水热法制备铋铁系化合物及其光催化性能研究
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摘要
近年来,随着人口的增长和工业的发展,能源危机和环境问题变得日益严重。以半导体为催化剂,可以利用太阳光将有机污染物氧化分解成无机物。因此,光催化技术作为一种解决能源和环境问题的理想绿色技术引起了人们的高度重视。TiO2是目前被研究最广泛的半导体光催化剂,被广泛研究和应用于降解有机污染物、裂解水制氢、空气净化和杀菌等方面。但是TiO2的带隙较宽(3.2eV),仅能吸收利用太阳光中波长小于380nm的紫外光,而太阳光谱中仅含有不到4%的紫外线,这就极大地限制其在环境净化实际中的应用。虽然通过对TiO2的掺杂和改性可使其吸收波段向可见光区移动,但其光催化效率仍不理想。因此,开发高效利用太阳光的可见光响应光催化材料,是当前半导体光催化技术研究的一个重要方向。
本文采用水热合成技术制备铋铁系化合物,并对其可见光辐照下的光催化性能进行了研究,其主要内容包括：
(1)将水热合成技术与溶胶-凝胶法相结合,首次用于制备BiFeO3粉体,通过调节反应前驱体和矿化剂浓度,可以获得具有不同尺寸和形貌的BiFeO3粉体。使用溶胶作为前驱体时,可以获得微米尺寸的球形和立方块状的BiFeO3粉体；使用凝胶作为前驱体则可以获得亚微米尺寸的BiFeO3颗粒。Ostwald熟化机制主导了晶体生长的整个过程,而OH导致的沿不同方向生长速率上的差异,则是形成立方块状BiFeO3粉体的根本原因。BiFeO3的紫外-可见吸收光谱和样品降解甲基橙溶液的实验结果表明,BiFeO3材料是一种可见光响应的光催化剂。
(2)采用静电纺丝技术结合水热法,首次制备出具有核壳结构的一维BiFeO3@C复合材料,通过调节水热合成过程中葡萄糖溶液的浓度,可以实现BiFeO3纤维表面碳层的厚度可控。BiFeO3@C复合材料样品在可见光下对甲基橙的降解效果明显强于BiFeO3纤维样品。BiFeO3@C复合材料样品中的碳,在提高BiFeO3纤维样品吸收光子能力的同时,还可以增强材料对甲基橙分子的吸附能力,并且能够促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,因而极大地提高了材料的光催化活性。BiFeO3@C复合材料不仅具有优异的光催化性能,还可以重复使用而不削弱其光催化活性,并且易于回收,因此该材料作为一种可见光响应的光催化剂,在环境污染治理领域有很大的应用潜力。
(3)利用水热合成技术,首次尝试添加无机盐作为辅助矿化剂调节Bi2Fe409晶体的形貌和尺寸。无KN03添加时Bi2Fe409样品由亚微米尺寸的颗粒组成,且具有良好的分散性；添加KN03作为辅助矿化剂时,产物则为微米尺寸的棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体。TEM测试结果表明,棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体是沿[001]方向取向生长的。研究表明,棒状Bi2Fe409晶体是通过Ostwald熟化机制实现长大的,N03的“位阻”效应导致了晶体的一维棒状形貌。Bi2Fe4O9晶体的紫外-可见吸收光谱和样品降解甲基橙溶液的实验结果表明,Bi2Fe4O9晶体是一种潜在的可见光响应的光催化材料。
(4)采用溶剂热合成技术,首次使用无水乙醇与水的混合溶液作为溶剂制备出纯相Bi2Fe4O9粉体。详细研究了溶剂对产物相结构和形貌的影响,以及棒状和带缺陷的立方块状Bi2Fe4O9晶体的形成过程。通过调节溶剂中无水乙醇与水的比例,可以获得棒状和立方块状的Bi2Fe4O9晶体。研究结果表明,在离子浓度更高的溶剂中易于获得棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体,同时Bi2Fe4O9晶体的各向异性也是一个重要因素。由于颗粒尺寸较大、比表面积较小和禁带宽度相对较小等原因,棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体的光催化活性较弱。
(5)采用水热合成技术,通过添加LiNO3作为辅助矿化剂制备Bi25FeO40粉体,并详细地研究了合成条件(矿化剂浓度、物质量配比和LiNO3用量)对产物相结构和形貌的影响。实验中Li+的引入不仅有助于软铋矿结构的Bi25FeO40粉体的形成,还可以减小晶体的尺寸。Bi25FeO40粉体的紫外-可见吸收光谱和光催化实验结果表明,Bi25FeO40材料可被用于制备可见光响应的光催化剂。
In recent years, with the increase of population and the development of industry, the energy and environmental problems have become more and more serious. Since semiconductor catalysts can be applied for the degradation of organic pollutants by using sunlight, photocatalytic technology has been considered as one of the promising solutions to address the increasing energy crisis and environmental pollution, which has attracted considerable attention. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely studied and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutant, water splitting, air purification and sterilization. However, the application of pure TiO2is limited, because of its wide band gap (3.2eV). TiO2can only be excited with ultraviolet light (λ<380nm), which makes up only a small fraction (4%) of the total solar spectrum. Over the past years, many efforts have been devoted to the extension of the photoresponse of TiO2to the visible region by doping with metal ions or non-metals, and sensitizing with organic dyes, organic-inorganic hybrid dyes, and narrow band gap semiconductors. However, the corresponding photocatalytic efficiency is not ideal for practical applications. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop efficient visible-light photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants.
On the basis of these, bismuth ferrite compounds were prepared by hydrothermal process and their visible-light photocatalytic activities were studied in this thesis. The main contents were outlined below:
(1) BiFeO3powders with various morphologies were successfully prepared via combining the sol-gel technique and hydrothermal process for the first time. Microspheres and microcubes were obtained as sol was used as a precursor, and submicrometer-sized particles could be prepared by using gel. Possible formation mechanism of BiFeO3microcrystals was the Ostwald ripening process. It was supposed that the difference of the morphology between BiFeO3microcrystals should be attributed to the changed crystal growth behavior caused by the varying OH" concentration. Moreover, the results of UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photodegradation experiments reveal that BFO powders can be used as an effective photocatalyst under visible light.
(2) BiFeO3@carbon core/shell nanofibers (BFO@C NFs) with different thickness of carbon layers were successfully prepared by combining the electrospining technique and hydrothermal process for the first time. The photodegradation experiments show that BFO@C NFs samples exhibit higher degradation efficiency for methyl orange than the pure BFO NFs. It was proposed that the introduction of carbon should not only enhance the light absorption of BFO NFs and the adsorption capacity for methyl orange, but also facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, both of which result in the enhanced photocatalytic activity of BFO NFs. In addition, BFO@C NFs could be easily recycled without decreasing the photocatalytic activity, which will promote their application for removal of the organic pollutants in waste water.
(3) Bi2Fe4O9crystals with various morphologies were successfully prepared by introducing inorganic salt (KNO3) during the hydrothermal process for the first time. Submicron-sized Bi2Fe4O9crystals were successfully in the absence of mineralizer KNO3, while micron-sized Bi2Fe4O9crystals with rod-like morphology were obtained in the presence of KNO3. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize the products and the results demonstrate that the rod-like crystals grow preferentially along the [001] direction. The Ostwald ripening process was the possible formation mechanism for the microrods according to a series of time-dependent experiments. It was suggested that the block effect of NO3-should result in the rod-like powders. Moreover, the optical absorption of the as-prepared Bi2Fe4O9crystals and the results of photodegradation experiments suggest their promising applications as photocatalysts in the visible range.
(4) Pure Bi2Fe4O9powders with different morphologies and particle size have been prepared via surfactant-free solvothermal route in water and water-ethanol mixed solvents for the first time. The effect of the solvent on the morphology of Bi2Fe4O9crystals and the formation process of rod-like microrods and defective crystals were investigated. Rod-like and cubic shape Bi2Fe4O9crystals could be easily obtained by changing the volume ratios of H2O/EtOH. The results indicate that the rod-like Bi2Fe4O9crystals could be formed in the more ionic solvent, and may be related to the anisotropic nature of the crystal structure. The lower photocatalytic activity of Bi2Fe4O9microrods could be attributed to their larger particle sizes, smaller specific surface areas and smaller band gap.
(5) Bi25Fe04o powders were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method in the presence of mineralizer LiNO3. The effect of the hydrothermal condition, i.e., the concentration of mineralizer, the stoichiometry of reagents, and the amount of LiNO3, on the phase structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were investigated. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Li+not only promotes the formation of Bi25FeO40, but also induces the decrease of particle size. Moreover, the absorption feature of the Bi25FeO40powders and the results of photodegradation experiments suggest their promising applications as photocatalysts activated by visible light.
本文采用水热合成技术制备铋铁系化合物,并对其可见光辐照下的光催化性能进行了研究,其主要内容包括：
(1)将水热合成技术与溶胶-凝胶法相结合,首次用于制备BiFeO3粉体,通过调节反应前驱体和矿化剂浓度,可以获得具有不同尺寸和形貌的BiFeO3粉体。使用溶胶作为前驱体时,可以获得微米尺寸的球形和立方块状的BiFeO3粉体；使用凝胶作为前驱体则可以获得亚微米尺寸的BiFeO3颗粒。Ostwald熟化机制主导了晶体生长的整个过程,而OH导致的沿不同方向生长速率上的差异,则是形成立方块状BiFeO3粉体的根本原因。BiFeO3的紫外-可见吸收光谱和样品降解甲基橙溶液的实验结果表明,BiFeO3材料是一种可见光响应的光催化剂。
(2)采用静电纺丝技术结合水热法,首次制备出具有核壳结构的一维BiFeO3@C复合材料,通过调节水热合成过程中葡萄糖溶液的浓度,可以实现BiFeO3纤维表面碳层的厚度可控。BiFeO3@C复合材料样品在可见光下对甲基橙的降解效果明显强于BiFeO3纤维样品。BiFeO3@C复合材料样品中的碳,在提高BiFeO3纤维样品吸收光子能力的同时,还可以增强材料对甲基橙分子的吸附能力,并且能够促进光生电子-空穴对的分离,因而极大地提高了材料的光催化活性。BiFeO3@C复合材料不仅具有优异的光催化性能,还可以重复使用而不削弱其光催化活性,并且易于回收,因此该材料作为一种可见光响应的光催化剂,在环境污染治理领域有很大的应用潜力。
(3)利用水热合成技术,首次尝试添加无机盐作为辅助矿化剂调节Bi2Fe409晶体的形貌和尺寸。无KN03添加时Bi2Fe409样品由亚微米尺寸的颗粒组成,且具有良好的分散性；添加KN03作为辅助矿化剂时,产物则为微米尺寸的棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体。TEM测试结果表明,棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体是沿[001]方向取向生长的。研究表明,棒状Bi2Fe409晶体是通过Ostwald熟化机制实现长大的,N03的“位阻”效应导致了晶体的一维棒状形貌。Bi2Fe4O9晶体的紫外-可见吸收光谱和样品降解甲基橙溶液的实验结果表明,Bi2Fe4O9晶体是一种潜在的可见光响应的光催化材料。
(4)采用溶剂热合成技术,首次使用无水乙醇与水的混合溶液作为溶剂制备出纯相Bi2Fe4O9粉体。详细研究了溶剂对产物相结构和形貌的影响,以及棒状和带缺陷的立方块状Bi2Fe4O9晶体的形成过程。通过调节溶剂中无水乙醇与水的比例,可以获得棒状和立方块状的Bi2Fe4O9晶体。研究结果表明,在离子浓度更高的溶剂中易于获得棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体,同时Bi2Fe4O9晶体的各向异性也是一个重要因素。由于颗粒尺寸较大、比表面积较小和禁带宽度相对较小等原因,棒状Bi2Fe4O9晶体的光催化活性较弱。
(5)采用水热合成技术,通过添加LiNO3作为辅助矿化剂制备Bi25FeO40粉体,并详细地研究了合成条件(矿化剂浓度、物质量配比和LiNO3用量)对产物相结构和形貌的影响。实验中Li+的引入不仅有助于软铋矿结构的Bi25FeO40粉体的形成,还可以减小晶体的尺寸。Bi25FeO40粉体的紫外-可见吸收光谱和光催化实验结果表明,Bi25FeO40材料可被用于制备可见光响应的光催化剂。
In recent years, with the increase of population and the development of industry, the energy and environmental problems have become more and more serious. Since semiconductor catalysts can be applied for the degradation of organic pollutants by using sunlight, photocatalytic technology has been considered as one of the promising solutions to address the increasing energy crisis and environmental pollution, which has attracted considerable attention. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely studied and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutant, water splitting, air purification and sterilization. However, the application of pure TiO2is limited, because of its wide band gap (3.2eV). TiO2can only be excited with ultraviolet light (λ<380nm), which makes up only a small fraction (4%) of the total solar spectrum. Over the past years, many efforts have been devoted to the extension of the photoresponse of TiO2to the visible region by doping with metal ions or non-metals, and sensitizing with organic dyes, organic-inorganic hybrid dyes, and narrow band gap semiconductors. However, the corresponding photocatalytic efficiency is not ideal for practical applications. Therefore, it is of great interest to develop efficient visible-light photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants.
On the basis of these, bismuth ferrite compounds were prepared by hydrothermal process and their visible-light photocatalytic activities were studied in this thesis. The main contents were outlined below:
(1) BiFeO3powders with various morphologies were successfully prepared via combining the sol-gel technique and hydrothermal process for the first time. Microspheres and microcubes were obtained as sol was used as a precursor, and submicrometer-sized particles could be prepared by using gel. Possible formation mechanism of BiFeO3microcrystals was the Ostwald ripening process. It was supposed that the difference of the morphology between BiFeO3microcrystals should be attributed to the changed crystal growth behavior caused by the varying OH" concentration. Moreover, the results of UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photodegradation experiments reveal that BFO powders can be used as an effective photocatalyst under visible light.
(2) BiFeO3@carbon core/shell nanofibers (BFO@C NFs) with different thickness of carbon layers were successfully prepared by combining the electrospining technique and hydrothermal process for the first time. The photodegradation experiments show that BFO@C NFs samples exhibit higher degradation efficiency for methyl orange than the pure BFO NFs. It was proposed that the introduction of carbon should not only enhance the light absorption of BFO NFs and the adsorption capacity for methyl orange, but also facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, both of which result in the enhanced photocatalytic activity of BFO NFs. In addition, BFO@C NFs could be easily recycled without decreasing the photocatalytic activity, which will promote their application for removal of the organic pollutants in waste water.
(3) Bi2Fe4O9crystals with various morphologies were successfully prepared by introducing inorganic salt (KNO3) during the hydrothermal process for the first time. Submicron-sized Bi2Fe4O9crystals were successfully in the absence of mineralizer KNO3, while micron-sized Bi2Fe4O9crystals with rod-like morphology were obtained in the presence of KNO3. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to characterize the products and the results demonstrate that the rod-like crystals grow preferentially along the [001] direction. The Ostwald ripening process was the possible formation mechanism for the microrods according to a series of time-dependent experiments. It was suggested that the block effect of NO3-should result in the rod-like powders. Moreover, the optical absorption of the as-prepared Bi2Fe4O9crystals and the results of photodegradation experiments suggest their promising applications as photocatalysts in the visible range.
(4) Pure Bi2Fe4O9powders with different morphologies and particle size have been prepared via surfactant-free solvothermal route in water and water-ethanol mixed solvents for the first time. The effect of the solvent on the morphology of Bi2Fe4O9crystals and the formation process of rod-like microrods and defective crystals were investigated. Rod-like and cubic shape Bi2Fe4O9crystals could be easily obtained by changing the volume ratios of H2O/EtOH. The results indicate that the rod-like Bi2Fe4O9crystals could be formed in the more ionic solvent, and may be related to the anisotropic nature of the crystal structure. The lower photocatalytic activity of Bi2Fe4O9microrods could be attributed to their larger particle sizes, smaller specific surface areas and smaller band gap.
(5) Bi25Fe04o powders were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal method in the presence of mineralizer LiNO3. The effect of the hydrothermal condition, i.e., the concentration of mineralizer, the stoichiometry of reagents, and the amount of LiNO3, on the phase structure and morphology of the as-prepared samples were investigated. The results demonstrate that the introduction of Li+not only promotes the formation of Bi25FeO40, but also induces the decrease of particle size. Moreover, the absorption feature of the Bi25FeO40powders and the results of photodegradation experiments suggest their promising applications as photocatalysts activated by visible light.
引文
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