围栏与放牧对三江源区高山嵩草草甸植物形态、群落特征及碳平衡的影响
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摘要
围栏封育作为有效的退化草地恢复措施,在我国草地管理中已得到广泛应用。自国家启动三江源生态工程以来，青海三江源地区已有2.92×104hm~2草原成功实现退牧还草，得到休养生息。深入分析围栏封育对高寒草甸植物、土壤及物质循环影响等问题，对该区域草地可持续利用和保护及退化草地恢复、重建具有十分重要意义。
论文以三江源地区高山嵩草草甸为研究对象，结合国家宏观调控措施，采用野外调查法测定围栏封育和放牧草地植物、群落变化，分析植物/土壤碳、氮储量和分配，通过密闭气室法测定土壤呼吸动态，并估算三江源区碳平衡的状况，取得了以下主要结果：
（1）长期放牧条件下高山嵩草草甸优良牧草个体矮小化特征明显，植物功能群生物量和种子繁殖重下降明显，毒杂草则不明显。繁殖体重和单株繁殖枝数量变异程度和可塑性小。
（2）长期围栏封育增加了系统内群落生态优势度，而物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性下降，改变了植被群落结构，且呈现简单化趋势。
（3）围栏封育主要功能群总碳浓度和碳氮比高于放牧草地；高山嵩草草甸土壤有机碳、氮储量最大，植物地上部分最小，植物根系居中。0~30cm深度土体单位面积有机碳储量由高到低依次为：围栏封育5a＞围栏封育10a＞自由放牧；围栏封育是高山嵩草草甸固碳减排的有效措施之一。氮储量出现相似变化，放牧促使土壤的氮储量的损失。
（4）整个生长季，围栏与放牧植物群落生物量出现了“低-高-低”的变化趋势，基本呈现“S”形变化，且围栏封育自我恢复效应保持了较高的地上生物量，呈现“围栏封育5a＞围栏封育10a＞自由放牧”的趋势，同时也保持了较高的地上凋落物量和分解速率，出现返青期和枯黄期大，生长初期小的双峰趋势；封育10a、封育5a、自由放牧高寒草甸生态系统干物质净初级生产力分别为259.81g·m~2·a~(-1)，292.84g·m~2·a~(-1)，216.77g·m~2·a~(-1)。植物群落根系的贡献率最大，分解进入土壤的凋落物贡献率最小。
（5）生长期内，围栏封育和自由放牧高山嵩草草甸土壤呼吸日变化和季节变化总体趋势表现为围栏封育草地高于自由放牧草地。土壤呼吸日变化动态呈现单峰曲线，高峰期出现在午后，主要受温度的影响；土壤呼吸速率、土壤含水量与温度（大气温度或土壤温度）的复合模型能够更好解释土壤呼吸速率变化；土壤呼吸Q10的变化范围为1.28~2.34，返青期和牧草生长后期对温度敏感，在生长旺期敏感程度下降，放牧增加了土壤呼吸对于土壤温度的敏感性。
（6）围栏封育5a，围栏封育10a和自由放牧高山嵩草草甸净生态系统生产力分别为82.67gC·m~2·a~(-1),84.91gC·m~2·a~(-1),80.86gC·m~2·a~(-1)，地下部分根系固碳量在整个碳输入组分中占的份额最大。三江源区围栏封育和中度放牧强度高山嵩草草甸均表现为碳汇，其固碳能力围栏封育大于自由放牧，围封年限大于5a对于固碳能力不明显。
As effective recovery measures, the enclosure has been widely applied in degraded grassland management in China. Since Ecological Engineering launched in three headwater river source,2.92×104hm2grassland have been get recuperate and built up strength due to the successful implementation of "Returning Grazing-Growing" Project in Qinghai. Analysis such as plant, soil and material recycling in fencing alpine meadows, are not only very important to the regional sustainable utilization of grassland and protection but also to the restoration and reconstruction of degraded grassland.
Based on the national macro-control measures, filed investigation including individual and community'variation were compared between fencing and grazing Kobresia pygmaea meadow in the region.Plant and soil carbon/nitrogen storage and distribution were analyzed as well.Moreover, dynamics of soil respiration by enclosed chamber method (TRGA) and estimates of carbon balance were studied in the paper. The main results obtained as follows:
(1) Fine herbages showed a tendency of undersizedness in long term grazing. Functional biomass and seed weight decreased significantly, poisonous plant were not obvious. The variability of reproductive weight and reproductive shoot number per plant was small and little plasticity.
(2) The plant vegetation group changed with enclosure of grassland. The community structure exhibited simplification and species richness, evenness and diversity decreased in long term fencing, but ecological dominance increased.
(3) Total carbon and C:N radio were significantly higher in fenced and ungrazing grassland than those in free grazing grassland.In addition,the storage of soil organic carbon per unit area varied in the order of FU5>FU10>FG, which the order of carbon and nitrogen'contribution was soil>roots>plants. Therefore fenced to exclude grazing by Tibetan sheep and yaks was an alternative approach to sequester C to the soil in Kobresia pygmaea meadow systems.The varieties of total nitrogen storage appeared corresponding tendency,which grazing lead to nitrogen loss.
(4) The seasonal dynamic of community above-biomass were not same in fencing and grazing in the whole growing season. The general trend was the "low-high low","S" shape change. Above-biomass showed a trend that FU5was greater than FU10and FG. The self-healing effect of fencing remained not only high above-biomass but also maintained high litter fall and decomposition rate, which appeared double peak curve maximum in green-up period and minimum in the brown-off period. Net Primary productivity of dry material were259.81g·m2·a-1,292.84g·m2·a-1,216.77g·m2·a-1respectively in FU10, FU5and FG. Contribution rate of root system of plant community was maximum and litter fall was minimum.
(5) The soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season, which showed soil respiration rate was higher in fencing than that in free grazing grassland. The daily soil respiration rate which was mainly affected by temperature appeared single peak curve that showed afternoon; Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate; The variation range of Q10ranged from1.28to2.34,which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period, it was an important factor that grazing increased the sensitivity of soil respiration on soil temperature.
(6) Net ecosystem productivities of FU5, FU10and FG was82.67g C·m2·a-1,84.91g C·m2·a-1,80.86g g C·m2·a-1respectively. Roots accounted for the largest share in carbon input components. Fencing or not, Kobresia pygmaea meadow was a carbon sink in three headwater river source regions. In addition, the capacity of carbon sequestration of FU was greater than FG; However, the capacity of carbon sequestration was not obvious when the enclosure was more than5years.
论文以三江源地区高山嵩草草甸为研究对象，结合国家宏观调控措施，采用野外调查法测定围栏封育和放牧草地植物、群落变化，分析植物/土壤碳、氮储量和分配，通过密闭气室法测定土壤呼吸动态，并估算三江源区碳平衡的状况，取得了以下主要结果：
（1）长期放牧条件下高山嵩草草甸优良牧草个体矮小化特征明显，植物功能群生物量和种子繁殖重下降明显，毒杂草则不明显。繁殖体重和单株繁殖枝数量变异程度和可塑性小。
（2）长期围栏封育增加了系统内群落生态优势度，而物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性下降，改变了植被群落结构，且呈现简单化趋势。
（3）围栏封育主要功能群总碳浓度和碳氮比高于放牧草地；高山嵩草草甸土壤有机碳、氮储量最大，植物地上部分最小，植物根系居中。0~30cm深度土体单位面积有机碳储量由高到低依次为：围栏封育5a＞围栏封育10a＞自由放牧；围栏封育是高山嵩草草甸固碳减排的有效措施之一。氮储量出现相似变化，放牧促使土壤的氮储量的损失。
（4）整个生长季，围栏与放牧植物群落生物量出现了“低-高-低”的变化趋势，基本呈现“S”形变化，且围栏封育自我恢复效应保持了较高的地上生物量，呈现“围栏封育5a＞围栏封育10a＞自由放牧”的趋势，同时也保持了较高的地上凋落物量和分解速率，出现返青期和枯黄期大，生长初期小的双峰趋势；封育10a、封育5a、自由放牧高寒草甸生态系统干物质净初级生产力分别为259.81g·m~2·a~(-1)，292.84g·m~2·a~(-1)，216.77g·m~2·a~(-1)。植物群落根系的贡献率最大，分解进入土壤的凋落物贡献率最小。
（5）生长期内，围栏封育和自由放牧高山嵩草草甸土壤呼吸日变化和季节变化总体趋势表现为围栏封育草地高于自由放牧草地。土壤呼吸日变化动态呈现单峰曲线，高峰期出现在午后，主要受温度的影响；土壤呼吸速率、土壤含水量与温度（大气温度或土壤温度）的复合模型能够更好解释土壤呼吸速率变化；土壤呼吸Q10的变化范围为1.28~2.34，返青期和牧草生长后期对温度敏感，在生长旺期敏感程度下降，放牧增加了土壤呼吸对于土壤温度的敏感性。
（6）围栏封育5a，围栏封育10a和自由放牧高山嵩草草甸净生态系统生产力分别为82.67gC·m~2·a~(-1),84.91gC·m~2·a~(-1),80.86gC·m~2·a~(-1)，地下部分根系固碳量在整个碳输入组分中占的份额最大。三江源区围栏封育和中度放牧强度高山嵩草草甸均表现为碳汇，其固碳能力围栏封育大于自由放牧，围封年限大于5a对于固碳能力不明显。
As effective recovery measures, the enclosure has been widely applied in degraded grassland management in China. Since Ecological Engineering launched in three headwater river source,2.92×104hm2grassland have been get recuperate and built up strength due to the successful implementation of "Returning Grazing-Growing" Project in Qinghai. Analysis such as plant, soil and material recycling in fencing alpine meadows, are not only very important to the regional sustainable utilization of grassland and protection but also to the restoration and reconstruction of degraded grassland.
Based on the national macro-control measures, filed investigation including individual and community'variation were compared between fencing and grazing Kobresia pygmaea meadow in the region.Plant and soil carbon/nitrogen storage and distribution were analyzed as well.Moreover, dynamics of soil respiration by enclosed chamber method (TRGA) and estimates of carbon balance were studied in the paper. The main results obtained as follows:
(1) Fine herbages showed a tendency of undersizedness in long term grazing. Functional biomass and seed weight decreased significantly, poisonous plant were not obvious. The variability of reproductive weight and reproductive shoot number per plant was small and little plasticity.
(2) The plant vegetation group changed with enclosure of grassland. The community structure exhibited simplification and species richness, evenness and diversity decreased in long term fencing, but ecological dominance increased.
(3) Total carbon and C:N radio were significantly higher in fenced and ungrazing grassland than those in free grazing grassland.In addition,the storage of soil organic carbon per unit area varied in the order of FU5>FU10>FG, which the order of carbon and nitrogen'contribution was soil>roots>plants. Therefore fenced to exclude grazing by Tibetan sheep and yaks was an alternative approach to sequester C to the soil in Kobresia pygmaea meadow systems.The varieties of total nitrogen storage appeared corresponding tendency,which grazing lead to nitrogen loss.
(4) The seasonal dynamic of community above-biomass were not same in fencing and grazing in the whole growing season. The general trend was the "low-high low","S" shape change. Above-biomass showed a trend that FU5was greater than FU10and FG. The self-healing effect of fencing remained not only high above-biomass but also maintained high litter fall and decomposition rate, which appeared double peak curve maximum in green-up period and minimum in the brown-off period. Net Primary productivity of dry material were259.81g·m2·a-1,292.84g·m2·a-1,216.77g·m2·a-1respectively in FU10, FU5and FG. Contribution rate of root system of plant community was maximum and litter fall was minimum.
(5) The soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season, which showed soil respiration rate was higher in fencing than that in free grazing grassland. The daily soil respiration rate which was mainly affected by temperature appeared single peak curve that showed afternoon; Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate; The variation range of Q10ranged from1.28to2.34,which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period, it was an important factor that grazing increased the sensitivity of soil respiration on soil temperature.
(6) Net ecosystem productivities of FU5, FU10and FG was82.67g C·m2·a-1,84.91g C·m2·a-1,80.86g g C·m2·a-1respectively. Roots accounted for the largest share in carbon input components. Fencing or not, Kobresia pygmaea meadow was a carbon sink in three headwater river source regions. In addition, the capacity of carbon sequestration of FU was greater than FG; However, the capacity of carbon sequestration was not obvious when the enclosure was more than5years.
引文
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