摄入糖—蛋白质饮料对男性力量项目运动员抗阻运动后雄激素代谢的影响
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摘要
目的：
力量素质是运动员最重要的身体素质之一，抗阻运动是提高力量素质重要的训练方法。训练实践中多采用营养补充的方法来促进抗阻运动后疲劳的恢复和力量能力的提高。已有的研究多集中在观察补充纯糖饮料对运动能力的影响，而观察补充糖加蛋白质饮料这种近年来国际运动营养学界推荐的营养方法对机体运动能力促进和提高的研究较少。本次研究通过观察抗阻运动中摄入糖加蛋白质饮料对机体雄激素代谢的影响，探讨摄入糖加蛋白质饮料对男性力量项目运动员抗阻运动后机体运动能力恢复的功效。
方法：
急性（一次性抗阻运动）实验选择18名男性力量项目运动员作为受试者。受试者随机分为3组，分别为糖加高蛋白质组（HP组，CHO:PRO=3:1），糖加低蛋白质组（LP组，CHO:PRO=6:1）和纯糖组（C组）。摄入饮料总量为15ml·kg体重-1，CHO浓度为8%。运动前30min，运动中和运动后30min分别补充6ml·kg体重-1，3ml·kg体重-1，和6ml·kg体重-1。抗阻运动动作为先深蹲后卧推，负荷为70%1RM，4组，每组重复8次，组间休息60s，4组完成后休息90s，变换强度为50%1RM，组数、组间休息时间不变，深蹲完成后休息150s再进行卧推，运动负荷与深蹲相同。采集安静值、运动后即刻、恢复期3h和运动后次日晨静脉血样本；采集安静值、运动后即刻、运动后次日晨尿样本；测定血、尿雄激素及其他运动监控指标。组内各时间点之间比较采用重复测量方差分析，组间比较采用单因素方差分析。
慢性（3周抗阻运动）实验选择10名青年男性古典式摔跤项目运动员作为受试者。受试者随机分为3组，各组在3阶段分别采用糖加高蛋白质组（HP组），糖加低蛋白质（LP组）和纯糖组（C组）进行营养补充即干预3周后经2周清洗期后交叉进行营养补充，补充量、时间点与急性实验相同。所有受试者进行每周3次器械抗阻训练，训练计划为：卧推、深蹲、爬拉和硬拉，运动负荷为90%1RM，6组×4次，各组间间歇时间为2.5min；其余训练课为垫上对抗训练。测定各受试者每次干预周期前后绝对力量和专项力量，空腹体成分，血、尿液雄激素及其他运动监控指标。各干预周期前后各组内变化采用配对样本t检验，各阶段组间比较采用3阶段交叉设计的方差分析。
结果：
急性实验中（：1）血清游离睾酮（FT）：HP组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.01），运动后3h升高，运动后次日晨下降（P<0.05）。LP组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.05），运动后3h升高（P>0.05），运动后次日晨显著下降（P<0.01）。C组运动后即刻，运动后3h无显著变化（P>0.05），运动后次日晨显著降低（P<0.05）。组间比较运动后即刻、运动后3h、运动后次日晨C组显著高于HP、LP组。
（2）血清性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）：HP和LP变化规律相同，运动后即刻无变化，运动后3h显著下降（P<0.05），运动后次日晨回升（P<0.05）。C组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.05），运动后3h显著下降（P<0.05），运动后次日晨有升高趋势但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。组间比较运动后次日晨C组显著低于HP、LP组（P<0.05）。
（3）尿雄激素除HP组5α-雄烷二醇，5β-雄烷二醇运动后次日晨显著升高（P<0.05）外，其余各雄激素表现运动后即刻升高，运动后次日晨下降。
慢性实验中：（1）运动能力：HP组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都有显著性增加（P<0.01）。LP组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都有增加，其中深蹲和硬拉有显著性增加（P<0.05），卧推力量增加，但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。C组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都表现为升高，但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。各组间比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。
（2）体成分变化，HP组肌肉量显著升高（P<0.05），其余各组无显著性差异。
（3）尿中各种雄激素除HP组5α-雄烷二醇出现显著性升高外（P<0.05），其余各组均无显著性变化。
（4）血清睾酮值与肌酐矫正的尿表睾酮和本胆烷醇酮值呈非常显著性相关（P<0.01），相关系数分别是0.516和0.491。结论：
（1）在一次抗阻运动过程中摄入HP（CHO:PRO=3:1）和LP（CHO:PRO=6:1）饮料，恢复期内血清性激素结合球蛋白水平显著高于摄入C（纯糖）饮料。摄入糖-蛋白质饮料能促进男性力量项目运动员抗阻运动后机体组织同化作用，能促进机体运动能力的恢复和提高。
（2）在一次抗阻运动过程中摄入HP的饮料能改变男性力量项目运动员运动后体内雄激素的代谢特征，摄入LP及C饮料未见雄激素代谢特征变化。摄入HP饮料能够促进男性力量项目运动员一次抗阻运动后体内睾酮向双氢睾酮转化，能促进运动后疲劳的恢复和提高机体运动能力。
（3）在3周抗阻运动过程中摄入HP饮料能改变男性力量项目运动员体内雄性激素代谢特征，摄入LP及C饮料雄激素代谢特征无显著变化。在3周抗阻运动过程中摄入HP饮料能促进男性力量项目运动员体内睾酮向双氢睾酮转化，能促进运动后疲劳的恢复和提高机体运动能力。
（4）尿内雄性激素表睾酮和本胆烷醇酮与血睾酮存在非常显著相关，且无创和易于采样，可以作为运动监控指标，对男性力量项目运动员的运动训练适应情况进行个体长期纵向监控。
Purposes:
Strength quality is the most important physical quality of athletes. Resistanceexercise is important training method to improve strength quality. Nutritionalsupplement methods are used in training practice to promote fatigue recovery afterresistance exercise and improve the capability of strength. A lot of existing studiesfocused on the influence of athletic ability after supplementing pure carbohydratedrinks. But the research is less on carbohydrate plus protein drink to promote sportperformance. The latter nutrient method is preferred in the field of international sportsnutrition recently. The study is designed to research the influence of the carbohydrateplus protein drinks on the sports performance and fatigue recovery to the malestrength event athletes during resistance exercise by observing the effect ofcarbohydrate plus protein supplementation on androgen metabolism after resistanceexercise.
Methods:
In a bout resistance exercise, an acute experiment，18male strength eventathletes as the subjects were divided into three groups randomly. They arecarbohydrate plus high-protein group (group HP, CHO: PRO=3:1), carbohydrateplus low-protein group (group LP, CHO: PRO=6:1) and carbohydrate-only group(group C).
Total volume of beverage is15ml·kg-1, the CHO concentration is8%，30minutes before, in process and30minutes post exercise, intake volume is6ml·kg-1,3ml·kg-1, and6ml·kg-1respectively. The activity of resistance exercise is squat andbench press in turns.4sets of8repetitions were completed at70%of1-RM for squat with60-second rest between each set and90-second rest after the fourth set. After that,4sets of squatswere performed at50%of1-RM with the same rest time between each set and150-second restafter the fourth set. And then, bench press exercises were followed with the same sport load as thesquat exercises. The venous blood was drawn immediately before and after exercise,3hours after exercise and the next morning after exercise respectively. The urine was also collected at rest and after exercise and the next morning after exercise. ANOVAof repeated measurement was used to compare intra-group variables in fixed timepoints. One-way ANOVA was used to compare inter-group variables.
In3-week resistance exercise, a chronic experiment，10male Greco-romanwrestling athletes as the subjects were divided into three groups randomly. They werecarbohydrate plus high-protein group (group HP), carbohydrate plus low-proteingroup (group LP) and carbohydrate-only group (group C). The quantity and time pointfor nutritional supplement is the same as the acute experiment. All subjects completedthe instrument resistance training3times a week. The training activities were benchpress, squat, pull up and dead left. And the exercise load was90%of1RM,6sets×4reps,2.5mins rest between sets; The others session was cushion training. The chronicexperiment was designed by cross-over trial design. Each group received the3-weekintervention and2-week wash-out to observe the absolute strength and specialstrength before and after each intervention period, the body composition with emptystomach, blood androgen and urine androgen ect.. Paired samples test was used tocompare intra-group differences.3-period cross-over analysis of variance was used tocompare inter-group difference.
Results:
In the acute experiment:(1) Serum free testosterone (FT) in HP group droppedsignificantly (P<0.01) immediately after exercise, increased (P<0.05)3h afterexercise, and then decreased (P<0.05) next morning after exercise. FT in LP groupdropped significantly (P<0.05) immediately after exercise, increased (P<0.05)3hafter exercise, and then decreased significantly (P<0.01) the next morning afterexercise. FT in Group C had no change immediately and3h after exercise, butdropped sharply（P<0.05）the next morning after exercise. In comparison amonggroups, FT in group C is significantly higher than that in HP, LP group afterimmediately exercise,3h after exercise and the next morning after exercise.
(2) Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in HP and LP group has samevariation trend. There is no changed immediately after exercise. but it droppedsignificantly (P<0.05)3h after exercise, subsequently increased (P<0.05) next morning after exercise. SHBG in Group C dropped significantly immediately afterexercise (P<0.01) and3h after exercise (P<0.05), and then increased the nextmorning after exercise. By comparison among groups, the group C is obviously lowerthan that in HP and LP group the next morning after exercise.
(3) Urine androgens increased immediately after exercise, and then declined thenext morning except5α-diol and5β-diol of HP group, which increased significantly(P<0.05) the next morning after exercise.
In chronic experiments:(1) Sports performance: absolute strength in HP groupincluding bench press, squats and dead left increased significantly (P<0.01). Absolutestrength in LP group including squats and dead left increased significantly (P<0.05).Bench press increased, but there was no significant change (P>0.05). Absolutestrength in C group including bench press, squats and dead left increased, but therewas no significant change (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant differenceamong groups (P>0.05).
(2) In the comparison of body composition there was no significant difference ingroups except significant increase in muscle mass of HP group (P<0.05).
(3) There is no significant change in urine androgens among3groups except thesignificant increase of5α-diol in HP group（P<0.05）.
(4) Serum testosterone and the values of urine epitestosterone andetiocholanolone corrected by creatinine had significant correlation (P<0.01) and thecorrelation coefficient is0.516and0.491respectively.Conclusions:
During the process of a bout resistance exercise, HP (CHO: PRO=3:1) and LP(CHO: PRO=6:1) beverage intake causes serum sex hormone-binding globulinlevels in recovery period significantly higher than the intake of C (pure carbohydrate)Beverage. The intake of carbohydrate plus protein drinks can promote the bodytissues assimilation of male strength athletes after resistance exercise and improve thesports performance of male strength athletes.
HP beverage intake during a bout resistance exercise can change the androgenicmetabolic profile of male strength athletes, while LP and C beverage intakes do not show any change at all. HP beverage intake can promote testosterone todihydrotestosterone conversion of male strength athletes after a bout resistanceexercise and relieve fatigue after exercise and improve sports performance.
HP beverage intake during3-week resistance exercise can change the androgenicmetabolic profile of male strength athletes. However, LP and C beverage intakes donot show the change. HP beverage intake can promote testosterone todihydrotestosterone conversion of male strength athletes during3-week resistanceexercise，relieve fatigue after exercise and improve sports performance of the athletes.
Owing to the non-invasive and easy sampling， epitestosterone （ET） andetiocholanolone (Etio) in the urine can be employed as a new sport monitoring indexfor the long-term and longitudinal supervision to the training of male strength athletes.
力量素质是运动员最重要的身体素质之一，抗阻运动是提高力量素质重要的训练方法。训练实践中多采用营养补充的方法来促进抗阻运动后疲劳的恢复和力量能力的提高。已有的研究多集中在观察补充纯糖饮料对运动能力的影响，而观察补充糖加蛋白质饮料这种近年来国际运动营养学界推荐的营养方法对机体运动能力促进和提高的研究较少。本次研究通过观察抗阻运动中摄入糖加蛋白质饮料对机体雄激素代谢的影响，探讨摄入糖加蛋白质饮料对男性力量项目运动员抗阻运动后机体运动能力恢复的功效。
方法：
急性（一次性抗阻运动）实验选择18名男性力量项目运动员作为受试者。受试者随机分为3组，分别为糖加高蛋白质组（HP组，CHO:PRO=3:1），糖加低蛋白质组（LP组，CHO:PRO=6:1）和纯糖组（C组）。摄入饮料总量为15ml·kg体重-1，CHO浓度为8%。运动前30min，运动中和运动后30min分别补充6ml·kg体重-1，3ml·kg体重-1，和6ml·kg体重-1。抗阻运动动作为先深蹲后卧推，负荷为70%1RM，4组，每组重复8次，组间休息60s，4组完成后休息90s，变换强度为50%1RM，组数、组间休息时间不变，深蹲完成后休息150s再进行卧推，运动负荷与深蹲相同。采集安静值、运动后即刻、恢复期3h和运动后次日晨静脉血样本；采集安静值、运动后即刻、运动后次日晨尿样本；测定血、尿雄激素及其他运动监控指标。组内各时间点之间比较采用重复测量方差分析，组间比较采用单因素方差分析。
慢性（3周抗阻运动）实验选择10名青年男性古典式摔跤项目运动员作为受试者。受试者随机分为3组，各组在3阶段分别采用糖加高蛋白质组（HP组），糖加低蛋白质（LP组）和纯糖组（C组）进行营养补充即干预3周后经2周清洗期后交叉进行营养补充，补充量、时间点与急性实验相同。所有受试者进行每周3次器械抗阻训练，训练计划为：卧推、深蹲、爬拉和硬拉，运动负荷为90%1RM，6组×4次，各组间间歇时间为2.5min；其余训练课为垫上对抗训练。测定各受试者每次干预周期前后绝对力量和专项力量，空腹体成分，血、尿液雄激素及其他运动监控指标。各干预周期前后各组内变化采用配对样本t检验，各阶段组间比较采用3阶段交叉设计的方差分析。
结果：
急性实验中（：1）血清游离睾酮（FT）：HP组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.01），运动后3h升高，运动后次日晨下降（P<0.05）。LP组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.05），运动后3h升高（P>0.05），运动后次日晨显著下降（P<0.01）。C组运动后即刻，运动后3h无显著变化（P>0.05），运动后次日晨显著降低（P<0.05）。组间比较运动后即刻、运动后3h、运动后次日晨C组显著高于HP、LP组。
（2）血清性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG）：HP和LP变化规律相同，运动后即刻无变化，运动后3h显著下降（P<0.05），运动后次日晨回升（P<0.05）。C组运动后即刻显著下降（P<0.05），运动后3h显著下降（P<0.05），运动后次日晨有升高趋势但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。组间比较运动后次日晨C组显著低于HP、LP组（P<0.05）。
（3）尿雄激素除HP组5α-雄烷二醇，5β-雄烷二醇运动后次日晨显著升高（P<0.05）外，其余各雄激素表现运动后即刻升高，运动后次日晨下降。
慢性实验中：（1）运动能力：HP组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都有显著性增加（P<0.01）。LP组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都有增加，其中深蹲和硬拉有显著性增加（P<0.05），卧推力量增加，但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。C组受试者绝对力量包括卧推、深蹲和硬拉都表现为升高，但无显著性变化（P>0.05）。各组间比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。
（2）体成分变化，HP组肌肉量显著升高（P<0.05），其余各组无显著性差异。
（3）尿中各种雄激素除HP组5α-雄烷二醇出现显著性升高外（P<0.05），其余各组均无显著性变化。
（4）血清睾酮值与肌酐矫正的尿表睾酮和本胆烷醇酮值呈非常显著性相关（P<0.01），相关系数分别是0.516和0.491。结论：
（1）在一次抗阻运动过程中摄入HP（CHO:PRO=3:1）和LP（CHO:PRO=6:1）饮料，恢复期内血清性激素结合球蛋白水平显著高于摄入C（纯糖）饮料。摄入糖-蛋白质饮料能促进男性力量项目运动员抗阻运动后机体组织同化作用，能促进机体运动能力的恢复和提高。
（2）在一次抗阻运动过程中摄入HP的饮料能改变男性力量项目运动员运动后体内雄激素的代谢特征，摄入LP及C饮料未见雄激素代谢特征变化。摄入HP饮料能够促进男性力量项目运动员一次抗阻运动后体内睾酮向双氢睾酮转化，能促进运动后疲劳的恢复和提高机体运动能力。
（3）在3周抗阻运动过程中摄入HP饮料能改变男性力量项目运动员体内雄性激素代谢特征，摄入LP及C饮料雄激素代谢特征无显著变化。在3周抗阻运动过程中摄入HP饮料能促进男性力量项目运动员体内睾酮向双氢睾酮转化，能促进运动后疲劳的恢复和提高机体运动能力。
（4）尿内雄性激素表睾酮和本胆烷醇酮与血睾酮存在非常显著相关，且无创和易于采样，可以作为运动监控指标，对男性力量项目运动员的运动训练适应情况进行个体长期纵向监控。
Purposes:
Strength quality is the most important physical quality of athletes. Resistanceexercise is important training method to improve strength quality. Nutritionalsupplement methods are used in training practice to promote fatigue recovery afterresistance exercise and improve the capability of strength. A lot of existing studiesfocused on the influence of athletic ability after supplementing pure carbohydratedrinks. But the research is less on carbohydrate plus protein drink to promote sportperformance. The latter nutrient method is preferred in the field of international sportsnutrition recently. The study is designed to research the influence of the carbohydrateplus protein drinks on the sports performance and fatigue recovery to the malestrength event athletes during resistance exercise by observing the effect ofcarbohydrate plus protein supplementation on androgen metabolism after resistanceexercise.
Methods:
In a bout resistance exercise, an acute experiment，18male strength eventathletes as the subjects were divided into three groups randomly. They arecarbohydrate plus high-protein group (group HP, CHO: PRO=3:1), carbohydrateplus low-protein group (group LP, CHO: PRO=6:1) and carbohydrate-only group(group C).
Total volume of beverage is15ml·kg-1, the CHO concentration is8%，30minutes before, in process and30minutes post exercise, intake volume is6ml·kg-1,3ml·kg-1, and6ml·kg-1respectively. The activity of resistance exercise is squat andbench press in turns.4sets of8repetitions were completed at70%of1-RM for squat with60-second rest between each set and90-second rest after the fourth set. After that,4sets of squatswere performed at50%of1-RM with the same rest time between each set and150-second restafter the fourth set. And then, bench press exercises were followed with the same sport load as thesquat exercises. The venous blood was drawn immediately before and after exercise,3hours after exercise and the next morning after exercise respectively. The urine was also collected at rest and after exercise and the next morning after exercise. ANOVAof repeated measurement was used to compare intra-group variables in fixed timepoints. One-way ANOVA was used to compare inter-group variables.
In3-week resistance exercise, a chronic experiment，10male Greco-romanwrestling athletes as the subjects were divided into three groups randomly. They werecarbohydrate plus high-protein group (group HP), carbohydrate plus low-proteingroup (group LP) and carbohydrate-only group (group C). The quantity and time pointfor nutritional supplement is the same as the acute experiment. All subjects completedthe instrument resistance training3times a week. The training activities were benchpress, squat, pull up and dead left. And the exercise load was90%of1RM,6sets×4reps,2.5mins rest between sets; The others session was cushion training. The chronicexperiment was designed by cross-over trial design. Each group received the3-weekintervention and2-week wash-out to observe the absolute strength and specialstrength before and after each intervention period, the body composition with emptystomach, blood androgen and urine androgen ect.. Paired samples test was used tocompare intra-group differences.3-period cross-over analysis of variance was used tocompare inter-group difference.
Results:
In the acute experiment:(1) Serum free testosterone (FT) in HP group droppedsignificantly (P<0.01) immediately after exercise, increased (P<0.05)3h afterexercise, and then decreased (P<0.05) next morning after exercise. FT in LP groupdropped significantly (P<0.05) immediately after exercise, increased (P<0.05)3hafter exercise, and then decreased significantly (P<0.01) the next morning afterexercise. FT in Group C had no change immediately and3h after exercise, butdropped sharply（P<0.05）the next morning after exercise. In comparison amonggroups, FT in group C is significantly higher than that in HP, LP group afterimmediately exercise,3h after exercise and the next morning after exercise.
(2) Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in HP and LP group has samevariation trend. There is no changed immediately after exercise. but it droppedsignificantly (P<0.05)3h after exercise, subsequently increased (P<0.05) next morning after exercise. SHBG in Group C dropped significantly immediately afterexercise (P<0.01) and3h after exercise (P<0.05), and then increased the nextmorning after exercise. By comparison among groups, the group C is obviously lowerthan that in HP and LP group the next morning after exercise.
(3) Urine androgens increased immediately after exercise, and then declined thenext morning except5α-diol and5β-diol of HP group, which increased significantly(P<0.05) the next morning after exercise.
In chronic experiments:(1) Sports performance: absolute strength in HP groupincluding bench press, squats and dead left increased significantly (P<0.01). Absolutestrength in LP group including squats and dead left increased significantly (P<0.05).Bench press increased, but there was no significant change (P>0.05). Absolutestrength in C group including bench press, squats and dead left increased, but therewas no significant change (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant differenceamong groups (P>0.05).
(2) In the comparison of body composition there was no significant difference ingroups except significant increase in muscle mass of HP group (P<0.05).
(3) There is no significant change in urine androgens among3groups except thesignificant increase of5α-diol in HP group（P<0.05）.
(4) Serum testosterone and the values of urine epitestosterone andetiocholanolone corrected by creatinine had significant correlation (P<0.01) and thecorrelation coefficient is0.516and0.491respectively.Conclusions:
During the process of a bout resistance exercise, HP (CHO: PRO=3:1) and LP(CHO: PRO=6:1) beverage intake causes serum sex hormone-binding globulinlevels in recovery period significantly higher than the intake of C (pure carbohydrate)Beverage. The intake of carbohydrate plus protein drinks can promote the bodytissues assimilation of male strength athletes after resistance exercise and improve thesports performance of male strength athletes.
HP beverage intake during a bout resistance exercise can change the androgenicmetabolic profile of male strength athletes, while LP and C beverage intakes do not show any change at all. HP beverage intake can promote testosterone todihydrotestosterone conversion of male strength athletes after a bout resistanceexercise and relieve fatigue after exercise and improve sports performance.
HP beverage intake during3-week resistance exercise can change the androgenicmetabolic profile of male strength athletes. However, LP and C beverage intakes donot show the change. HP beverage intake can promote testosterone todihydrotestosterone conversion of male strength athletes during3-week resistanceexercise，relieve fatigue after exercise and improve sports performance of the athletes.
Owing to the non-invasive and easy sampling， epitestosterone （ET） andetiocholanolone (Etio) in the urine can be employed as a new sport monitoring indexfor the long-term and longitudinal supervision to the training of male strength athletes.
引文
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