金属硫化物矿山尾矿钝化及机理研究
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摘要
全世界每年都有数量巨大的尾矿露天堆放或弃置于尾矿库。由于自然风化作用，尾矿中的有毒有害重金属元素会不断释放出来，对周边生态环境造成严重影响，并通过食物链，对人体健康构成威胁。为从源头上控制尾矿自然风化带来的环境影响，本论文以广东韶关大宝山金属硫化物矿山三种尾矿为研究对象，采用表面钝化的方法，在不需要预处理的条件下直接钝化尾矿，从微观水平上阻断尾矿中硫化物矿物的化学氧化途径，阻止或减缓了重金属的释放。在经过大量的测试不同化学物质在尾矿上的钝化效果后，最终筛选出了三种合适的钝化剂，实现了对金属矿山尾矿直接的钝化。并对选择出的各种钝化剂在尾矿表面钝化的成膜机理和包膜状态下尾矿的抗氧化机理进行了研究，同时对钝化膜的环境稳定性进行了探讨。论文主要得到了以下的结果与结论：
1.通过对不同风化程度的尾矿的基本理化性质进行分析，显示尾矿中的主要元素是Fe、Si、Al，而S含量相对比较小。新鲜尾矿主要成分有石英、针铁矿、赤铁矿与少量石膏、高岭石；风化尾矿的主要成分是针铁矿、石英、赤铁矿，另有少量石膏、高岭石等粘土矿物；尾矿沉积物的主要成分是石英、赤铁矿及少量石膏、伊利石。Cu、Zn和Pb三种重金属在三种尾矿中的总量都很高，Cd的含量相对最低。尾矿的重金属形态分析结果显示，新鲜尾矿重金属主要以硫化物态为主，四种重金属中Cu和Cd潜在活性最高，Zn和Pb的潜在活性相当，比前面两种重金属低。风化尾矿中重金属主要以残渣态为主，四种重金属潜在迁移能力顺序是Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb。尾矿沉积物中重金属也主要以残渣态为主，重金属潜在迁移能力顺序是Zn> Pb>Cd> Cu。三种尾矿进行产酸潜力分析结果显示，三种矿物样品均具有强产酸潜力和极弱的酸中和能力，对环境的潜在污染能力较大。
2.钝化剂TETA钝化新鲜尾矿、风化尾和矿尾矿沉积物最佳成膜浓度分别为1.5%、1.5%和2%。钝化剂抑制尾矿氧化效果并不是浓度越高越好，超过5%的TETA反而会使得钝化效果变差。钝化剂TETA对尾矿重金属氧化的抑制率都达到75%以上，对新鲜尾矿氧化抑制效果比风化尾矿和尾矿沉积物效果好。主要原因是包膜新鲜尾矿在初始时被氧化释放的铜的浓度比其他两种尾矿高，更容易沉淀覆盖在尾矿表面形成钝化膜。钝化剂TETA抑制尾矿的氧化作用机理主要依靠其N原子亲核性是在尾矿表面包覆形成钝化膜。当遇到氧化剂氧化的时候，钝化膜会以替代性“牺牲”方式来保护尾矿。具体表现在两个方面：一方面TETA通过利用其胺基基团的还原性，和氧化剂进行氧化还原反应来消耗氧化剂，从而减少氧化剂对尾矿的氧化；另一方面，TETA利用自身的碱性和尾矿被氧化出来的H+进行酸碱中和反应，避免体系pH下降过快，并沉淀前期被双氧水氧化出来的重金属离子。金属沉淀物覆盖在尾矿表面，使得尾矿表面第二次形成了钝化膜，从而进一步保护了尾矿，避免其继续被氧化。
3.油酸和硬脂酸都可以在黄铁矿表面形成钝化膜抑制黄铁矿的氧化。红外光谱分析显示油酸和硬脂酸是利用COOˉ与矿物表面的重金属发生螯合作用，生成难溶于水的钝化膜隔绝水和氧气，从而抑制矿物氧化。同等浓度条件下，油酸的抑制效果比硬脂酸强的多的主要原因是油酸中碳碳双键增大了钝化膜覆盖黄铁矿的表面积。研究表明油酸在黄铁矿表面形成的第一层化学钝化层的基础上，会通过碳碳双键再形成一层物理钝化层，同时碳碳双键还会与黄铁矿表面的硫以物理吸附方式吸附在黄铁矿表面。油酸钾抑制尾矿沉积物的最佳浓度比新鲜和风化尾矿高得多。这主要是因为尾矿沉积物中Ca的含量是其他两种尾矿中的2倍。油酸钾螯合金属选择性较差，容易与尾矿中金属Ca也发生螯合作用，从而导致使用量的增加。钝化剂对尾矿中金属的选择性螯合问题，在以往的研究中鲜有研究者报道，这个问题的提出为研究者以后选择合适的尾矿钝化剂提供了指导和参考作用。
4.自主合成的新型钝化剂DTC-TETA有效的抑制了黄铁矿在pH=3和pH=6的溶液中的氧化，24h内的抑制率高达98.5%上。对尾矿的对照样品进行柱状淋滤实验发现，尾矿中重金属的释放在前24h是快速释放阶段，主要是尾矿中可交换态重金属离子的释放；第二阶段为慢速释放，主要是矿物有机态重金属和层间重金属离子的释放。钝化剂对三种尾矿在pH=3和pH=6两种柱状淋滤条件下重金属释放都有着很好的抑制效果，抑制率超过90%，抑制效果可以保持30d以上。钝化剂DTC-TETA的钝化机理是通过DTC-TETA中二硫代羧基中的硫与矿物表面上金属以共价键的形式生成稳定的交联网状螯合物附在尾矿表面。这层致密的疏水钝化膜可以隔绝水和氧气从而抑制尾矿中重金属的释放。因为钝化膜是以共价键的形式生成的，所以可以在酸性溶液中长期稳定存在。与已经有报道的其他钝化剂相比，钝化剂DTC-TETA有以下一些优点：1）钝化剂DTC-TETA可以在不需要双氧水预氧化的条件下直接钝化尾矿；2）DTC-TETA以共价键螯合的形式在尾矿表面形成交联网状膜，所以包膜尾矿可以在低pH环境中稳定存在；3）DTC-TETA主要由碳直链结构组成，不含有芳香烃等难降解基团，不会对环境造成二次污染；4）DTC-TETA易溶于水，方便在实际环境中应用;5）已报道的钝化剂主要作用于黄铁矿，对尾矿是否有效果还是未知，而DTC-TETA不仅可以钝化黄铁矿，同时也可以钝化尾矿。
Large amounts of tailing were produced and stored in tailing ponds or in piles exposed toair around the world evevry year. Many toxic metals were released from tailings due to theoxidation by O2, which would contaminate the surrounding environment and do harm to thehealth of people through food line. In order to control the oxidation of tailings at sourse, thisstudy took three kinds of metal-sulfide tailing samples, weathered and fresh tailings, andtailing sediments which were obtained from the Dabaoshan sulfur-polymetallic mines in thenorth of Guangdong Province, China as research objects and employed a new kind ofmethods to coat the metal-sulfide tailings without pre-oxidation. The new method couldinhibit or slow down the release of heavy metals from tailing samples by suprresing theoxidation of sulfide minerals in microcosmic level. Three kinds of different coatings wereadopted as coating agents on taling samples at last after testing many chemical materials.The probable mechanisms of the passivation of tailing samples were proposed. We alsoinvestigated the mechanisms of the coatings protecting the coated tailings surface from O2and H2O attack. Stability researches were conducted to examine the duration of coatings inweathering conditions. The main experiments and conclusions are as follows:
1. In order to get better understanding of tailing samples, the charactization of the physical,chemical and mineralogical properities of three tailing samples were conducted. The tailingsmainly contained the elements of Fe, Si and Al, while he content of S is very low relatively.The main mineral compositions for fresh tailing are quartz, goethite and hematite. Quartz,lead alum, iron alum and gibbsite are the main minerals contained in the weathered tailingssamples. While for tailing sediment samples, the main mineral compositions are quartz andgoethite. All the three tailings samples are rich in Cu, Zn and Pb，but the content of Cd isrelatively lower than other three heavy metals. The distribution and chemical forms of Cu,Pb, Zn, and Cd in three tailings samples were studied based on mineralogical and chemicalanalyses as well as sequential extraction. The potential migration ability of heavy metalswas also disscussed on the basis of the speciation of heavy metals. Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd infresh tailing samples were mainly existed in sufides and the mobility of four heavy metalsfollowed the order: Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb. The dominating chemical forms of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cdwas residual silicates in weathered tailing samples and the mobility of the four metalsfollowed the order Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb. For the tailing sediments, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd also existresidual in and the mobility of the four metals followed the order: Zn> Pb>Cd> Cu. Theacid producing potential of three tailing samples was studied using both NAG (net acid generation) and NAPP (net acid producing potential) test. The results indicated that all thethree tailing samples had high acid producing potential and low acid neutralization capacity.
2. Research was conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of TETA. Theconclusions were as follows: when the concentration of TETA was1.5%, the effect of filmwas the best for fresh and weathered tailing samples; when the concentration of TETA was2%, the effect of film is the best for tailing sediment. The effect of TETA was not positiverelation with the concentration of TETA. When TETA concentration was more than5%, theeffect of passivation began to be weak. TETA was able to suppress the oxidation of all thethree tailing samples. After the coated tailing samples were oxidized24h by H2O2, themetals production were reduced more than75%for all of the three tailing, especially for Cuand Zn. However, the oxidation extent of the coated fresh tailing sample was less than thatof coated weathered tailing and coated tailing sediment. The main reason for this was thatthe concentration of Cu2+was relatively high at the beginning of the metal releasing from thecoated fresh tailing. So the Cu2+could more easier to form precipitate on the fresh tailingsurface than other two tailing samples. This could be seemed as the second passivating layer.As for the passivation mechamism of TETA, the first step was TETA coated on the tailingsurface. When the coated tailing samples were oxidized by H2O2, TETA could takeadvantage of amine groups to react with H2O2. Redox reaction could consume oxidant toreduce the oxidation of tailing. On the other hand, TETA would take acid-baseneutralization reaction with H+released from tailing sampes and form precipitate on thetailing surface to protect the tailing samples from O2attack.
3. Both of the coating oleic acid and stearic acid could inhibit the oxidation of pyrite.The major mechanism of coating formation was the chelation. The carboxylic group of oleicacid and stearic acid could chelate with heavy metal on the mineral surface. And the chelateproduct covered with the mineral surface to inhibit the pyrite oxidation. However, theinhibition rate of oleic acid was much higher than that of stearic acid at the same experimentcondition. The main reason was the effect of the carbon-carbon double bond in oleic acidmolecule. The passivating layer had been formed on the surface of pyrite after theinteraction of oleic acid or stearic acid, and this layer was very steady in the solution. Ourstudies showed that the physical coating layer of oleic acid would form on the surface ofchemical passivation layer by carbon-carbon double bond. At the meantime, physicaladsorption would react between carbon-carbon double bond and the sulfur of pyrite, whichwould increase the surface area of the passivation layer on pyrite surface. The potassiumoleate also was used as a passivator to suppress the oxidation of mineral. Compared with oleic acid，the optimum concentration of potassium oleate was much greater. The reasonwas the poor chelate selectivity of potassium oleate with metals. For example, the potassiumoleate could chelate with Ca~(2+)in the tailing samples. And this would result in the increaseddoasage of potassium oleate when used it as the coating for tailing samples.
4. Sodium triethylenetetramine-bisdithiocarbamate (DTC-TETA) was synthesized of as acoating for pyrite and tailing surfaces to suppress ARD production at source. Leachingexperiments showed decreased Fe leaching by99.8%and98.5%upon pyrite exposure to pH6.0and3.0solutions, respectively. Column leaching also decreased by>90%for Cu, Zn, Cd,Pb, and Fe metals at pH6.0and3.0solutions for a period of30days in fresh and weatheredtailing samples. The probable mechanisms of the passivation of pyrite and tailing sampleswere also proposed. Unlike most of other coatings, DTC-TETA was covalently coordinatedto metals and formed a cross-linked hydrophobic passivating layer on the pyrite or tailingsurface to inhibit the release of metals in acidic solutions. Compared to other coating agents,DTC-TETA has the following advantages. First, in previous studies, dithiocarbamates havebeen used as chelating agents to bind heavy metals. DTC-TETA can directly coat thesurface of pyrite without using H2O2for initial surface oxidation. Second, the DTC-TETAligand is thought to utilize terminal sulfur groups to facilitate effective and covalentcoordination to iron atoms in pyrite so that the ligand can work well under very low pH.Third, DTC-TETA is composed mainly of straight chain carbons and poses no foreseeablethreat to the environment. Fourth, DTC-TETA is efficient for engineering applicationsbecause it easily dissolves in water and avoiding using other organic solvents to increase itscost. Fifth and last, most coating experiments have been conducted on pyrite or pyrrhotitesamples. The compatibility of these coatings with mineral wastes in tailing ponds is not yetclear. DTC-TETA has effect on inhibiting the oxidation of pyrite and sulfide tailing samples.
1.通过对不同风化程度的尾矿的基本理化性质进行分析，显示尾矿中的主要元素是Fe、Si、Al，而S含量相对比较小。新鲜尾矿主要成分有石英、针铁矿、赤铁矿与少量石膏、高岭石；风化尾矿的主要成分是针铁矿、石英、赤铁矿，另有少量石膏、高岭石等粘土矿物；尾矿沉积物的主要成分是石英、赤铁矿及少量石膏、伊利石。Cu、Zn和Pb三种重金属在三种尾矿中的总量都很高，Cd的含量相对最低。尾矿的重金属形态分析结果显示，新鲜尾矿重金属主要以硫化物态为主，四种重金属中Cu和Cd潜在活性最高，Zn和Pb的潜在活性相当，比前面两种重金属低。风化尾矿中重金属主要以残渣态为主，四种重金属潜在迁移能力顺序是Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb。尾矿沉积物中重金属也主要以残渣态为主，重金属潜在迁移能力顺序是Zn> Pb>Cd> Cu。三种尾矿进行产酸潜力分析结果显示，三种矿物样品均具有强产酸潜力和极弱的酸中和能力，对环境的潜在污染能力较大。
2.钝化剂TETA钝化新鲜尾矿、风化尾和矿尾矿沉积物最佳成膜浓度分别为1.5%、1.5%和2%。钝化剂抑制尾矿氧化效果并不是浓度越高越好，超过5%的TETA反而会使得钝化效果变差。钝化剂TETA对尾矿重金属氧化的抑制率都达到75%以上，对新鲜尾矿氧化抑制效果比风化尾矿和尾矿沉积物效果好。主要原因是包膜新鲜尾矿在初始时被氧化释放的铜的浓度比其他两种尾矿高，更容易沉淀覆盖在尾矿表面形成钝化膜。钝化剂TETA抑制尾矿的氧化作用机理主要依靠其N原子亲核性是在尾矿表面包覆形成钝化膜。当遇到氧化剂氧化的时候，钝化膜会以替代性“牺牲”方式来保护尾矿。具体表现在两个方面：一方面TETA通过利用其胺基基团的还原性，和氧化剂进行氧化还原反应来消耗氧化剂，从而减少氧化剂对尾矿的氧化；另一方面，TETA利用自身的碱性和尾矿被氧化出来的H+进行酸碱中和反应，避免体系pH下降过快，并沉淀前期被双氧水氧化出来的重金属离子。金属沉淀物覆盖在尾矿表面，使得尾矿表面第二次形成了钝化膜，从而进一步保护了尾矿，避免其继续被氧化。
3.油酸和硬脂酸都可以在黄铁矿表面形成钝化膜抑制黄铁矿的氧化。红外光谱分析显示油酸和硬脂酸是利用COOˉ与矿物表面的重金属发生螯合作用，生成难溶于水的钝化膜隔绝水和氧气，从而抑制矿物氧化。同等浓度条件下，油酸的抑制效果比硬脂酸强的多的主要原因是油酸中碳碳双键增大了钝化膜覆盖黄铁矿的表面积。研究表明油酸在黄铁矿表面形成的第一层化学钝化层的基础上，会通过碳碳双键再形成一层物理钝化层，同时碳碳双键还会与黄铁矿表面的硫以物理吸附方式吸附在黄铁矿表面。油酸钾抑制尾矿沉积物的最佳浓度比新鲜和风化尾矿高得多。这主要是因为尾矿沉积物中Ca的含量是其他两种尾矿中的2倍。油酸钾螯合金属选择性较差，容易与尾矿中金属Ca也发生螯合作用，从而导致使用量的增加。钝化剂对尾矿中金属的选择性螯合问题，在以往的研究中鲜有研究者报道，这个问题的提出为研究者以后选择合适的尾矿钝化剂提供了指导和参考作用。
4.自主合成的新型钝化剂DTC-TETA有效的抑制了黄铁矿在pH=3和pH=6的溶液中的氧化，24h内的抑制率高达98.5%上。对尾矿的对照样品进行柱状淋滤实验发现，尾矿中重金属的释放在前24h是快速释放阶段，主要是尾矿中可交换态重金属离子的释放；第二阶段为慢速释放，主要是矿物有机态重金属和层间重金属离子的释放。钝化剂对三种尾矿在pH=3和pH=6两种柱状淋滤条件下重金属释放都有着很好的抑制效果，抑制率超过90%，抑制效果可以保持30d以上。钝化剂DTC-TETA的钝化机理是通过DTC-TETA中二硫代羧基中的硫与矿物表面上金属以共价键的形式生成稳定的交联网状螯合物附在尾矿表面。这层致密的疏水钝化膜可以隔绝水和氧气从而抑制尾矿中重金属的释放。因为钝化膜是以共价键的形式生成的，所以可以在酸性溶液中长期稳定存在。与已经有报道的其他钝化剂相比，钝化剂DTC-TETA有以下一些优点：1）钝化剂DTC-TETA可以在不需要双氧水预氧化的条件下直接钝化尾矿；2）DTC-TETA以共价键螯合的形式在尾矿表面形成交联网状膜，所以包膜尾矿可以在低pH环境中稳定存在；3）DTC-TETA主要由碳直链结构组成，不含有芳香烃等难降解基团，不会对环境造成二次污染；4）DTC-TETA易溶于水，方便在实际环境中应用;5）已报道的钝化剂主要作用于黄铁矿，对尾矿是否有效果还是未知，而DTC-TETA不仅可以钝化黄铁矿，同时也可以钝化尾矿。
Large amounts of tailing were produced and stored in tailing ponds or in piles exposed toair around the world evevry year. Many toxic metals were released from tailings due to theoxidation by O2, which would contaminate the surrounding environment and do harm to thehealth of people through food line. In order to control the oxidation of tailings at sourse, thisstudy took three kinds of metal-sulfide tailing samples, weathered and fresh tailings, andtailing sediments which were obtained from the Dabaoshan sulfur-polymetallic mines in thenorth of Guangdong Province, China as research objects and employed a new kind ofmethods to coat the metal-sulfide tailings without pre-oxidation. The new method couldinhibit or slow down the release of heavy metals from tailing samples by suprresing theoxidation of sulfide minerals in microcosmic level. Three kinds of different coatings wereadopted as coating agents on taling samples at last after testing many chemical materials.The probable mechanisms of the passivation of tailing samples were proposed. We alsoinvestigated the mechanisms of the coatings protecting the coated tailings surface from O2and H2O attack. Stability researches were conducted to examine the duration of coatings inweathering conditions. The main experiments and conclusions are as follows:
1. In order to get better understanding of tailing samples, the charactization of the physical,chemical and mineralogical properities of three tailing samples were conducted. The tailingsmainly contained the elements of Fe, Si and Al, while he content of S is very low relatively.The main mineral compositions for fresh tailing are quartz, goethite and hematite. Quartz,lead alum, iron alum and gibbsite are the main minerals contained in the weathered tailingssamples. While for tailing sediment samples, the main mineral compositions are quartz andgoethite. All the three tailings samples are rich in Cu, Zn and Pb，but the content of Cd isrelatively lower than other three heavy metals. The distribution and chemical forms of Cu,Pb, Zn, and Cd in three tailings samples were studied based on mineralogical and chemicalanalyses as well as sequential extraction. The potential migration ability of heavy metalswas also disscussed on the basis of the speciation of heavy metals. Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd infresh tailing samples were mainly existed in sufides and the mobility of four heavy metalsfollowed the order: Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb. The dominating chemical forms of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cdwas residual silicates in weathered tailing samples and the mobility of the four metalsfollowed the order Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb. For the tailing sediments, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd also existresidual in and the mobility of the four metals followed the order: Zn> Pb>Cd> Cu. Theacid producing potential of three tailing samples was studied using both NAG (net acid generation) and NAPP (net acid producing potential) test. The results indicated that all thethree tailing samples had high acid producing potential and low acid neutralization capacity.
2. Research was conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of TETA. Theconclusions were as follows: when the concentration of TETA was1.5%, the effect of filmwas the best for fresh and weathered tailing samples; when the concentration of TETA was2%, the effect of film is the best for tailing sediment. The effect of TETA was not positiverelation with the concentration of TETA. When TETA concentration was more than5%, theeffect of passivation began to be weak. TETA was able to suppress the oxidation of all thethree tailing samples. After the coated tailing samples were oxidized24h by H2O2, themetals production were reduced more than75%for all of the three tailing, especially for Cuand Zn. However, the oxidation extent of the coated fresh tailing sample was less than thatof coated weathered tailing and coated tailing sediment. The main reason for this was thatthe concentration of Cu2+was relatively high at the beginning of the metal releasing from thecoated fresh tailing. So the Cu2+could more easier to form precipitate on the fresh tailingsurface than other two tailing samples. This could be seemed as the second passivating layer.As for the passivation mechamism of TETA, the first step was TETA coated on the tailingsurface. When the coated tailing samples were oxidized by H2O2, TETA could takeadvantage of amine groups to react with H2O2. Redox reaction could consume oxidant toreduce the oxidation of tailing. On the other hand, TETA would take acid-baseneutralization reaction with H+released from tailing sampes and form precipitate on thetailing surface to protect the tailing samples from O2attack.
3. Both of the coating oleic acid and stearic acid could inhibit the oxidation of pyrite.The major mechanism of coating formation was the chelation. The carboxylic group of oleicacid and stearic acid could chelate with heavy metal on the mineral surface. And the chelateproduct covered with the mineral surface to inhibit the pyrite oxidation. However, theinhibition rate of oleic acid was much higher than that of stearic acid at the same experimentcondition. The main reason was the effect of the carbon-carbon double bond in oleic acidmolecule. The passivating layer had been formed on the surface of pyrite after theinteraction of oleic acid or stearic acid, and this layer was very steady in the solution. Ourstudies showed that the physical coating layer of oleic acid would form on the surface ofchemical passivation layer by carbon-carbon double bond. At the meantime, physicaladsorption would react between carbon-carbon double bond and the sulfur of pyrite, whichwould increase the surface area of the passivation layer on pyrite surface. The potassiumoleate also was used as a passivator to suppress the oxidation of mineral. Compared with oleic acid，the optimum concentration of potassium oleate was much greater. The reasonwas the poor chelate selectivity of potassium oleate with metals. For example, the potassiumoleate could chelate with Ca~(2+)in the tailing samples. And this would result in the increaseddoasage of potassium oleate when used it as the coating for tailing samples.
4. Sodium triethylenetetramine-bisdithiocarbamate (DTC-TETA) was synthesized of as acoating for pyrite and tailing surfaces to suppress ARD production at source. Leachingexperiments showed decreased Fe leaching by99.8%and98.5%upon pyrite exposure to pH6.0and3.0solutions, respectively. Column leaching also decreased by>90%for Cu, Zn, Cd,Pb, and Fe metals at pH6.0and3.0solutions for a period of30days in fresh and weatheredtailing samples. The probable mechanisms of the passivation of pyrite and tailing sampleswere also proposed. Unlike most of other coatings, DTC-TETA was covalently coordinatedto metals and formed a cross-linked hydrophobic passivating layer on the pyrite or tailingsurface to inhibit the release of metals in acidic solutions. Compared to other coating agents,DTC-TETA has the following advantages. First, in previous studies, dithiocarbamates havebeen used as chelating agents to bind heavy metals. DTC-TETA can directly coat thesurface of pyrite without using H2O2for initial surface oxidation. Second, the DTC-TETAligand is thought to utilize terminal sulfur groups to facilitate effective and covalentcoordination to iron atoms in pyrite so that the ligand can work well under very low pH.Third, DTC-TETA is composed mainly of straight chain carbons and poses no foreseeablethreat to the environment. Fourth, DTC-TETA is efficient for engineering applicationsbecause it easily dissolves in water and avoiding using other organic solvents to increase itscost. Fifth and last, most coating experiments have been conducted on pyrite or pyrrhotitesamples. The compatibility of these coatings with mineral wastes in tailing ponds is not yetclear. DTC-TETA has effect on inhibiting the oxidation of pyrite and sulfide tailing samples.
引文
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