储能功率变换系统（PCS）四桥臂功率变换器及其控制策略
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摘要
储能对构建智能电网和发展微网起到了重要推动作用，储能功率变换系统(PCS)作为储能设备和电网之间的能量传输通道，它是储能系统中的核心技术之一，四桥臂功率变换器及其控制策略决定并网电能质量和本地负载电能质量的优劣，因此研究储能功率变换系统中的四桥臂功率变换器具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。
本文以双级PCS中的四桥臂功率变换器为研究对象，从理论建模、仿真研究和实验验证等三方面深入、详实和全面的研究了非对称电网和非对称负载条件下四桥臂功率变换器的控制策略、空间矢量调制算法及其共模电压抑制、无扰动切换技术。论文的主要研究工作与创新如下：
①在三相静止坐标系、同步坐标系中建立了四桥臂功率变换器的开关函数模型，在此基础上推导了三相静止坐标系和同步坐标系中的低频大信号模型，为了便于用线性控制理论分析和研究其控制系统，又研究了四桥臂功率变换器的小信号模型。
②研究了三维空间矢量调制算法和四桥臂功率变换器产生共模电压的机理，并且分析了影响共模电压大小的因素，根据产生共模电压的机理，研究了四种抑制共模电压的方法。由于两个零状态矢量产生最大的共模电压，研究了无零矢量的空间矢量调制算法，该算法可使四桥臂功率变换器的共模电压减小50%；三对互补开关状态使四桥臂功率变换器不产生共模电压，据此，研究了基于相邻矢量的调制算法，该调制算法能彻底消除共模电压；在研究基于共模滤波器抑制共模电压的过程中，提出了一种能消除四桥臂功率变换器共模电压的有源共模滤波器。
③重点研究了四桥臂功率变换器的四种电流控制策略。基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS一般直接与三相四线制配电网相联，该电网的电压一般是不对称的，针对这种工况，本文研究了两种电流控制策略，即基于TSRF-PI(Tri-Synchronous Reference Rrame-PI)的电流控制策略和基于PI-RC(Proportional plus Integrate-Repeative Control）的电流控制策略。基于TSRF-PI的电流控制策略能有效抑制负序电压分量和零序电压分量对并网电流产生的扰动，提高了并网电流的质量；针对电网电压中含有谐波电压的工况，基于PI-RC的电流控制策略能抑制电压谐波对并网电流的扰动，从而四桥臂功率变换器可将对称的电流接入电网；本文还研究了基于SSRF-PI(Single-Synchronous Reference Rrame-PI)的电流控制策略、基于比例谐振算法的电流控制策略、PQ控制策略和四桥臂功率变换器的直流侧电压控制策略。
④基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS孤岛运行时，应能为本地非对称负载提供对称电压，本文研究了基于PI-RC的电压控制策略，该策略能使四桥臂功率变换器输出对称的负载电压，并且降低了负载电压的THD。
⑤三相四线制电网中不仅存在单相负载，而且存在不对称三相负载，甚至存在大量非线性负载，因此电网中性线上流有较大的畸变电流。为了减小中性线上的电流，本文提出了一种补偿本地负载电流的四桥臂功率变换器及其电流控制策略，该四桥臂功率变换器能补偿本地负载电流，有效降低了流入中性线的电流。
⑥基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS并网/孤岛切换对电网和本地负载会产生的冲击，为了降低对电网和负载产生的冲击、提高并网/孤岛切换的柔性，研究了基于频率自适应滤波器的锁相环、基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术和基于下垂算法的无扰动切换技术，两种无扰动切换技术均可使双级PCS能在并网状态和孤岛状态之间实现无扰动切换。
为了验证三维空间矢量调制算法、电流控制策略和基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术等策略的有效性，设计和研制了一台四桥臂功率变换器实验样机，对三维空间矢量调制算法，SSRF-PI、TSRF-PI、PI-RC等电流控制策略和基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术进行了深入的实验研究，获得了部分实验结果，对本文研究和提出的控制策略进行了有效地验证。
Energy storage system plays critical and positive function for establishing smart grid andpromoting Micro-grid to develop. The power conversion system (PCS) in energy storage is anavenue of exchanging energy between the grid and energy storage equipments, and it is one of keytechnologies.The four-leg power converter and its control strategies determine quality ofgrid-connected current and local loads’ voltage, so researching on power conversion system inenergy storage is of engineering value and important theoretical significance.
The four-leg power converter in the dual stage PCS is chosen as research object.Thorough,detailed and comprehensive research with respect to theoretical modeling, simulation investigationand experimental verifications are carried out.Control strategies for the four-leg power converterunder the asymmetry grid and the asymmetry loads, the three dimensions space vector pulsemodulation(3DSVPWM), common voltage suppress methods and seamless transferencetechnologies are all researched. The main research work and novel points are as follows:
①The mathematical models based on a switch function of the four-leg power converter arecreated in the three-phase stationary frame and the synchronous rotating reference frame. On thebasis, the low frequency large signal models are deduced in the three-phase stationary frame and thesynchronous rotating reference frame. To analyze and investigate the control system for the four-legpower converter, the small signal model of the four-leg power converter is explored.
②The3DSVPWM algorithm for the four-leg power converter and the mechanism to producethe common mode voltage is developed, then the reasons that the common mode voltage is producedby the four-leg converter are analyzed. The four methods of suppressing common mode voltage areresearched by the mechanism. The conclusion that two zero switch status vectors cause commonmode voltage to increase is drawn, so the nonzero space vectors modulation algorithm isresearched.This modulation algorithm can decrease the common mode voltage of the four-leg powerconverter by50%; The three pairs of complementary vectors lead the common mode voltage not toappear, hereby the modulation algorithm based on neighbor space voltage vectors is researched,Thismodulation algorithm can eliminate the common mode voltage of the four-leg power converter;while the methods of suppressing common mode voltage based on common mode filters arediscussed, An active common mode filter for eliminating common mode voltage is proposed in thisdissertation.
③The four sorts of current control strategies for the four-leg power converter are emphatically researched. The dual stage PCS based on a four-leg power converter usually is connected to thethree-phase four-wire system grid. The grid voltage usually is asymmetry, according to this workcondition, the two current control strategies are explored, the two current control methods are thecontrol strategy based on the TSRF-PI algorithm and the control strategy based on the PI-RCalgorithm, respectively. The current control strategy based on the TSRF-PI can affectively suppressdisturbances by negative sequence voltage and zero sequence voltage, then the quality ofgrid-connected current is improved.According to the distorted grid by harmonics，The currentcontrol strategy based on the PI-RC algorithm can eliminate the disturbances by harmonics.Thereafter, and the symmetry current is fed into the three-phase four-wire system grid by thefour-leg power converter. The current control strategies based on the SSRF-PI algorithm and thecurrent control strategy based on a proportional plus resonant algorithm are investigated, too. Thecontrol method for the DC side voltage and the PQ control strategy are researched in thisdissertation.
④The PCS based on a four-leg power converter is able to supply symmetry voltages forasymmetry three-phase loads under mode of stand-alone operation.The PI-RC voltage controlmethod is discussed.The four-leg power converter can output symmetry voltages through the voltagecontrol strategy, and the THD of the loads’ voltage is decreased
⑤There are a great of single phase loads, three-phase asymmetry loads and nonlinear loads inthe three-phase four-wire system grid, so the grid neutral wire carries a mount of distorted current.To decrease and compensate the current conducting in the neutral wire, the novel four-leg powerconverter and its current control strategy are proposed. The proposed four-leg power converter cancompensate the current of local loads, and the current flowing to the neutral wire is greatlydecreased.⑥The transferring between a mode of grid-connected operation and a mode of stand-aloneoperation leads to impulse on the grid voltage and the local load voltage.To reduce impulse on thegrid voltage and local load voltage and improve transference flexibility,the phase-locked loop baseda self-adaptive frequency filter is researched and the seamless transfer method based on a multi-loopback-feed control and the seamless transfer method based on a droop control algorithm areinvestigated respectively. The two seamless transfer technologies can both make the dual stage PCSrealize seamless transferring between a mode of grid-connected operation and a mode of stand-aloneoperation.
To verify the effectiveness and the practicability of the3DSVPWM, the researched currentcontrol strategies and the seamless transference technology based on a multi-loop back-feed control,a prototype of the four-leg power converter is designed and developed. Detailed and thoroughly experimental investigations are carried out, and the experimental results further confirm theeffectiveness and the feasibility of the3DSVPWM and the researched three sorts of current controlstrategies including the SSRF-PI, the TSRF-PI and the PI-RC. The validity of the seamlesstransferenec technology based on a multi-loop back-feed control is verified through experimentalresults.
本文以双级PCS中的四桥臂功率变换器为研究对象，从理论建模、仿真研究和实验验证等三方面深入、详实和全面的研究了非对称电网和非对称负载条件下四桥臂功率变换器的控制策略、空间矢量调制算法及其共模电压抑制、无扰动切换技术。论文的主要研究工作与创新如下：
①在三相静止坐标系、同步坐标系中建立了四桥臂功率变换器的开关函数模型，在此基础上推导了三相静止坐标系和同步坐标系中的低频大信号模型，为了便于用线性控制理论分析和研究其控制系统，又研究了四桥臂功率变换器的小信号模型。
②研究了三维空间矢量调制算法和四桥臂功率变换器产生共模电压的机理，并且分析了影响共模电压大小的因素，根据产生共模电压的机理，研究了四种抑制共模电压的方法。由于两个零状态矢量产生最大的共模电压，研究了无零矢量的空间矢量调制算法，该算法可使四桥臂功率变换器的共模电压减小50%；三对互补开关状态使四桥臂功率变换器不产生共模电压，据此，研究了基于相邻矢量的调制算法，该调制算法能彻底消除共模电压；在研究基于共模滤波器抑制共模电压的过程中，提出了一种能消除四桥臂功率变换器共模电压的有源共模滤波器。
③重点研究了四桥臂功率变换器的四种电流控制策略。基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS一般直接与三相四线制配电网相联，该电网的电压一般是不对称的，针对这种工况，本文研究了两种电流控制策略，即基于TSRF-PI(Tri-Synchronous Reference Rrame-PI)的电流控制策略和基于PI-RC(Proportional plus Integrate-Repeative Control）的电流控制策略。基于TSRF-PI的电流控制策略能有效抑制负序电压分量和零序电压分量对并网电流产生的扰动，提高了并网电流的质量；针对电网电压中含有谐波电压的工况，基于PI-RC的电流控制策略能抑制电压谐波对并网电流的扰动，从而四桥臂功率变换器可将对称的电流接入电网；本文还研究了基于SSRF-PI(Single-Synchronous Reference Rrame-PI)的电流控制策略、基于比例谐振算法的电流控制策略、PQ控制策略和四桥臂功率变换器的直流侧电压控制策略。
④基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS孤岛运行时，应能为本地非对称负载提供对称电压，本文研究了基于PI-RC的电压控制策略，该策略能使四桥臂功率变换器输出对称的负载电压，并且降低了负载电压的THD。
⑤三相四线制电网中不仅存在单相负载，而且存在不对称三相负载，甚至存在大量非线性负载，因此电网中性线上流有较大的畸变电流。为了减小中性线上的电流，本文提出了一种补偿本地负载电流的四桥臂功率变换器及其电流控制策略，该四桥臂功率变换器能补偿本地负载电流，有效降低了流入中性线的电流。
⑥基于四桥臂功率变换器的双级PCS并网/孤岛切换对电网和本地负载会产生的冲击，为了降低对电网和负载产生的冲击、提高并网/孤岛切换的柔性，研究了基于频率自适应滤波器的锁相环、基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术和基于下垂算法的无扰动切换技术，两种无扰动切换技术均可使双级PCS能在并网状态和孤岛状态之间实现无扰动切换。
为了验证三维空间矢量调制算法、电流控制策略和基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术等策略的有效性，设计和研制了一台四桥臂功率变换器实验样机，对三维空间矢量调制算法，SSRF-PI、TSRF-PI、PI-RC等电流控制策略和基于多环反馈控制的无扰动切换技术进行了深入的实验研究，获得了部分实验结果，对本文研究和提出的控制策略进行了有效地验证。
Energy storage system plays critical and positive function for establishing smart grid andpromoting Micro-grid to develop. The power conversion system (PCS) in energy storage is anavenue of exchanging energy between the grid and energy storage equipments, and it is one of keytechnologies.The four-leg power converter and its control strategies determine quality ofgrid-connected current and local loads’ voltage, so researching on power conversion system inenergy storage is of engineering value and important theoretical significance.
The four-leg power converter in the dual stage PCS is chosen as research object.Thorough,detailed and comprehensive research with respect to theoretical modeling, simulation investigationand experimental verifications are carried out.Control strategies for the four-leg power converterunder the asymmetry grid and the asymmetry loads, the three dimensions space vector pulsemodulation(3DSVPWM), common voltage suppress methods and seamless transferencetechnologies are all researched. The main research work and novel points are as follows:
①The mathematical models based on a switch function of the four-leg power converter arecreated in the three-phase stationary frame and the synchronous rotating reference frame. On thebasis, the low frequency large signal models are deduced in the three-phase stationary frame and thesynchronous rotating reference frame. To analyze and investigate the control system for the four-legpower converter, the small signal model of the four-leg power converter is explored.
②The3DSVPWM algorithm for the four-leg power converter and the mechanism to producethe common mode voltage is developed, then the reasons that the common mode voltage is producedby the four-leg converter are analyzed. The four methods of suppressing common mode voltage areresearched by the mechanism. The conclusion that two zero switch status vectors cause commonmode voltage to increase is drawn, so the nonzero space vectors modulation algorithm isresearched.This modulation algorithm can decrease the common mode voltage of the four-leg powerconverter by50%; The three pairs of complementary vectors lead the common mode voltage not toappear, hereby the modulation algorithm based on neighbor space voltage vectors is researched,Thismodulation algorithm can eliminate the common mode voltage of the four-leg power converter;while the methods of suppressing common mode voltage based on common mode filters arediscussed, An active common mode filter for eliminating common mode voltage is proposed in thisdissertation.
③The four sorts of current control strategies for the four-leg power converter are emphatically researched. The dual stage PCS based on a four-leg power converter usually is connected to thethree-phase four-wire system grid. The grid voltage usually is asymmetry, according to this workcondition, the two current control strategies are explored, the two current control methods are thecontrol strategy based on the TSRF-PI algorithm and the control strategy based on the PI-RCalgorithm, respectively. The current control strategy based on the TSRF-PI can affectively suppressdisturbances by negative sequence voltage and zero sequence voltage, then the quality ofgrid-connected current is improved.According to the distorted grid by harmonics，The currentcontrol strategy based on the PI-RC algorithm can eliminate the disturbances by harmonics.Thereafter, and the symmetry current is fed into the three-phase four-wire system grid by thefour-leg power converter. The current control strategies based on the SSRF-PI algorithm and thecurrent control strategy based on a proportional plus resonant algorithm are investigated, too. Thecontrol method for the DC side voltage and the PQ control strategy are researched in thisdissertation.
④The PCS based on a four-leg power converter is able to supply symmetry voltages forasymmetry three-phase loads under mode of stand-alone operation.The PI-RC voltage controlmethod is discussed.The four-leg power converter can output symmetry voltages through the voltagecontrol strategy, and the THD of the loads’ voltage is decreased
⑤There are a great of single phase loads, three-phase asymmetry loads and nonlinear loads inthe three-phase four-wire system grid, so the grid neutral wire carries a mount of distorted current.To decrease and compensate the current conducting in the neutral wire, the novel four-leg powerconverter and its current control strategy are proposed. The proposed four-leg power converter cancompensate the current of local loads, and the current flowing to the neutral wire is greatlydecreased.⑥The transferring between a mode of grid-connected operation and a mode of stand-aloneoperation leads to impulse on the grid voltage and the local load voltage.To reduce impulse on thegrid voltage and local load voltage and improve transference flexibility,the phase-locked loop baseda self-adaptive frequency filter is researched and the seamless transfer method based on a multi-loopback-feed control and the seamless transfer method based on a droop control algorithm areinvestigated respectively. The two seamless transfer technologies can both make the dual stage PCSrealize seamless transferring between a mode of grid-connected operation and a mode of stand-aloneoperation.
To verify the effectiveness and the practicability of the3DSVPWM, the researched currentcontrol strategies and the seamless transference technology based on a multi-loop back-feed control,a prototype of the four-leg power converter is designed and developed. Detailed and thoroughly experimental investigations are carried out, and the experimental results further confirm theeffectiveness and the feasibility of the3DSVPWM and the researched three sorts of current controlstrategies including the SSRF-PI, the TSRF-PI and the PI-RC. The validity of the seamlesstransferenec technology based on a multi-loop back-feed control is verified through experimentalresults.
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