小麦抗蚜机制研究及利用植物介导的RNAi创制小麦抗蚜新种质
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摘要
麦蚜是小麦生产中的主要害虫之一,麦蚜通过吸取植物汁液、排泄蜜露、分泌毒素、传播病害等方式严重影响小麦产量和品质。近年来,随着麦田水肥条件的改善和农业生态环境的变化,麦蚜危害日趋加重；我国麦蚜防治主要依靠杀虫剂,不仅有害人类健康,而且污染环境,甚至造成害虫产生抗药性。本文通过对孕穗期和灌浆期小麦品种(系)的田间抗蚜性进行评价,研究抗、感蚜小麦的生理生化机制,旨在为下一步抗蚜育种提供参考；并以植物介导的RNAi技术创制抗麦长管蚜新种质。主要研究内容如下：
1、本研究在自然感虫的条件下,于2010/2011和2011/2012年度在中国农业大学上庄实验站采用蚜量比值法分别对孕穗期和灌浆期的150份小麦品种进行田间抗蚜性鉴定,结果表明,08P20、KOK1679、衡6632、冀38、临抗15号和漯麦4号等6个品种(系)在孕穗期和灌浆期达到中抗及以上水平。利用55对SSR标记检测了43份不同抗蚜性品种(系)的遗传多样性；其中等位变异共有370个,平均每个引物检测6.7个,等位变异范围为2～18个；多态性信息量在0.04～0.88之间,平均为0.65；43个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离在0.30～0.90之间,平均为0.52;SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0.55处将43个材料分为5大类群。
2、对小麦灌浆期生理机制、形态特征与其蚜量比值进行了研究,结果表明,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数、旗叶长和抽穗期与其蚜量比值呈显著相关,而旗叶宽、叶夹角、穗下节长、芒长和穗密度与抗蚜水平无显著相关。蚜虫侵染小麦植株后,旗叶游离脯氨酸含量、总酚含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均比对照增加,且增加量与抗蚜水平呈显著相关；蚜虫侵染会使旗叶可溶性糖含量和总蛋白含量比对照降低,且损失量与抗蚜水平呈显著相关。
3、克隆了麦长管蚜羧酸酯酶基因(CbE E4)、脂蛋白脂肪酶基因(LPL)和嗅觉相关蛋白Gqa基因片段,CbE E4与豌豆蚜(GenBank:X74554)序列相似性为83.1%,LPL片段与豌豆蚜序列(GenBank:XM-0019507372; XM-001944358.2; FF314537)相似性分别为86.79%、75.37%、78.86%,Gqa基因与麦长管蚜序列(GenBank:EF638906)相似性为98%。麦长管蚜不同龄期(1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄、成虫)的CbE E4表达量呈上调趋势,而LPL基因和Gqa基因在不同龄期表达量无显著差异,且辛硫磷溶液能够诱导3个基因表达量比对照增加。
转羧酸酯酶基因株系dsCbE1-5和dsCbE2-2使麦长管蚜CbE E4表达量显著降低、羧酸酯酶活性降低,并抑制了麦长管蚜繁殖量。麦长管蚜取食转脂蛋白脂肪酶基因株系dsLPL-1和dsLPL-4第5天时,能分别使麦长管蚜脂蛋白脂肪酶基因表达量比对照下调27.6%、11.4%；其中dsLPL-1能显著抑制麦长管蚜的繁殖率,而dsLPL-4对麦长管蚜繁殖率无显著影响。蚜虫取食转嗅觉相关蛋白基因株系dsGqa6-4叶片第1天、3天和7天,分别使Gqa基因表达量比对照下调6.8%、11.4%、12.8%,当麦长管蚜取食转基因株系第11天时,转基因株系上的蚜虫总量比对照减少了21%；当麦长管蚜取食转基因株系dsGqa6-4第15天时,蚜虫总量比对照减少了26%,但未达到显著水平。
Wheat aphid, an important pest in the wheat planting areas of China, can cause considerable damages to wheat production and quality by sucking plant juice, excreting of honeydew, and spreading virus, respectively. With the changes of irrigation conditions and agricultural ecological environment, the wheat production and quality were easily affected by aphids in recent years. The Chemical pesticides are now used to control the wheat aphids, which may lead to many problems about human health, environment and pest resistance in using pesticides. In order to offere reference to crop breeding for aphid resistance, resistant varieties and lines to aphid were screened from150materials in2010/11and2011/12in this study, and then their morphological characters and physiological traits were studied. The transgenic wheat lines for aphid-resistance were developed by using plant-mediated RNAi. The key results are as follows:
1,150wheat accessions were evaluated to aphid at booting stage and grain-filling stage in field conditions in2010/11and2011/12in Shangzhuang experiment stations of china agricultural university. The results showed that6resistant varieties/lines,08P20, KOK1679, Heng6632, Ji38, Lingkang15and Luomai4showed resistant to aphids.43wheat varieties/lines with different degrees of aphid resistance were studied by55SSR markers to explore the genetic diversity. Fifty-five markers were screened and a total of370allelic variants were detected in43wheat varieties, ranging from2to18alleles per marker with an average value of6.7. The PIC (polymorphism information contents) for each polymorphic primer varied from0.02-0.91, with an average value of0.65. The mean genetic distance (GD) among43genotypes was0.52, varying from0.3-0.90, and43varieties were clustered into five groups under the genetic distance.
2, There were correlation between Plant height, spike length, spikelet number, flag leaf length, growing period and the ratio of aphid number, but there were not associated between peduncle length, awn length, spikelet density and ratio of aphid numbers. The physiological responses of6wheat genotypes to Sitobion avense (Hemiptera:Aphidoidea) were examined in grain-filling stage. Soluble sugar content, protein content and chlorophyll content of6cultivars showed a general trend of reduction after aphid-infestation compared to their respective controls. However, it showed that there were relatively higher content of free proline, total phenols and phenylalanine ammonialyase activity after aphid-infestation, and the susceptible cultivars had greater increases compared to resistant cultivars.
3, Three fragment of Carboxylesterase gene (CbE E4), Lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL) and Gqa gene were cloned by using specific primers. The fragment of CbE E4gene was sequenced, and its nucleotide sequence homology with Myzus persicae was83.1%. The fragment of LPL gene were sequenced and the nucleotide sequence homology with pea aphid (GenBank:XM-0019507372, XM-001944358.2, FF314537) LPL were86.79%,75.37%,78.86%, respectively. The cDNA sequences of Gqa fragment showed98.1%similarity to previous study (GenBank:EF638906). There was continuous higher expression in different development of aphid, but LPL and Gqa gene showed no significantly expression. Those3genes could be up-regulated by phoxim solution.
The RNAi vectors were transferred to embryo callus of wheat by particle bombardment. Bioassays were performed by applying neonate aphids to homozygous transgenic plants in the T2and T3generation. Results revealed that continuous feeding of transgenic diet reduced CbE E4mRNA level in the fed S. avenae and inhibited CbE E4enzyme activity and insect reproduction. LPL mRNA level in the fed aphids was reduced of7.6%and11.4%afer feeding transgenic plants of dsLPL-1and dsLPL-4for five days, and the transgenic plant of dsLPL-1can significantly inhibited S. avenae reproduction, but the aphid reproduction was not affect by dsLPL-4. The Gqa mRNA level were respectively reduced of6.8%,11.4%and18.7%for1days,3days and7days; the reproduction of aphid was inhibited of21%and26%for11and15days on transgenic line of dsGqa6-4.
1、本研究在自然感虫的条件下,于2010/2011和2011/2012年度在中国农业大学上庄实验站采用蚜量比值法分别对孕穗期和灌浆期的150份小麦品种进行田间抗蚜性鉴定,结果表明,08P20、KOK1679、衡6632、冀38、临抗15号和漯麦4号等6个品种(系)在孕穗期和灌浆期达到中抗及以上水平。利用55对SSR标记检测了43份不同抗蚜性品种(系)的遗传多样性；其中等位变异共有370个,平均每个引物检测6.7个,等位变异范围为2～18个；多态性信息量在0.04～0.88之间,平均为0.65；43个小麦品种间的相对遗传距离在0.30～0.90之间,平均为0.52;SSR标记聚类分析在相对遗传距离为0.55处将43个材料分为5大类群。
2、对小麦灌浆期生理机制、形态特征与其蚜量比值进行了研究,结果表明,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数、旗叶长和抽穗期与其蚜量比值呈显著相关,而旗叶宽、叶夹角、穗下节长、芒长和穗密度与抗蚜水平无显著相关。蚜虫侵染小麦植株后,旗叶游离脯氨酸含量、总酚含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均比对照增加,且增加量与抗蚜水平呈显著相关；蚜虫侵染会使旗叶可溶性糖含量和总蛋白含量比对照降低,且损失量与抗蚜水平呈显著相关。
3、克隆了麦长管蚜羧酸酯酶基因(CbE E4)、脂蛋白脂肪酶基因(LPL)和嗅觉相关蛋白Gqa基因片段,CbE E4与豌豆蚜(GenBank:X74554)序列相似性为83.1%,LPL片段与豌豆蚜序列(GenBank:XM-0019507372; XM-001944358.2; FF314537)相似性分别为86.79%、75.37%、78.86%,Gqa基因与麦长管蚜序列(GenBank:EF638906)相似性为98%。麦长管蚜不同龄期(1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄、成虫)的CbE E4表达量呈上调趋势,而LPL基因和Gqa基因在不同龄期表达量无显著差异,且辛硫磷溶液能够诱导3个基因表达量比对照增加。
转羧酸酯酶基因株系dsCbE1-5和dsCbE2-2使麦长管蚜CbE E4表达量显著降低、羧酸酯酶活性降低,并抑制了麦长管蚜繁殖量。麦长管蚜取食转脂蛋白脂肪酶基因株系dsLPL-1和dsLPL-4第5天时,能分别使麦长管蚜脂蛋白脂肪酶基因表达量比对照下调27.6%、11.4%；其中dsLPL-1能显著抑制麦长管蚜的繁殖率,而dsLPL-4对麦长管蚜繁殖率无显著影响。蚜虫取食转嗅觉相关蛋白基因株系dsGqa6-4叶片第1天、3天和7天,分别使Gqa基因表达量比对照下调6.8%、11.4%、12.8%,当麦长管蚜取食转基因株系第11天时,转基因株系上的蚜虫总量比对照减少了21%；当麦长管蚜取食转基因株系dsGqa6-4第15天时,蚜虫总量比对照减少了26%,但未达到显著水平。
Wheat aphid, an important pest in the wheat planting areas of China, can cause considerable damages to wheat production and quality by sucking plant juice, excreting of honeydew, and spreading virus, respectively. With the changes of irrigation conditions and agricultural ecological environment, the wheat production and quality were easily affected by aphids in recent years. The Chemical pesticides are now used to control the wheat aphids, which may lead to many problems about human health, environment and pest resistance in using pesticides. In order to offere reference to crop breeding for aphid resistance, resistant varieties and lines to aphid were screened from150materials in2010/11and2011/12in this study, and then their morphological characters and physiological traits were studied. The transgenic wheat lines for aphid-resistance were developed by using plant-mediated RNAi. The key results are as follows:
1,150wheat accessions were evaluated to aphid at booting stage and grain-filling stage in field conditions in2010/11and2011/12in Shangzhuang experiment stations of china agricultural university. The results showed that6resistant varieties/lines,08P20, KOK1679, Heng6632, Ji38, Lingkang15and Luomai4showed resistant to aphids.43wheat varieties/lines with different degrees of aphid resistance were studied by55SSR markers to explore the genetic diversity. Fifty-five markers were screened and a total of370allelic variants were detected in43wheat varieties, ranging from2to18alleles per marker with an average value of6.7. The PIC (polymorphism information contents) for each polymorphic primer varied from0.02-0.91, with an average value of0.65. The mean genetic distance (GD) among43genotypes was0.52, varying from0.3-0.90, and43varieties were clustered into five groups under the genetic distance.
2, There were correlation between Plant height, spike length, spikelet number, flag leaf length, growing period and the ratio of aphid number, but there were not associated between peduncle length, awn length, spikelet density and ratio of aphid numbers. The physiological responses of6wheat genotypes to Sitobion avense (Hemiptera:Aphidoidea) were examined in grain-filling stage. Soluble sugar content, protein content and chlorophyll content of6cultivars showed a general trend of reduction after aphid-infestation compared to their respective controls. However, it showed that there were relatively higher content of free proline, total phenols and phenylalanine ammonialyase activity after aphid-infestation, and the susceptible cultivars had greater increases compared to resistant cultivars.
3, Three fragment of Carboxylesterase gene (CbE E4), Lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL) and Gqa gene were cloned by using specific primers. The fragment of CbE E4gene was sequenced, and its nucleotide sequence homology with Myzus persicae was83.1%. The fragment of LPL gene were sequenced and the nucleotide sequence homology with pea aphid (GenBank:XM-0019507372, XM-001944358.2, FF314537) LPL were86.79%,75.37%,78.86%, respectively. The cDNA sequences of Gqa fragment showed98.1%similarity to previous study (GenBank:EF638906). There was continuous higher expression in different development of aphid, but LPL and Gqa gene showed no significantly expression. Those3genes could be up-regulated by phoxim solution.
The RNAi vectors were transferred to embryo callus of wheat by particle bombardment. Bioassays were performed by applying neonate aphids to homozygous transgenic plants in the T2and T3generation. Results revealed that continuous feeding of transgenic diet reduced CbE E4mRNA level in the fed S. avenae and inhibited CbE E4enzyme activity and insect reproduction. LPL mRNA level in the fed aphids was reduced of7.6%and11.4%afer feeding transgenic plants of dsLPL-1and dsLPL-4for five days, and the transgenic plant of dsLPL-1can significantly inhibited S. avenae reproduction, but the aphid reproduction was not affect by dsLPL-4. The Gqa mRNA level were respectively reduced of6.8%,11.4%and18.7%for1days,3days and7days; the reproduction of aphid was inhibited of21%and26%for11and15days on transgenic line of dsGqa6-4.
引文
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