on application of key drilling technologies
This paper examines the use of press-break leaking test method to predict ground stress and leaking pressure, which provides a good foundation of fluid design and technique selection of the Yunnan drilling project. This paper also offers guidelines on the utilization of drilling fluid products in terms of fluid processing, fluid solid control, and fluid quality maintenance. This paper shows the feasibility of resolving drill-hole accidents in the way of stuck point prediction and stuck point handling.
The methods explored by this paper were tested at a drilling project in Yunnan province in South China, where all the drill holes were completed down to the designed depths (650-1500m).The result of the tests approves that those methodologies can be general guidelines for deep-hole complex-formation drilling operations.
本文总结概述了国内外深部钻探技术国内外现状,包括:钻探设备、钻杆与钻具、钻进工艺等;对云南某矿区的地质条件和地层钻进特性进行了分析,提出了该矿区钻探施工存在的主要技术问题;依据矿区存在的相关钻进技术难题,给出了本文的研究内容。本文主要研究了该矿区钻探施工钻孔设计、钻探设备优选、钻进工艺方法和规程参数优选、防塌抑制性泥浆设计和孔内事故预防与处理等,并对关键技术进行了现场试验研究。通过本文研究,主要取得以下研究成果:
(1)钻孔施工设计和设备优选
针对该矿区复杂地质主要特点,依据钻探施工设计原则,给出了典型的钻孔结构设计,以及复杂地层钻进方法、泥浆体系和孔内事故预防与处理等工艺设计;针对矿区地质设计主要要求和选用的钻进工艺方法,依据钻探设备选择主要因素,提出了钻机和泥浆泵等辅助设备优选方案。
(2)钻进工艺方法
针对上部废渣堆积层和溶洞地层等复杂地层特点,在分析常规溶洞地层钻进方法和跟管钻进技术特点的基础上,研究提出了上部溶洞等复杂地层采用内外管式跟管钻进方法;针对该矿区地层特点和绳索取心钻进工艺方法特点,优选给出了钻头、钻杆和钻具组合以及绳索取心钻进的规程参数。
(3)泥浆体系设计
针对本矿区地层存在较大的地应力,提出了漏失试验法和泥浆密度调整法预测评估地层的破裂压力和坍塌压力;本矿区存在多种坍塌复杂地层,从孔壁力学平衡出发,分析给出了不同情况下维持孔壁稳定的条件:P_w+P_H≤P_p+P_(opm)或P_w+P_H+P_(ops)≤P_p,以及保证该矿区坍塌地层孔壁稳定的泥浆密度窗口为:1.08~1.15g/cm~3;针对该矿区的水敏性地层等复杂特点,分析设计了两种泥浆体系,配方一:0.15~0.20%的Quick-Gel(膨润土)+0.04~0.07%的EZ-MUDGold+0.07~0.11%的Liquid-Pol+0.07~0.20%的Quick-TrolGold或0.20~0.28%的AUS-Trol+PAC-R或PAC-L+<0.2%的CR650+BitLube或TorqFree+堵漏剂;配方二:1.43~2.15%的Quick-Gel(膨润土)+0.7%的PAC-R+0.7~1.43%的氯化钾+纯碱+<0.2%的CR650+BitLube或TorqFree+重晶石;同时,分析给出了该矿区现场泥浆使用的技术特点,以及泥浆配制、维护、操作和钻进过程泥浆使用监测技术要求。
(4)孔内事故预防与处理
孔内事故与处理技术是复杂深孔钻探的重要关键技术之一,卡钻是复杂地层深孔钻探需要面临的主要孔内事故,原因众多、处理复杂,需要重点预防,处理措施要有针对性;钻孔漏失和孔壁坍塌是该矿区的主要孔内复杂情况,需要采取针对性技术措施加以预防和处理;在该矿区孔内事故预防,重点要做好3项技术措是:准确预测地层压力、护孔技术措施和钻进施工技术措施。
(5)关键技术应用研究
采用水压致裂漏失试验方法,测试评价预测了地层坍塌压力和漏失压力,为矿区泥浆设计和安全钻进施工提供了基础技术数据;分析讨论了抑制性泥浆体系在该矿区应用技术,包括:泥浆配置、泥浆固相控制和泥浆性能维护等技术;重点分析了复杂深孔钻探经常遇到的孔内事故——钻卡的事故处理案例,包括卡点计算和处理工艺。
该矿区应用本文的研究成果钻孔全部突破500m深的钻深极限,施工钻孔终孔在650m~1500m之间,达到或超过了地质设计孔深,在深部发现了地质预测的工业矿体,完全达到了地质目的;本文提出的溶洞地层钻进工艺、地层压力预测、防塌抑制性泥浆体系、孔内事故预防与处理研究成果具有行业创新性,对国内相似钻探条件矿区深孔复杂地层钻探工程具有重要的指导意义。
With rapid growth of national economy and demand for natural resources in China, mineral exploration is going toward more deep-hole operations and complicated ground formations at a fast pace. Compared to advanced exploration drilling technologies in the world, China is still behind many other countries in terms of drilling equipment and drilling methodology. In the field of deep-hole complex-ground wire-line core drilling, lots of new drilling technologies have not been well promoted and used in exploration drilling operations in China. Deep-hole complex-ground drilling is among the current hot and challenging topics in the industry of mineral exploration. The key technical challenges involve equipment deployment, accident prevention and treatment, drilling fluid control, drilling parameter design and site management, etc.
In this paper, we are going to do a summary of national and international technologies related to deep-hole complex-formation exploration drilling in areas of drilling equipment, drill rods and drill tools and drilling techniques. We will make a thorough study on the geological condition and down-hole characteristics of a deep-hole complex-formation drilling project in Yunan province, South China. We will then define the main challenges for the drilling tasks and raise key topics of the study. The study of this paper will focus on how to fulfill the tasks in drill-hole design, drilling equipment selection, drilling process set-up, drilling fluid utilization, drilling accident control, etc. with on-site examinations on the key operational techniques at the drilling project. With all the studies, this paper will lead to the following achievements:
1. Drill-hole design and drilling equipment selection
Based on the specific characteristics of the ground formation of the mine site and general principles of wire-line core drilling, this paper will introduce the guidelines for drill-hole design, drilling process selection and drilling fluid application, risk control and accident handling, as well as guidelines about how to use accessorial equipment for drilling and pumping.
2. Drilling process and techniques
Based on the complexity of the up-layer overburden and caving formations, this paper will analyze the general techniques of overburden drilling and then configure practical drilling process for the specific ground formation. It will also define the productive ways on how to select the drill bits, drill rods, drill tools and drilling parameters.
3. Drilling fluid system design
In view of the great ground stress existing at the mine site, this paper will stipulate the ways to predict the shear and collapse stress of the ground by testing the leaking rate and fluid density in the drill-hole. It is defined that the balance condition of the drill-hole is Pw+PH
Down-hole risk control and accident handling is key drilling technologies. This paper will explore in both theory and practice the application of ground stress prediction, stuck-point calculation, and drilling fluid control techniques to reduce and resolve drilling accidents effectively with output of innovative experiments in the field of exploration wire-line core drilling.
5. Research on application of key drilling technologies
This paper examines the use of press-break leaking test method to predict ground stress and leaking pressure, which provides a good foundation of fluid design and technique selection of the Yunnan drilling project. This paper also offers guidelines on the utilization of drilling fluid products in terms of fluid processing, fluid solid control, and fluid quality maintenance. This paper shows the feasibility of resolving drill-hole accidents in the way of stuck point prediction and stuck point handling.
The methods explored by this paper were tested at a drilling project in Yunnan province in South China, where all the drill holes were completed down to the designed depths (650-1500m).The result of the tests approves that those methodologies can be general guidelines for deep-hole complex-formation drilling operations.
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