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抗滑桩现场试验及其设计计算方法研究
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摘要
尽管抗滑桩在滑坡治理工程中的应用已有半个多世纪之久,但是对其进行准确的计算仍是人们难以做到的事情,这是由于其设计与计算过程繁复,涉及到许多主客观因素的影响,如对滑动面的形状和位置揭示的准确与否、岩土体参数特别是滑带土抗剪强度参数的取值准确与否、滑坡推力计算方法的科学与否、滑坡推力和土体抗力分布形式假定的正确与否、地基抗力系数变化规律的假定及其取值准确与否、对地下水渗流作用考虑的合理与否等都将影响到最终设计计算结果与真实或实际结果的差异。因此,抗滑桩的设计与计算及其相关问题的研究,仍是许多国内外岩土和地质工程学者致力于研究的热点问题。本文的研究工作正是基于此而展开的,主要研究内容如下:
     (1)为真实揭示全埋式抗滑桩在水平分布式滑坡推力作用下的受力和变形性状,并为三维有限元方法提供比较与验证数据,依托福建省浦南高速公路金斗山大型滑坡治理的一根工程抗滑桩进行了现场大型推桩试验,利用抗滑桩施工现场自行设计的试验槽,通过在该抗滑桩上分别施加三角形、矩形、抛物线形水平分布荷载,以模拟滑坡推力的可能分布形式,实测了抗滑桩的内力和变形。同时,对在桩顶施加水平集中荷载情况也进行了相应的试验研究。
     (2)采用ABAQUS非线性有限元程序对试验抗滑桩进行了三维有限元数值模拟试验,将有限元计算位移与由实测的各种分布荷载作用下试验桩段的弯矩值按有限差分公式反算得出的水平位移进行了对比,验证了本文建立的三维有限元法的可靠性。针对试验桩安装钢筋计的钢筋不是通长配置,直接采用有限元法按全桩长计算得到的此桩段的弯矩值不符合实际情况的问题,提出了采用MATLAB曲线拟合工具箱对试验桩段的水平位移-深度曲线进行拟合和二次求导以计算弯矩的新方法,该方法的计算结果与实测数据吻合较好。有限元计算结果还表明,对于人工护壁挖孔桩应考虑桩侧护壁对提高抗滑桩的抗滑潜力的作用。
     (3)提出了有限元法反算滑带土抗剪强度指标的新方法,克服了现行的传统极限平衡理论反算法因人为不合理假设而失去“严密性”的问题。此外,通过三维实体有限元强度折减法,反算了滑坡(未勘察揭露滑动带)临界稳定状态时的抗剪强度指标,并将该指标应用于抗滑桩治理后的滑坡体系三维数值分析中,获得治理后滑坡的稳定安全系数,揭示了桩身内力、桩侧土压力和侧摩阻力以及坡脚重力式挡土墙墙背土压力的分布规律。在上述研究的基础上,最终提出了抗滑桩全过程设计计算的有限元法,可克服传统设计计算方法和现有数值模拟方法中存在的诸多问题,提高抗滑桩治理滑坡的设计与计算水平。
     (4)建立渗流和变形耦合的有限元强度折减法进行渗流作用下边(滑)坡稳定分析的方法,通过与传统的瑞典条分法和简化的Bishop法的对比分析表明了该方法的正确合理性,同时,就土体渗透性强弱及有限元模型边界的选取对渗流浸润面位置及边坡稳定性的影响进行了研究,并将该方法延伸应用于抗滑桩治理的滑坡体系的渗流和变形耦合分析中,解决了目前这类体系的三维数值模拟中未考虑地下水渗流作用影响的问题。
     (5)针对现有的二维平面分析法中无法真实反映抗滑桩桩间土拱效应的问题,采用三维有限元强度折减法模拟工程实例,揭示了抗滑桩桩间土拱效应,得出了抗滑桩合理桩间距的取值范围。
     (6)将本文提出的方法应用于门架式抗滑刚架桩治理的滑坡体系的数值分析中,比较了不同工况(无地下水作用和有地下水渗流作用)下滑坡的稳定性、揭示了抗滑桩桩身的内力、桩侧土压力和侧摩阻力的分布规律,坡脚重力式挡土墙的土压力分布规律。同时,探讨了桩距、桩及桩顶连系梁的截面尺寸的变化对门架式抗滑刚架桩内力的影响,为门架式抗滑刚架桩的合理设计提供科学依据。
Although the use of antislide pile in landslide control engineering has already morethan half a century, but the accurate calculation of it is still a difficult thing that people arehard to do. This is because its design calculation process is complex and relates to theinfluences of many objective factors, such as the reveal of the shapes and positions of slipsurfaces which is correct or not, the values of physical and mechanical parametersespecially the parameters of shear strength of soil in slip zone which are correct or not, thecalculation methods of landslide thrust which are scientific or not, the consideration ofseepage action of groundwater which is reasonable or not, etc. All of them can affect thedifferences between the final design calculation results and real or actual results. So thestudies of the design and calculation of antislide pile and its related problems are still thehot spot problems which are devoted to study by many geotechnical and geologicalengineering scholars at home and abroad. The study jobs of this paper are spread based onabove, the main content is summarized as follows:
     Firstly, in order to reveal the force and deformation characters of fully embeddedantislide pile under the lateral distributed landslide-thrust and provide dates to comparisonand verification for3D finite element method established by this paper, a large field test ofpushing pile is carried out relying on an engineering antislide pile of landslide control inJindou mountain of Punan highway in Fujian province. The internal forces anddeformations are measured in the test through applying triangle, rectangular, paraboliclateral distributed loads respectively which are used to simulate the possible distributedforms of landslide-thrust on this antislide pile approximately. Meanwhile, the situation ofapplying the horizontal concentrated load on pile top is also made in the test.
     Secondly, ABAQUS nonlinear finite element soft is used to make3D fininte elementsimulation on the test antislide pile, through the comparative analysis on the calculationdisplacements of fem and the displacements which are caculated by using the actualmeasued moments of test pile section under all kinds of distributed loads to back analyzethe lateral displacements according to finite difference formula, and the reliability of3Dfinite element numerical simulation are verified. Aimed at the problem of the steel bars fixing steel bar meters in test pile not being full length fixed, and the internal forces of pilesection got from finite element calculation results of whole pile which are different fromactual situations, a new method of caculating moments which is using MATAB curvefitting tool to fit the lateral displacement-depth curves of test pile section and calculate thesecond derivatives of fitting results is brought forward. The calculation results of thismethod agree well with actual measured datas. The calculation results also show that itshould considers the effect of pile side wall protection improving antislide potential ofantislide pile.
     Thirdly, a new method which applies finite element method to back analyze theindexes of shear strength of soil in slip zone is brought forward. This method overcomesthe problem of traditional back-analysis methods based on limit equilibrium theory losingtightness caused by artificial unreasonable assumption. In addition, the shear strength oflandslide which is not exposed slip zone through investigation at critical stable state areback analyzed through the3D soil finite element strength reduction, and the indexes areused to the3D numerical simulation of landslide controlled by antislide piles to obtain thestability of landslide controlled and reveal the distribution rules of internal forces ofantislide piles, pide side earth pressure and pile side friction, and earth pressure of gravityretaining wall at the toe of slope. On the base of above studies, a new method which canmake the whole process design calculation of antislide pile is brought forward, itovercomes the many problems existing in traditional design calculation methods andcurrent numerical simulation methods, and improve the design calculation level of antislidepile controlling landslide.
     Forthly, a method which uses strength reduction fem of coupling deformation andseepage to analyze the slope or landslide stability under seepage is established, and thecomparations with the traditional Sweden slice method and simplified Bishop methodshow that the method is correct and reasonable. Meanwhile,the influences of thepermeability of soil and the choosing of finite element model borders on the positions ofseepage saturated surfaces and slope stability are studied, and the method is extent to thecoupling analysis of seepage and deformation on landslide system controlled by antislidepile, and the problem of not considering the influence of groundwater existing in current3D numerical simulation of this system is solved.
     Fifthly, aimed at the problem of current2D plane analysis method unable to realreflect the soil arching between antislide piles, the3D strength reduction fem is used tosimulate the engineering example to reveal the soil arching between antislide piles andobtain the value range of reasonable pile spacing.
     Finally, the methods brought forward by this paper are applied to the numericalsimulation analysis on landslide controlled by portal antislide rigid frame piles to comparethe stability of landslide in different cases of not considering groundwater and consideringsteady seepage and reveal the distribution rules of internal forces of antislide piles, pideside earth pressure and pile side friction, and earth pressure of gravity retaining wall at thetoe of slope. Meanwhile, the influences of the space of portal antislide rigid frame piles,the section size of the front and back row piles and connecting beam on the internal forcesof portal antislide rigid frame piles are studied, and the results can provide scientific basisto the reasonable design of portal portal antislide rigid frame piles.
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