基于碳排放清单的九寨沟自然保护区碳足迹及碳管理研究
|
摘要
气候变化、人类活动强度增加已经成为自然保护区所面临的不可逆的命题,并对其生态环境产生负面影响。作为生态系统极为脆弱的自然保护区,九寨沟未来发展必须在气候变化、旅游增长与环境保护之间寻求平衡。碳足迹是衡量人类活动环境影响的关键工具,通过碳足迹评价可以找出九寨沟自然保护区的碳减排关键因子,提出有针对性的碳减排措施。碳管理关注以最低成本实现碳减排,是碳足迹评价的后续性工作。本文引入基于混合生命周期的碳排放清单,全面统计九寨沟自然保护区边界内的碳排放,评价其碳足迹,找出碳减排关键因子和潜力因子并进行碳减排管理,可以为自然保护区的环境管理提供新思路。
碳足迹评价和碳管理已经成为国内外研究的新方向和新热点,但还存在一些不足。首先,相对于全球变化对保护区生态环境和旅游资源的影响研究,旅游地人类活动碳足迹评价及其对生态平衡的影响研究较少；并且由于旅游业不是国民核算体系的传统部门,国内外缺少对自然保护区人类活动和旅游业碳排放准确而全面的统计。旅游碳足迹评价多集中在能源消耗方面,对自然保护区中废弃物和土地利用产生的碳排放较少涉及,基于碳排放清单的旅游碳足迹评价研究集中在国家等大尺度层面,对自然保护区类的区域小尺度研究需要推进。其次,旅游碳足迹评价多是基于生命周期方法的某一主体或某类活动碳排放的具体分析,而对自然保护区特定边界内人类活动碳足迹的研究欠缺,其碳排放分析多集中于客源地到目的地的交通上碳排放分析上,对保护区内部碳排放的具体状况难于全面了解。再次,保护区碳管理的研究多集中低碳管理、减碳政策及措施分析上,对碳管理机制缺乏宏观和整体分析。
论文的研究目标是提出基于混合生命周期碳排放清单的自然保护区碳足迹评价模型,并在此基础上提出具有区域适宜性的碳管理机制。论文在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,借鉴环境生态学、旅游学、社会学、管理学等相关学科的理论,采用理论演绎、模型构建、实证研究、GIS和统计分析等相结合的方法。首先,论文参考国际上通用的多种温室气体排放清单,并结合对自然保护区内游客活动的过程分析,提出基于混合生命周期的自然保护区碳排放清单,依据清单对九寨沟各排放源的碳排放与碳储存进行分析。其次,设计碳足迹评价模型,对九寨沟的碳足迹和碳平衡的动态变化进行分对九寨沟碳排放进行统计分析。再次,基于流程管理提出自然保护区的碳管理机制,对九寨沟现有的碳管理进行改进。论文研究目的是分析人类活动对九寨沟自然保护区的环境影响,确定碳减排的关键因子,探索九寨沟自然保护区的碳管理机制,促进自然保护区的可持续发展。
论文研究结论如下：
首先,2012年九寨沟人类活动碳排放集中在建设用地。依据九寨沟2012年碳排放清单对九寨沟碳排放的碳汇构成、主体构成、地点分布进行分析,发现：从碳源构成看,能源消耗是九寨沟碳排放主要来源,2012年能源碳排放占九寨沟碳排放总量的81.86%,其余为废弃物碳排放。从主体及活动类型看,旅游活动所产生的碳排放占总量的88.89%,其中最主要来自保护区经营性公司的商业活动,其他依次为游客的游览活动和管理局的管理维护活动；居民生活碳排放来自村寨日常生活和私家车驾驶。从地点分布看,保护区公路的碳排放量最大,占总量的44.89%,主要是燃油消耗；其次为保护区旅游区(22.43%),主要是废弃物排放；再次为沟口(20.62%)、村寨(10.4%)、诺日朗中心碳排放最小(1.67%)。
其次,九寨沟土地利用经历森林采伐、旅游开发、停止采伐恢复植被、退耕还林、减少经营用地等重大变化,使得九寨沟土地碳储量相应地出现了先减少后增长的局面。从1986年到2012年,九寨沟自然保护区的碳储量总量增长了5%。九寨沟保护区的平均碳密度远高于国内平均水平,尤其森林植被的平均碳密度是国内平均3-4倍,碳汇作用非常突出。土壤是九寨沟碳储量的主要来源,其碳储存是九寨沟碳储存总量的69%,是土地植被碳汇的2.2倍。林地是九寨沟最大碳库,贡献了85%的碳储量。
再次,在今后相当长的一段时期内,九寨沟碳足迹增长的趋势不可能改变,即使是出现灾害疾病经济危机等大事件,其影响也会是阶段性的,随着旅游恢复碳足迹仍旧会增长。根据库格涅茨曲线进行九寨沟碳足迹的峰值分析,则九寨沟人类生活碳足迹的峰值可能出现在9000-10000hm2之间,此后可能会逐步下降。
第四,九寨沟自然保护区的生态平衡良好,虽然生态碳平衡指数自1975年来整体呈增加态势,但到2012年仅为0.078,说明人类活动对九寨沟整个生态系统造成的干扰很小。这意味着九寨沟自然保护区的生态系统提供的具有生产力的土地总供给与吸纳人类活动碳足迹之间存在巨大的生态盈余,不仅可以支撑九寨沟未来旅游业的持续发展,也可以为我国生态环境做出巨大贡献,提供大量碳汇。
第五,九寨沟碳管理应该包含碳源控制、碳汇建设和碳平衡推进。九寨沟碳管理的具体实施应从土地利用的优化、居民和游客人数控制、利益主体的减排责任分担,产业与消费结构转型、碳汇与减碳技术、政策支持等几方面着手。
第六,论文发现九寨沟存在环境邻避现象。2012年九寨沟47.3%碳足迹被转移至保护区之外,只有52.7%还在保护区之内。52.7%碳排放所产生的碳足迹为2041.0497hm2,仅占九寨沟具有生物生产力面积的3.13%。九寨沟自然保护区碳足迹的外部转移反映了环境成本的转移或转嫁,或者是环境外部性问题和自然保护区的邻避效应的存在。自然保护区的环境邻避具有十分积极的作用,一方面减少碳足迹的环境影响防止某些土地利用由碳汇向碳源转化,另一方面有利于增加碳汇从而提升碳汇交易的收益。
综上,本文在以下几个方面进行了创新：一是选题创新：将碳足迹、碳管理、生态环境保护几个研究热点结合起来,选题又切中九寨沟旅游增长过快环境压力加大的现实问题,选题具有理论创新和应用创新；二是方法创新：提出基于混合生命周期的自然保护区碳足迹评价模型；二是视角创新：将自然保护区的旅游活动碳排放和居民、商业、管理部门的碳排放综合考虑,将碳足迹评价和碳管理机制综合分析。
本文还存在一些不足,有待后续深入：一是由于数据有限而无法进行碳足迹的时间变动分析；二是碳排放系数法和NPP法虽适用性强但不够准确,以后可以尝试实测法弥补该不足；三是论文对碳管理机制的研究还没有深入,有待继续丰富完善。
Climate change and rapid growth of human activities have become an irreversible proposition that Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve is facing, and exerted negative impacts on its natural environment. As extremely fragile ecosystem Nature Reserve is, in the future Jiuzhaigou must seek a balance between climate change, tourism growth and environmental protection to realize sustainable development. Carbon emissions are the main cause of human-induced climate change, and its footprint has become critical tool to measure the environmental impacts of human activities. Carbon footprint could identify key factors of carbon emission in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, and propose targeted carbon reduction measures. Carbon management focused on how to achieve carbon emission reduction at the lowest cost, which is follow-up work of carbon footprint assessment. This paper introduced carbon inventory based on hybrid life cycle, and caculated carbon emissions of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve comprehensively, evaluated their carbon footprint to identify key and potential factors of carbon emissions, and explored carbon management machanics, which provided new ideas.for environmental management of nature reserve.
Carbon footprint evaluation and carbon management had become a new direction and a new hot spot of related research at home and abroad, but there were still some shortcomings.First of all, with respect to global change impact study on ecological environment and tourism resources, studies of tourism activities'carbon footprint assessment and its impacts on the ecological balance were less; moreover, because tourism was not a sectors included in National Statistics at home and abroad there was lack of studies on human activities on nature reserves and tourism carbon emissions accurate and comprehensive statistics. Also most of travel carbon footprint evaluations focused on energy consumption, secondly being involved with Nature Reserve waste and land use carbon emissions generated. Based on the carbon emissions inventories travel carbon footprint evaluation studies mostly focused on the national large-scale level, small-scale studies needed to be moved forward. Secondly, present tourism carbon footprint evaluations are mostly based on specific carbon emissions analysis of the life-cycle approach to from some subject or certain activities, but there were lack of carbon footprint study of human activities within the particular boundaries of nature reserve while not considering traffic carbon emissions from customer source to the destination, so the specific conditions of carbon emissions within the protected area is difficult to fully understand. Again, the studies on carbon management in nature reserves were more concentrated on low-carbon management, carbon reduction policies and measures, there were lack of macro-and overall analysis of the carbon management mechanism.
The goal of this thesis is to put forward proposed Nature Reserve carbon footprint evaluation model based on the mixed life cycle carbon emissions inventory and carbon management mechanism based on regional suitability. The paper learned related theories and knowledge from environmental ecology, tourism, sociology, management and other related disciplines theory, in practical studies chose theoretical interpretation, model building, and combination of methods of empirical research, GIS and statistical analysis. First of all, the paper refereed to a variety of common international greenhouse gas emission inventories and analysis, combined with the process of tourist activities in the nature reserve nature reserves, raised carbon emissions inventory based on hybrid life cycle, which listed out the emission sources carbon emissions and carbon storage in Jiuzhaigou. Secondly, the paper designed of the carbon footprint evaluation model, which analyzed Jiuzhaigou carbon balance and its dynamic changes based on long term analysis. Again, the paper suggested process management to improve Jiuzhaigou existing carbon management. The thesis is designed to test the carbon emission of the carbon in the nature reserve, to analyze the changes of the carbon footprint and carbon balance, to identify the carbon emission distinction between different locations, activities, and subjects in nature reserve, to raise carbon management mechanism to improve the sustainalble development of nature reserves. The thesis conclusions are as follows:
First, in2012carbon emissions of Jiuzhaigou human activity happened in the land for construction. Based on the2012carbon emissions inventory, Jiuzhaigou's carbon emissions were less than carbon sinks in the main form. The paper carried out analysis of the contribution of different stakeholders, sources, and geographical distribution. According to the carbon source analysis, energy consumption is the main source of the Jiuzhaigou carbon emissions, energy carbon emissions in2012accounted for the Jiuzhaigou carbon emissions81.86%of the total. According to the analysis of the types of activities, the carbon emissions generated by tourism activities accounted for88.89%of the total, of which the biggest emissions were from the operating company's business activities in nature reserve, followed by maintenance activities for tourist excursions and management of the Jiuzhaigou Authority; residents'carbon emissions come from the village everyday life and the drivers of private cars. According to the analysis of the geographical distribution, highways contributed largest carbon emissions, accounting for44.89%of the total fuel consumption; followed by tourist areas (22.43%), waste emissions; once again entry area (20.62%), villages (10.4%), and Nuorilang(1.67%).
Secondly, Jiuzhaigou land use experienced deforestation, tourism development, stopping the logging, restoring vegetation and forest, reducing construction land use, etc., which benefitted Jiuzhaigou land carbon storage. From1986to2012, in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, total carbon storage increased by5%. Jiuzhaigou average carbon density of the nature reserve was much higher than the national average level, especially the average carbon density of the forest vegetation3-4times of average, having played very prominent role of carbon sinks. Soil is the main source of Jiuzhaigou carbon storage, its carbon storage is69%of the total amount of carbon stored in Jiuzhaigou,2.2times the land vegetation carbon sinks. The forest is the largest carbon pool in Jiuzhaigou, contributed85%of the carbon reserves.
Thirdly, in the future for a long period of time, the growth trend of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint would be unlikely to change, even if there would have a big event, disaster, disease, or economic crisis, whose impacts will also be staged, with the tourism recovery carbon footprint will still be growth. Under EKC analysis, the paper assumed that there were inverted U-shaped relationship between China's urban per capita disposable income and Jiuzhaigou human carbon footprint of human activities, the peak of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint of human activities might appear in the9000-10000hm2, Since then might gradually decline.
Fourth, the ecological balance of the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve was extremely good, although the ecological balance of the index showed an increasing trend since1975as a whole, but only7.8%in2012. It could be concluded the interference caused by human activities on the entire ecosystem in Jiuzhaigou is very small. This shows that there is a huge ecological surplus, which can not only support the sustainable development of tourism in Jiuzhaigou Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve of ecosystems to provide a total supply of productive land to absorb the carbon produced by human activities footprint, but also for China make a significant contribution to the ecological environment, to provide a large number of carbon sinks.
Fifth, Jiuzhaigou carbon management should contain carbon source control, construction of carbon sinks and carbon balance forward. The concrete implementation of the Jiuzhaigou carbon management should be the optimization of land use, the number of residents and visitors control, shared responsibility of stakeholders, restructuring of industry and consumption, introduction of carbon sequestration and carbon reduction technology, offering policy support.
Sixth, the paper found that the presence of NIMBY phenomenon in Jiuzhaigou's environmental impacts. In201247.3%of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint is transferred to the outside of the nature reserve, only52.7%stayed in nature reserve.52.7%of the carbon emissions generated by carbon footprint for2041.0497hm2, accounted for only3.13%of the Jiuzhaigou biologically productive area. Carbon footprint's being transferred to the external areas of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve reflected the transferring or being passed of environmental costs, or the NIMBY effect of nature reserves and the presence of environmental externalities. NIMBY could play a very active role in protecting local environment, on the one hand, to reduce the environmental impact of the carbon footprint and prevent carbon sink to a carbon source by land using changing; on the other hand, to help to increase carbon sequestration and carbon storage, so as to enhance income by trading carbon sinks.
In summary, the papers made some innovations:First, in topics Innovation, this article combined present research hotspots, such as carbon footprint, carbon management, ecological and environmental protection, and hit practical development problems of Jiuzhaigou national park. Second, in methodology, the paper carbon footprint proposed evaluation model based on hybrid life cycle of nature reserves. Thirdly, in perspective innovation, the paper used carbon footprint assessment and carbon management mechanism comprehensively, and analyzed the carbon emissions of the tourism activities and residents on the whole.
Thesis could be improved in the following aspects:First, temporal and spatial distribution analysis of carbon footprint can be riched by collecting more dada; second, the caculation of carbon emission and carbon footprint can be more accurate by field measurement; third, research papers on the mechanism of carbon management could be further enriched and improved.
碳足迹评价和碳管理已经成为国内外研究的新方向和新热点,但还存在一些不足。首先,相对于全球变化对保护区生态环境和旅游资源的影响研究,旅游地人类活动碳足迹评价及其对生态平衡的影响研究较少；并且由于旅游业不是国民核算体系的传统部门,国内外缺少对自然保护区人类活动和旅游业碳排放准确而全面的统计。旅游碳足迹评价多集中在能源消耗方面,对自然保护区中废弃物和土地利用产生的碳排放较少涉及,基于碳排放清单的旅游碳足迹评价研究集中在国家等大尺度层面,对自然保护区类的区域小尺度研究需要推进。其次,旅游碳足迹评价多是基于生命周期方法的某一主体或某类活动碳排放的具体分析,而对自然保护区特定边界内人类活动碳足迹的研究欠缺,其碳排放分析多集中于客源地到目的地的交通上碳排放分析上,对保护区内部碳排放的具体状况难于全面了解。再次,保护区碳管理的研究多集中低碳管理、减碳政策及措施分析上,对碳管理机制缺乏宏观和整体分析。
论文的研究目标是提出基于混合生命周期碳排放清单的自然保护区碳足迹评价模型,并在此基础上提出具有区域适宜性的碳管理机制。论文在借鉴国内外研究成果的基础上,借鉴环境生态学、旅游学、社会学、管理学等相关学科的理论,采用理论演绎、模型构建、实证研究、GIS和统计分析等相结合的方法。首先,论文参考国际上通用的多种温室气体排放清单,并结合对自然保护区内游客活动的过程分析,提出基于混合生命周期的自然保护区碳排放清单,依据清单对九寨沟各排放源的碳排放与碳储存进行分析。其次,设计碳足迹评价模型,对九寨沟的碳足迹和碳平衡的动态变化进行分对九寨沟碳排放进行统计分析。再次,基于流程管理提出自然保护区的碳管理机制,对九寨沟现有的碳管理进行改进。论文研究目的是分析人类活动对九寨沟自然保护区的环境影响,确定碳减排的关键因子,探索九寨沟自然保护区的碳管理机制,促进自然保护区的可持续发展。
论文研究结论如下：
首先,2012年九寨沟人类活动碳排放集中在建设用地。依据九寨沟2012年碳排放清单对九寨沟碳排放的碳汇构成、主体构成、地点分布进行分析,发现：从碳源构成看,能源消耗是九寨沟碳排放主要来源,2012年能源碳排放占九寨沟碳排放总量的81.86%,其余为废弃物碳排放。从主体及活动类型看,旅游活动所产生的碳排放占总量的88.89%,其中最主要来自保护区经营性公司的商业活动,其他依次为游客的游览活动和管理局的管理维护活动；居民生活碳排放来自村寨日常生活和私家车驾驶。从地点分布看,保护区公路的碳排放量最大,占总量的44.89%,主要是燃油消耗；其次为保护区旅游区(22.43%),主要是废弃物排放；再次为沟口(20.62%)、村寨(10.4%)、诺日朗中心碳排放最小(1.67%)。
其次,九寨沟土地利用经历森林采伐、旅游开发、停止采伐恢复植被、退耕还林、减少经营用地等重大变化,使得九寨沟土地碳储量相应地出现了先减少后增长的局面。从1986年到2012年,九寨沟自然保护区的碳储量总量增长了5%。九寨沟保护区的平均碳密度远高于国内平均水平,尤其森林植被的平均碳密度是国内平均3-4倍,碳汇作用非常突出。土壤是九寨沟碳储量的主要来源,其碳储存是九寨沟碳储存总量的69%,是土地植被碳汇的2.2倍。林地是九寨沟最大碳库,贡献了85%的碳储量。
再次,在今后相当长的一段时期内,九寨沟碳足迹增长的趋势不可能改变,即使是出现灾害疾病经济危机等大事件,其影响也会是阶段性的,随着旅游恢复碳足迹仍旧会增长。根据库格涅茨曲线进行九寨沟碳足迹的峰值分析,则九寨沟人类生活碳足迹的峰值可能出现在9000-10000hm2之间,此后可能会逐步下降。
第四,九寨沟自然保护区的生态平衡良好,虽然生态碳平衡指数自1975年来整体呈增加态势,但到2012年仅为0.078,说明人类活动对九寨沟整个生态系统造成的干扰很小。这意味着九寨沟自然保护区的生态系统提供的具有生产力的土地总供给与吸纳人类活动碳足迹之间存在巨大的生态盈余,不仅可以支撑九寨沟未来旅游业的持续发展,也可以为我国生态环境做出巨大贡献,提供大量碳汇。
第五,九寨沟碳管理应该包含碳源控制、碳汇建设和碳平衡推进。九寨沟碳管理的具体实施应从土地利用的优化、居民和游客人数控制、利益主体的减排责任分担,产业与消费结构转型、碳汇与减碳技术、政策支持等几方面着手。
第六,论文发现九寨沟存在环境邻避现象。2012年九寨沟47.3%碳足迹被转移至保护区之外,只有52.7%还在保护区之内。52.7%碳排放所产生的碳足迹为2041.0497hm2,仅占九寨沟具有生物生产力面积的3.13%。九寨沟自然保护区碳足迹的外部转移反映了环境成本的转移或转嫁,或者是环境外部性问题和自然保护区的邻避效应的存在。自然保护区的环境邻避具有十分积极的作用,一方面减少碳足迹的环境影响防止某些土地利用由碳汇向碳源转化,另一方面有利于增加碳汇从而提升碳汇交易的收益。
综上,本文在以下几个方面进行了创新：一是选题创新：将碳足迹、碳管理、生态环境保护几个研究热点结合起来,选题又切中九寨沟旅游增长过快环境压力加大的现实问题,选题具有理论创新和应用创新；二是方法创新：提出基于混合生命周期的自然保护区碳足迹评价模型；二是视角创新：将自然保护区的旅游活动碳排放和居民、商业、管理部门的碳排放综合考虑,将碳足迹评价和碳管理机制综合分析。
本文还存在一些不足,有待后续深入：一是由于数据有限而无法进行碳足迹的时间变动分析；二是碳排放系数法和NPP法虽适用性强但不够准确,以后可以尝试实测法弥补该不足；三是论文对碳管理机制的研究还没有深入,有待继续丰富完善。
Climate change and rapid growth of human activities have become an irreversible proposition that Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve is facing, and exerted negative impacts on its natural environment. As extremely fragile ecosystem Nature Reserve is, in the future Jiuzhaigou must seek a balance between climate change, tourism growth and environmental protection to realize sustainable development. Carbon emissions are the main cause of human-induced climate change, and its footprint has become critical tool to measure the environmental impacts of human activities. Carbon footprint could identify key factors of carbon emission in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, and propose targeted carbon reduction measures. Carbon management focused on how to achieve carbon emission reduction at the lowest cost, which is follow-up work of carbon footprint assessment. This paper introduced carbon inventory based on hybrid life cycle, and caculated carbon emissions of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve comprehensively, evaluated their carbon footprint to identify key and potential factors of carbon emissions, and explored carbon management machanics, which provided new ideas.for environmental management of nature reserve.
Carbon footprint evaluation and carbon management had become a new direction and a new hot spot of related research at home and abroad, but there were still some shortcomings.First of all, with respect to global change impact study on ecological environment and tourism resources, studies of tourism activities'carbon footprint assessment and its impacts on the ecological balance were less; moreover, because tourism was not a sectors included in National Statistics at home and abroad there was lack of studies on human activities on nature reserves and tourism carbon emissions accurate and comprehensive statistics. Also most of travel carbon footprint evaluations focused on energy consumption, secondly being involved with Nature Reserve waste and land use carbon emissions generated. Based on the carbon emissions inventories travel carbon footprint evaluation studies mostly focused on the national large-scale level, small-scale studies needed to be moved forward. Secondly, present tourism carbon footprint evaluations are mostly based on specific carbon emissions analysis of the life-cycle approach to from some subject or certain activities, but there were lack of carbon footprint study of human activities within the particular boundaries of nature reserve while not considering traffic carbon emissions from customer source to the destination, so the specific conditions of carbon emissions within the protected area is difficult to fully understand. Again, the studies on carbon management in nature reserves were more concentrated on low-carbon management, carbon reduction policies and measures, there were lack of macro-and overall analysis of the carbon management mechanism.
The goal of this thesis is to put forward proposed Nature Reserve carbon footprint evaluation model based on the mixed life cycle carbon emissions inventory and carbon management mechanism based on regional suitability. The paper learned related theories and knowledge from environmental ecology, tourism, sociology, management and other related disciplines theory, in practical studies chose theoretical interpretation, model building, and combination of methods of empirical research, GIS and statistical analysis. First of all, the paper refereed to a variety of common international greenhouse gas emission inventories and analysis, combined with the process of tourist activities in the nature reserve nature reserves, raised carbon emissions inventory based on hybrid life cycle, which listed out the emission sources carbon emissions and carbon storage in Jiuzhaigou. Secondly, the paper designed of the carbon footprint evaluation model, which analyzed Jiuzhaigou carbon balance and its dynamic changes based on long term analysis. Again, the paper suggested process management to improve Jiuzhaigou existing carbon management. The thesis is designed to test the carbon emission of the carbon in the nature reserve, to analyze the changes of the carbon footprint and carbon balance, to identify the carbon emission distinction between different locations, activities, and subjects in nature reserve, to raise carbon management mechanism to improve the sustainalble development of nature reserves. The thesis conclusions are as follows:
First, in2012carbon emissions of Jiuzhaigou human activity happened in the land for construction. Based on the2012carbon emissions inventory, Jiuzhaigou's carbon emissions were less than carbon sinks in the main form. The paper carried out analysis of the contribution of different stakeholders, sources, and geographical distribution. According to the carbon source analysis, energy consumption is the main source of the Jiuzhaigou carbon emissions, energy carbon emissions in2012accounted for the Jiuzhaigou carbon emissions81.86%of the total. According to the analysis of the types of activities, the carbon emissions generated by tourism activities accounted for88.89%of the total, of which the biggest emissions were from the operating company's business activities in nature reserve, followed by maintenance activities for tourist excursions and management of the Jiuzhaigou Authority; residents'carbon emissions come from the village everyday life and the drivers of private cars. According to the analysis of the geographical distribution, highways contributed largest carbon emissions, accounting for44.89%of the total fuel consumption; followed by tourist areas (22.43%), waste emissions; once again entry area (20.62%), villages (10.4%), and Nuorilang(1.67%).
Secondly, Jiuzhaigou land use experienced deforestation, tourism development, stopping the logging, restoring vegetation and forest, reducing construction land use, etc., which benefitted Jiuzhaigou land carbon storage. From1986to2012, in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, total carbon storage increased by5%. Jiuzhaigou average carbon density of the nature reserve was much higher than the national average level, especially the average carbon density of the forest vegetation3-4times of average, having played very prominent role of carbon sinks. Soil is the main source of Jiuzhaigou carbon storage, its carbon storage is69%of the total amount of carbon stored in Jiuzhaigou,2.2times the land vegetation carbon sinks. The forest is the largest carbon pool in Jiuzhaigou, contributed85%of the carbon reserves.
Thirdly, in the future for a long period of time, the growth trend of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint would be unlikely to change, even if there would have a big event, disaster, disease, or economic crisis, whose impacts will also be staged, with the tourism recovery carbon footprint will still be growth. Under EKC analysis, the paper assumed that there were inverted U-shaped relationship between China's urban per capita disposable income and Jiuzhaigou human carbon footprint of human activities, the peak of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint of human activities might appear in the9000-10000hm2, Since then might gradually decline.
Fourth, the ecological balance of the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve was extremely good, although the ecological balance of the index showed an increasing trend since1975as a whole, but only7.8%in2012. It could be concluded the interference caused by human activities on the entire ecosystem in Jiuzhaigou is very small. This shows that there is a huge ecological surplus, which can not only support the sustainable development of tourism in Jiuzhaigou Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve of ecosystems to provide a total supply of productive land to absorb the carbon produced by human activities footprint, but also for China make a significant contribution to the ecological environment, to provide a large number of carbon sinks.
Fifth, Jiuzhaigou carbon management should contain carbon source control, construction of carbon sinks and carbon balance forward. The concrete implementation of the Jiuzhaigou carbon management should be the optimization of land use, the number of residents and visitors control, shared responsibility of stakeholders, restructuring of industry and consumption, introduction of carbon sequestration and carbon reduction technology, offering policy support.
Sixth, the paper found that the presence of NIMBY phenomenon in Jiuzhaigou's environmental impacts. In201247.3%of Jiuzhaigou carbon footprint is transferred to the outside of the nature reserve, only52.7%stayed in nature reserve.52.7%of the carbon emissions generated by carbon footprint for2041.0497hm2, accounted for only3.13%of the Jiuzhaigou biologically productive area. Carbon footprint's being transferred to the external areas of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve reflected the transferring or being passed of environmental costs, or the NIMBY effect of nature reserves and the presence of environmental externalities. NIMBY could play a very active role in protecting local environment, on the one hand, to reduce the environmental impact of the carbon footprint and prevent carbon sink to a carbon source by land using changing; on the other hand, to help to increase carbon sequestration and carbon storage, so as to enhance income by trading carbon sinks.
In summary, the papers made some innovations:First, in topics Innovation, this article combined present research hotspots, such as carbon footprint, carbon management, ecological and environmental protection, and hit practical development problems of Jiuzhaigou national park. Second, in methodology, the paper carbon footprint proposed evaluation model based on hybrid life cycle of nature reserves. Thirdly, in perspective innovation, the paper used carbon footprint assessment and carbon management mechanism comprehensively, and analyzed the carbon emissions of the tourism activities and residents on the whole.
Thesis could be improved in the following aspects:First, temporal and spatial distribution analysis of carbon footprint can be riched by collecting more dada; second, the caculation of carbon emission and carbon footprint can be more accurate by field measurement; third, research papers on the mechanism of carbon management could be further enriched and improved.
引文
[1]Appleby, M. R., Buckley, A. B., Lambert, C. G., Rennie, A. E. W. A Comparison of Carbon Footprint Calculations for End of Life Product Recovery Methods Using Pas 2050[J]. Proceedings of the Asme 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis,2010, Vol 4,2010.705-713.
[2]Arakawa, Hironori, Aresta, Michele, Armor, John, Barteau, Mark, Beckman, Eric J, et al. Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management:progress, challenges, and opportunities[J]. Chemical reviews,2001.101.
[3]Becken, S. Analysing international tourist flows to estimate energy use associated with air travel[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2002.10(2),114-131.
[4]Becken, S. How tourists and tourism experts perceive climate change and carbon-offsetting schemes[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2004.12(4),332-345.
[5]Becken, S., Patterson, M. Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2006.14(4), 323-338.
[6]Birdsey, Richard A, Plantinga, Andrew J, Heath, Linda S. Past and prospective carbon storage in United States forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1993.58(1),33-40.
[7]Birdsey, Richard, Pregitzer, Kurt, Lucier, Alan. Forest carbon management in the United States[J]. Journal of environmental quality,2006.35(4),1461-1469.
[8]Blair, GJ, Lefroy, RDB, Singh, BP, Till, AR. Development and use of a carbon management index to monitor changes in soil C pool size and turnover rate[J]. Driven by nature:plant litter quality and decomposition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK,1997.273-281.
[9]Bohdanowicz, Paulina, Martinac, Ivo. Attitudes towards sustainability in chain hotels-results of a european survey[R]. Paper presented at the The CIB 2003 International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Built Environment.2003.
[10]Bohdanowicz, Paulina, Simanic, Branko, Martinac, Ivo. Environmental training and measures at Scandic Hotels, Sweden[J]. Tourism Review International,2005.9(1),7-19.
[11]Bohdanowicz, Paulina. Environmental awareness and initiatives in the Swedish and Polish hotel industries-survey results[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2006. 25(4),662-682.
[12]Bohdanowicz, Paulina. European Hoteliers' Environmental Attitudes Greening the Business[J]. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,2005.46(2),188-204.
[13]Brown, Sandra L, Schroeder, Paul, Kern, Jeffrey S. Spatial distribution of biomass in forests of the eastern USA[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1999.123(1),81-90.
[14]Canan, P, Crawford, S. What can be learned from champions of ozone layer protection for urban and regional carbon man2 agement in Japan?[R]. Global Carbon Project,2006:16217, 2006.
[15]Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Linden, A.L. Travel patterns and environmental effects now and in the future::implications of differences in energy consumption among socio-economic groups[J]. Ecological Economics,1999.30(3),405-417.
[16]Chavez, A., Ramaswami, A. Progress toward low carbon cities:approaches for transboundary GHG emissions' footprinting[J]. Carbon,2011.2(4),471-482.
[17]Cheng, Yufu, Green-Weiskel, Lucia, Camp, Robyn, Li, Xueyu, Fang, Fang, et al. Using the Energy and Climate Registry for carbon management in China[J]. Carbon Management,2010. 1(1),57-63.
[18]Cilimburg, A, Monz, C, Kehoe, S. Human waste disposal in wilderness:A review of ecological concerns[J]. Environmental Management,2000.25(6),587-598.
[19]Cilimburg, Amy, Monz, Christopher, Kehoe, Sharon. Wildland recreation and human waste:a review of problems, practices, and concerns[J]. Environmental Management,2000.25(6),587-598.
[20]Conrady, Roland, Buck, Martin, Viehl, Pia. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2010[M]: Springer.2010.
[21]Cucek, L., Klemes, J. J., Kravanja, Z. A Review of Footprint analysis tools for monitoring impacts on sustainability[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2012.34,9-20.
[22]De Young, Raymond. Slow wins:patience, perseverance and behavior change[J]. Carbon Management,2011.2(6),607-611.
[23]Deurer, M, Grinev, D, Young, I, Clothier, BE, Muller, K. The impact of soil carbon management on soil macropore structure:a comparison of two apple orchard systems in New Zealand[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2009.60(6),945-955.
[24]Dhakal, Shobhakar, Betsill, Michele M. Challenges of urban and regional carbon management and the scientific response[J]. Local environment,2007.12(5),549-555.
[25]Di Giacomo, N, Guthrie, J, Farneti, F. Travel carbon emission reduction:managing and accounting in a global company| Macquarie University ResearchOnline[J].2012.
[26]Dias, A. C., Arroja, L. Comparison of methodologies for estimating the carbon footprint-case study of office paper[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2012.24,30-35.
[27]Dilling, Lisa, Doney, Scott C, Edmonds, Jae, Gurney, Kevin R, Harriss, Robert, et al. The role of carbon cycle observations and knowledge in carbon management[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2003.28(1),521-558.
[28]Dixon, R_K, Brown, S, Houghton, RA, Solomon, AM, Trexler, MC, et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J]. Science(Washington),1994.263(5144),185-189.
[29]Draper, E. Linn, Leer, Steven F., National Coal Council (U.S.). Research and development needs for the sequestration of carbon dioxide as part of a carbon management strategy[M]. Arlington, Va. (P.O. Box 17370, Arlington,22216):National Coal Council.2000.
[30]Dubois, G., Ceron, J.P. Tourism/leisure greenhouse gas emissions forecasts for 2050:Factors for change in France[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2006.14(2),172-191.
[31]Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., Hoque, S. Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2010.18(3),355-376.
[32]Edmonds, James A, Freund, Paul F, Dooley, James J, Williams, David, Durie, Bob. The role of carbon management technologies in addressing atmospheric stabilization of greenhouse gases[R]. Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA (US),2002.
[33]Fang, Jing-yun, Wang, G Geoff, Liu, Guo-hua, Xu, Song-ling. Forest biomass of China:an estimate based on the biomass-volume relationship[J]. Ecological Applications,1998.8(4), 1084-1091.
[34]Fatta, D, Papadopoulos, A, Avramikos, E, Sgourou, E, Moustakas, K, et al. Generation and management of construction and demolition waste in Greece-an existing challenge[J]. Resources, conservation and recycling,2003.40(1),81-91.
[35]Fatta, Despo, Papadopoulos, Achilleas, Stefanakis, Nikos, Loizidou, Maria, Savvides, Chrysanthos. An alternative method for the treatment of waste produced at a dye and a metal-plating industry using natural and/or waste materials[J]. Waste Management & Research,2004. 22(4),234-239.
[36]Fet, A. M., Schau, E. M., Haskins, C. A Framework for Environmental Analyses of Fish Food Production Systems Based on Systems Engineering Principles[J]. Systems Engineering,2010. 13(2),109-118.
[37]Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J., Robbins, D., Huijbregts, M. A. J. Reviewing the carbon footprint analysis of hotels:Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) as a holistic method for carbon impact appraisal of tourist accommodation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2011.19(17-18),1917-1930.
[38]Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J.E., Robbins, D., Reddy, M.V. A critical review of methods for tourism climate change appraisal:life cycle assessment as a new approach[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2011.19(3),301-324.
[39]Goodall, Chris. How to live a low-carbon life:the individual's guide to stopping climate change[M]:Routledge.2007.
[40]Gossling, S. Global environmental consequences of tourism[J]. Global environmental change, 2002.12(4),283-302.
[41]Gossling, Stefan. Carbon management in tourism:mitigating the impacts on climate change[M]. Abingdon, Oxon, England; New York:Routledge.2011.
[42]Grace, John. Understanding and managing the global carbon cycle[J]. Journal of Ecology,2004. 92(2),189-202.
[43]Guoyu, R., Jun, G., Mingzhi, X., Ziying, C., Li, Z., et al. Climate changes of China's mainland over the past half century[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005.63(6),942-956.
[44]Hall, Graeme MJ, Wiser, Susan K, Allen, Robert B, Beets, Peter N, Goulding, Chris J. Strategies to estimate national forest carbon stocks from inventory data:the 1990 New Zealand baseline[J]. Global Change Biology,2001.7(4),389-403.
[45]Hertwich, Edgar G, Peters, Glen P. Carbon footprint of nations:A global, trade-linked analysis[J]. Environmental science & technology,2009.43(16),6414-6420.
[46]Hillman, T., Ramaswami, A. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight US cities[J]. Environmental science & technology,2010.44(6),1902-1910.
[47]Houghton, RA. Changes in terrestrial carbon over the last 135 years[J]. The Global Carbon Cycle,1993.1,15.
[48]Howitt, O. J. A., Revol, V. G. N., Smith, I. J., Rodger, C. J. Carbon emissions from international cruise ship passengers' travel to and from New Zealand[J]. Energy Policy,2010.38(5),2552-2560.
[49]Huston, Michael A, Marland, Gregg. Carbon management and biodiversity[J]. Journal of environmental Management,2003.67(1),77-86.
[50]IPCC. Climate change 2007:the physical science basis[R]. IPCC,2007.
[51]Izac, A. Developing policies for soil carbon management in tropical regions[J]. Geoderma, 1997.79(1),261-276.
[52]Jenkinson, DS, Adams, DE, Wild, A. Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming[J]. Nature,1991.351(6324),304-306.
[53]Jotzo, Frank. Australia's carbon price[J]. Nature Climate Change,2012.2(7),475-476.
[54]Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T., et al. Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities[J]. Energy Policy,2010.38(9),4828-4837.
[55]Kennedy, C.A., Ramaswami, A., Carney, S., Dhakal, S. Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions[J]. Cities and Climate Change:Responding to an Urgent Agenda,2011.15.
[56]Kitzes, J., Galli, A., Bagliani, M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., et al. A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts[J]. Ecological Economics,2009.68(7),1991-2007.
[57]Kitzes, J., Peller, A., Goldfinger, S., Wackernagel, M. Current methods for calculating national ecological footprint accounts[J]. Science for environment & sustainable society,2007.4(1),1-9.
[58]Kitzes, Justin, Galli, Alessandro, Bagliani, Marco, Barrett, John, Dige, Gorm, et al. A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts[J]. Ecological Economics,2009. 68(7),1991-2007.
[59]Kondo, Yoshinori, Moriguchi, Yuichi, Shimizu, Hiroshi,铁晓珊.为日本建立一份二氧化碳排放清单-两种方法对比[J]AMBIO-人类环境杂志,1996.04,303-307.
[60]Kuniyal, Jagdish C, Jain, Arun P, Shannigrahi, Ardhendu S. Solid waste management in Indian Himalayan tourists' treks:a case study in and around the Valley of Flowers and Hemkund Sahib[J]. Waste Management,2003.23(9),807-816.
[61]Law, Beverly Elizabeth, Harmon, Mark E. Forest sector carbon management, measurement and verification, and discussion of policy related to climate change[J]. Carbon Management, 2011.2(1),73-84.
[62]Lenzen, M. Uncertainty in Impact and Externality Assessments-Implications for Decision-Making (13 pp)[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2006.11(3),189-199.
[63]Li, XD, Poon, CS, Lee, SC, Chung, SS, Luk, F. Waste reduction and recycling strategies for the in-flight services in the airline industry[J]. Resources, conservation and recycling,2003. 37(2),87-99.
[64]Lim, Seong-Rin, Park, Jong Moon. Cooperative water network system to reduce carbon footprint[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(16),6230-6236.
[65]Lin, Tzuping. Carbon dioxide emissions from transport in Taiwan's national parks[J]. Tourism Management,2010.31(2),285-290.
[66]Lippke, Bruce, Oneil, Elaine, Harrison, Rob, Skog, Kenneth, Gustavsson, Leif, et al. Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation:knowns and unknowns[J]. Carbon Management,2011.2(3),303-333.
[67]Liu, J., Feng, T. T., Yang, X. The energy requirements and carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry of Western China:A case of Chengdu city[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011.15(6),2887-2894.
[68]McTiernan, K. B., Jarvis, D., Scholefield, S. C., Hayes, M. H. Dissolved organic carbon losses from grazed grasslands under different management regimes[J]. Water Res,2001.35(10), 2565-2569.
[69]Ming, Q., Chen, Y., Li, Q. Low carbon tourism:the stategies choice of the tourism industrial ecology [J]. Human Geography,2010.5,006.
[70]Nielsen, S.P., Sesartic, A., Stucki, M. The greenhouse gas intensity of the tourism sector:The case of Switzerland[J]. Environmental Science & Policy,2010.13(2),131-140.
[71]O'Brien, D., Shalloo, L., Patton, J., Buckley, F., Grainger, C., et al. Evaluation of the effect of accounting method, IPCC v. LCA, on grass-based and confinement dairy systems'greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Animal,2012.6(9),1512-1527.
[72]Ogle, S. M., Conant, R. T., Paustian, K. Deriving grassland management factors for a carbon accounting method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[J]. Environ Manage,2004.33(4),474-484.
[73]Okereke, Chukwumerije. An Exploration of Motivations, Drivers and Barriers to Carbon Management:The UK FTSE 100[J]. European Management Journal,2007.25(6),475-486.
[74]Padgett, J.P., Steinemann, A.C., Clarke, J.H., Vandenbergh, M.P. A comparison of carbon calculators[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2008.28(2),106-115.
[75]Pan, Yude, Birdsey, Richard A, Fang, Jingyun, Houghton, Richard, Kauppi, Pekka E, et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests[J]. Science,2011.333(6045),988-993.
[76]Pandey, D., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J. S. Carbon footprint:current methods of estimation[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011.178(1-4),135-160.
[77]Pandey, Deep Narayan. Global climate change and carbon management in multifunctional forests[J]. Current Science,2002.83(5),593-602.
[78]Peeters, P., Dubois, G. Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints [J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2010.18(3),449-457.
[79]Penner, J.E., Lister, D., Griggs, D.J., Dokken, D.J., McFarland, M. Aviation and the Global Atmosphere:A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]: Cambridge University Press.1999.
[80]Post, Wilfred M, Emanuel, William R, Zinke, Paul J, Stangenberger, Alan G. Soil carbon pools and world life zones[J].1982.
[81]Post, Wilfred M, Peng, Tsung-Hung, Emanuel, William R, King, Anthony W, Dale, Virginia H, et al. The global carbon cycle[J]. American scientist,1990.78(4),310-326.
[82]Prentice, Katharine C, Fung, Inez Y. The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to climate change[J]. Nature,1990.346(6279),48-51.
[83]Ramaswami, A., Hillman, T., Janson, B., Reiner, M., Thomas, G. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventorifis[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(17),6455-6461.
[84]Ramaswami, A., Hillman, T., Janson, B., Reiner, M., Thomas, G. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(17),6455-6461.
[85]Ravindranath, Nijavalli H, Ostwald, Madelene. Carbon inventory methods:Handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects[M] (Vol.29): Springer.2008.
[86]Rush, Daniel, Melville, Nigel. Do Carbon Management System Adoption Announcements Affect Market Value?[J].2013.
[87]Ryther, John H, Nybakken, JR. Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea[J]. Readings in marine ecology,1986.97.
[88]Sackett, William Malcolm, Brooks, JM, Bernard, BB, Schwab, CR, Chung, H, et al. A carbon inventory for Orca Basin brines and sediments[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1979. 44(1),73-81.
[89]Schafer, A., Victor, D.G. Global passenger travel:implications for carbon dioxide emissions[J]. Energy,1999.24(8),657-679.
[90]Sijm, J, Berk, M, Elzen, M den, Wijngaart, R. Options for post-2012 EU burden sharing and EU ETS allocation[J]. Energy Research Center of the Netherlands,2007.
[91]Sinden, Graham. PAS 2050:2008, Specification for the Assessment of the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Goods and Services[J]. British Standards Institute (BSi),2008.
[92]Sinden, Graham. The contribution of PAS 2050 to the evolution of international greenhouse gas emission standards[J]. The international journal of life cycle assessment,2009.14(3),195-203.
[93]Sombroek, Wim G, Nachtergaele, Freddy O, Hebel, Axel. Amounts, dynamics and sequestering of carbon in tropical and subtropical soils[J].Ambio. Stockholm,1993.22(7), 417-426.
[94]Specification, Publicly Available. PAS 2050:2008[J]. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emision of good and services.
[95]Su, Bin, Ang, BW. Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions:Some methodological developments[J]. Energy Economics,2012.34(1),177-188.
[96]Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa, N., Loke, M.K., Leung, P.S., Tucker, K.A. Energy and tourism in Hawaii[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1997.24(2),390-401.
[97]Trung, Do Nam, Kumar, S. Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2005.13(2),109-116.
[98]Trust, Carbon, Britain, Great. Guide to PAS 2050:How to Assess the Carbon Footprint of Goods and Services[M]:BSI.2008.
[99]Turner, Billie Lee, Clark, William C, Kates, Robert W, Richards, John F, Mathews, Jessica T, et al. The earth as transformed by human action:global and regional changes in the biosphere. over the past 300 years[M]:Cambridge University Press.1991.
[100]Venetoulis, Jason, Talberth, John. Refining the ecological footprin[J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability,2008.10(4),441-469.
[101]Wackernagel, M., Rees, W. Our ecological footprint:reducing human impact on the earth[M] (Vol.9):New Society Publishers.1998.
[102]Wall, G. Implications of global climate change for tourism and recreation in wetland areas[J]. Climatic Change,1998.40(2),371-389.
[103]Whittaker, Robert H, Marks, Peter L. Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity[J]. Primary productivity of the biosphere,1975.14,55e118.
[104]Wiedmann, T. A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting[J]. Ecological Economics,2009.69(2), 211-222.
[105]Wiedmann, T., Minx, J. A definition of 'carbon footprint'[J]. CC Pertsova, Ecological Economics Research Trends,2007.2,55-65.
[106]Wright, Andrew P, Hudson, Darren. (2012). An Analysis of the Feasibility of Carbon Management Policies as a Mechanism to Influence Water Conservation Using Optimization Methods. Paper presented at the 2012 Annual Meeting, February 4-7,2012, Birmingham, Alabama.
[107]Zhao, R., Deutz, P., Neighbour, G., McGuire, M. Carbon emissions intensity ratio:an indicator for an improved carbon labelling scheme[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2012. 7(1).
[108]Zu-Cong, Cai, Guo-Ding, Kang, Tsuruta, H, Mosier, A. Estimate of CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice field during rice growing season in China[J]. Pedosphere,2005.15(1), 66-71.
[109]百度数据研究中心.2012中国旅游网络关注度年度报告[R].2012.
[110]蔡博峰,刘春兰,陈操操.城市温室气体清单研究[M]：化学工业出版社.2009.
[111]蔡萌,汪宇明.低碳经济,低碳旅游与旅游发展新方式[J].中国城市研究,2009.12,40-46.
[112]蔡明,汪宇明.低碳旅游-一种新的旅游发展方式[J].旅游学刊,2010.25(11),14-16.
[113]曹淑艳,谢高地.中国产业部门碳足迹流追踪分析[J].2010.
[114]曾鸣,秦湘灵,马向春,杨玲玲,田廓.计及碳排放约束的电力综合资源规划模型与模拟分析[J].华东电力,2010.v.38；No.459(08),1103-1107.
[115]车卫红,侯宁,顾凯平,刘娜.我国碳源排碳量估算研究进展[J].现代科技：现代物业下旬刊,2010.(003),8-9.
[116]陈军.低碳管理(2010.)：北京：海洋出版社.
[117]陈晓科,周天睿,李欣,康重庆,陈启鑫.电力系统的碳排放结构分解与低碳目标贡献分析[J].电力系统自动化,2012.v.36；No.480(02),18-25.
[118]陈兆琦.企业导入碳管理之个案研究[J].2010.
[119]程根伟,罗辑.贡嘎山亚高山林地碳的积累与耗散特征[J].地理学报,2003.58(2),179-185.
[120]程路,蒋莉萍,白建华,贾德香,辛颂旭.实现2020年15%非化石能源目标路径研究[J].中国能源,2010.32(008),9-12.
[121]崔霞,冯琦胜,梁天刚.基于遥感技术的植被净初级生产力研究进展[J].草业科学,2007.24(10),36.
[122]邓贵平,覃建雄,颜磊.旅游发展对九寨沟自然保护区景观格局变化的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011.20(5),579-584.
[123]邓贵平,颜磊,章小平.九寨沟自然保护区景观变化与保护[J].山地学报,2011.29(2),173-182.
[124]邓华,段宁.“脱钩”评价模式及其对循环经济的影响[J].中国人口资源与环境,14(6),44-47.
[125]邓宣凯,刘艳芳,李纪伟.区域能源碳足迹计算模型比较研究——以湖北省为例[J].生态环境学报,2012.21(9),1533-1538.
[126]董怡菲,杨晓霞.国内外低碳旅游研究综述[J].西南农业大学学报：社会科学版,2012.9(12),5-11.
[127]杜加强,舒俭民,张林波.基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型及其与传统模型的对比分析[J].生态环境学报,2010.19(1),191-196.
[128]杜强,陈乔,陆宁.基于改进IPAT模型的中国未来碳排放预测[J].环境科学学报,2012.32(9).
[129]樊江文,钟华平,梁飚,石培礼,于贵瑞.草地生态系统碳储量及其影响因素[J].中国草地,2003.25(6),51-58.
[130]方精云,陈安平.中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义[J].植物学报,2001.43(9),967-973.
[131]方精云,郭兆迪,朴世龙,陈安平.1981～2000年中国陆地植被碳汇的估算[J].中国科学：D辑,2007.37(6),804-812.
[132]方精云,柯金虎,唐志尧,陈安平.生物生产力的“4P”概念,估算及其相互关系[J].植物生态学报,2001.25(4),414-419.
[133]方精云.北半球中高纬度的森林碳库可能远小于目前的估算[J].植物生态学报,2000.24(5),635-638.
[134]方恺,董德明,林卓,沈万斌.基于全球净初级生产力的能源足迹计算方法[J].生态学报,2012.32(9),2900-2909.
[135]方恺,董德明,沈万斌.基于净初级生产力的能源足迹模型及其与传统模型的比较分析[J].生态环境学报,2010a.19(9),2042-2047.
[136]方恺,董德明,沈万斌.能源足迹改进方法及其在区域能源利用效益分析评价中的应用[J].地理科学,2010b.1,0.
[137]付小江,王文礼.国家机关办公建筑和大型公建节能管理体系建设初探——以唐山市为例[J].建设科技,2012.(1),162-163.
[138]付彦琪.碳交易市场的碳价格影响因素分析[J].中国商界,2011.(8).
[139]耿涌,董会娟,郗凤明,刘竹.应对气候变化的碳足迹研究综述[J].中国人口资源与环境,2010.20(010),6-12.
[140]谷晓平,黄玫,季劲钧,吴战平.近20年气候变化对西南地区植被净初级生产力的影响[J].自然资源学报,2007.22(2).
[141]韩立宁,吴晋峰,任瑞萍,王奕祺.1995—2010年间中国入境旅游客源国结构动态研究[J].地域研究与开发,2013.32(1).
[142]郝云庆,江洪,王金锡,金静,马元丹.九寨沟保护区植被景观变化与生境破碎化研究[J].地理科学,2009.29(6),886-892.
[143]何介南,康文星.湖南省化石燃料和工业过程碳排放的估算[J].中南林业科技大学学报：自然科学版,2009.28(5),52-58.
[144]何勇,董文杰,季劲松.基于AVM的中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟[J].地 球科学进展,2005.20(3),345-349.
[145]何志辉,生命科学教授.淡水生态学[M]：中国农业出版社.2000.
[146]胡会峰,王志恒,刘国华,傅伯杰.中国主要灌丛植被碳储量[J].植物生能学报,2006.30(4),539-544.
[147]黄从德,张健,杨万勤,唐宵.四川森林植被碳储量的时空变化[J].应用生态学报,2007.18(12),2687-2692.
[148]黄文胜.论低碳旅游与低碳旅游景区的创建[J].生态经济,2009.(011),100-102.
[149]计军平,马晓明.碳足迹的概念和核算方法研究进展[J].生态经济,2011.(4),76-80.
[150]金琳,李玉娥,高清竹,刘运通,万运帆,et a1.中国农田管理土壤碳汇估算[J].中国农业科学,2008.41(3),734-743.
[151]康重庆,陈启鑫,夏清.低碳电力技术的研究展望[J].电网技术,2009.33(2),1-7.
[152]李保卫,胡泽春,宋永华,方晓松,杨俊.用户侧电力碳排放强度的评估原则与模型[J].电网技术,2012a.v.36；No.345(08),6-11.
[153]李保卫,胡泽春,宋永华,王广辉.电力碳排放区域分摊的原则与模型[J].电网技术,2012b.v.36；No.344(07),12-18.
[154]李伯华,刘云鹏,窦银娣.旅游风景区旅游交通系统碳足迹评估及影响因素分析——以南岳衡山为例[J].资源科学,2012.5,024.
[155]李风琴,李江风,胡晓晶.鄂西生态文化旅游圈碳足迹测算与碳效用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010.38(29),16444-16445.
[156]李刚.企业低碳管理研究综述与展望[J].科技创业月刊,2012.(3),40-41.
[157]李克让,曹明奎,於琍,吴绍洪.中国自然生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性评估[J].地理研究,2005.24(5),653-663.
[158]李克让,王绍强,曹明奎.中国植被和土壤碳贮量[J].中国科学D辑,2003.33(1),72-80.
[159]李凌浩.土地利用变化对草原生态系统土壤碳贮量的影响[J].植物生态学报,1998.22(4),300-302.
[160]李鹏,黄继华,莫延芬,杨桂华.昆明市四星级酒店住宿产品碳足迹计算与分析[J].旅游学刊,2010.(003,),27-34.
[161]李鹏,濮励杰,章锦河.旅游活动对土壤环境影响的国内研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2012.31(8).
[162]李鹏,杨桂华,郑彪,张一群.基于温室气体排放的云南香格里拉旅游线路产品生态效率[J].生态学报,2008.28(5).
[163]李文华,李飞.中国森林资源研究[M]：中国林业出版社.1996.
[164]李晓琴,银元.低碳旅游景区概念模型及评价指标体系构建[J].旅游学刊,2012.(3), 84-89.
[165]李长太,林树枝.厦门市交通领域低碳发展策略研究[J].福建建设科技,2012.(1),67-69.
[166]联合国环境规划署—同济大学环境与可持续发展学院课题组.崇明生态岛碳源碳汇核算研究报告[R].2012.
[167]林清山,洪伟.中国森林碳储量研究综述[J].中国农学通报,2009.25(6),220-224.
[168]林致远,尹平.九寨沟土壤发生及地理分布规律研究[J].西南师范大学学报：自然科学版,1994.19(001),90-99.
[169]刘国华,傅伯杰,方精云.中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献[J].生态学报,2000.20(5),733-740.
[170]刘军.国外低碳城市的建设经验及对我国城市化的启示[J].科技进步与对策,2010.27(22).
[171]刘某承,李文华,谢高地.基于净初级生产力的中国生态足迹产量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(3),592-597.
[172]刘某承,李文华,谢高地.基于净初级生产力的中国生态足迹产量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(3),592-597.
[173]刘少英,章小平.九寨沟自然保护区的生物多样性[M]：四川科学技术出版社.2007.
[174]刘卫东,陆大道,张雷,王礼茂,赵建安,et a1.我国低碳经济发展框架与科学基础：实现2020年单位GDP碳排放降低40%-45%的路径研究[M]：商务印书馆.2010.
[175]刘燕华,葛全胜,何凡能,程邦波.应对国际CO2减排压力的途径及我国减排潜力分析[J].地理学报,2008.63(7).
[176]卢玲,李新,Veroustraete, Frank.中国西部地区植被净初级生产力的时空格局[J].生态学报,2005.25(5),1026-1032.
[177]罗希,张绍良,卞晓红,张韦唯.我国交通运输业碳足迹测算[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2012.1,026.
[178]骆毓燕,戈鹏,任佩瑜,梁学栋,邱厌庆.基于IEME的低碳化景区综合集成评价[J].资源科学,2011.33(11).
[179]吕超群,孙书存.陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述[J].植物生态学报,2004.28(5),692-703.
[180]庞学勇,包维楷,江元明,王成.九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较口口[J].2009.
[181]钱国强,伊丽琪.碳交易市场发展现状与未来走势分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2012.37(1),70-74.
[182]钱国强.德班会议及后德班进程展望[J].环境经济,2012a.1.
[183]钱国强.碳交易试点建设面临的主要问题与建议[J].中国科技投资,2012b.8,016.
[184]曲建升,曾静静,张志强.国际主要温室气体排放数据集比较分析研究[J].地球科学进展,2008.23(1),47-54.
[185]任家华.低碳管理提升企业价值的作用机制研究——基于利益相关者视角[J].科技管理研究,2012.32(13),123-125.
[186]石广玉,郭建东.全球二氧化碳循环的一维模式研究[J].大气科学,1997.21(4),413-425.
[187]石培华,冯凌,吴普.旅游业节能减排与低碳发展——政策技术体系与实践工作指南[M].北京：中国旅游出版社.2010.
[188]石培华,吴普,冯凌,郑斌.中国旅游业减排政策框架设计与战略措施研究[J].旅游学刊,2010.25(6),13-18.
[189]石培华,吴普.中国旅游业能源消耗与CO2排放量的初步估算[J].地理学报,2011.66(2).
[190]史云,田甜,许晓明.低碳旅游景区的培育与管理——以河南省云台山风景名胜区为例[J].安徽农业科学,2011.39(15),9254-9256.
[191]苏维维.九寨沟景区旅游活动扰动形成的退化地段植被恢复试验初报[J].2009.
[192]谭锦,程乾.论低碳旅游景区评价体系构建——以四川贡嘎燕子沟景区为例[J].经济研究导刊,2010.(011),117-118.
[193]袁道先.地球系统的碳循环和资源环境效应[J].第四纪研究,2001.21(3),223-232..
[194]唐承财,钟林生,成升魁.我国低碳旅游的内涵及可持续发展策略研究[J].经济地理,2011.31(5),862-867.
[195]汪宇明.倡导低碳旅游,推进发展方式转型[J].旅游学刊,2010.(002),11-12.
[196]王怀探.张家界旅游者碳足迹研究[D].中南林业科技大学,2010.
[197]王金南,余德辉.发展循环经济是21世纪环境保护的战略选择[J].环境科学研究,2002.15(3),34-37.
[198]王立国,廖为明,黄敏,邓荣根.基于终端消费的旅游碳足迹测算——以江西省为例[J].生态经济,2011.(5),121-124.
[199]王群,杨兴柱.国外旅游业碳排放研究综述[J].旅游学刊,2012.(1),73-82.
[200]王润,刘家明,田大江.基于低碳理念的旅游规划设计研究[J].旅游论坛,2010.2,168-172.
[201]王绍强,周成虎,李克让,朱松丽,黄方红.中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析[J].地理学报,2000.55(5),533-544.
[202]王微,林剑艺,崔胜辉,吝涛.碳足迹分析方法研究综述[J].环境科学与技术,2010.33(7),71-78.
[203]王效科,冯宗炜,欧阳志云.中国森林生态系统的植物碳储量和碳密度研究[J].应用生态学报,2001.12(1),13-16.
[204]王雪娜,顾凯平.中国碳源排碳量估算办法研究现状[J].环境科学与管理,2006.31(4),78-80.
[205]魏一鸣,王恺,凤振华,从容刚.碳金融与碳市场：方法与实证(2010.)：北京：科学出版社.
[206]肖建红,于爱芬,王敏.旅游过程碳足迹评估——以舟山群岛为例[J].旅游科学,2011.25(4),58-66.
[207]肖潇,张捷,卢俊宇,钟士恩,尹立杰.旅游交通碳排放的空间结构与情景分析[J].生态学报,2012.32(23),7540-7548.
[208]谢鸿宇,陈贤生,林凯荣,胡安焱.基于碳循环的化石能源及电力生态足迹[J].生态学报,2008.28(004),1729,1735.
[209]徐敏杰,胡兆光,谭显东,单葆国.中国中长期能源和电力需求及碳排放情景分析[J].中国电力,2012.v.45；No.521(04),101-107.
[210]徐新良,曹明奎,李克让.中国森林生态系统植被碳储量时空动态变化研究[J].地理科学进展,2007.26(6),1-10.
[211]许广月,宋德勇.中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2010.5.38r47.
[212]严婧,黄贤金,李颖,张兴渝.土地利用规划的碳排放评价和预测与调控——以安徽省滁州市南谯区为例[J].国土资源科技管理,2010.(1),19-24.
[213]杨玲玲,马向春.电力市场环境下碳排放权分配模型的比较研究[J].陕西电力,2010.38(002),5-9.
[214]张德英,张丽霞.碳源排碳量估算办法研究进展[J].内蒙古林业科技,2005.1,20-23.
[215]张娜,于贵瑞,赵士洞,于振良.长白山自然保护区生态系统碳平衡研究[J].环境科学,2003.24(1),24-32.
[216]张秀梅,李升峰,黄贤金,李颖.江苏省1996年至2007年碳排放效应及时空格局分析[J][J].资源科学,2010.32(4).
[217]章锦河,张捷,梁玥琳,李娜,刘泽华.九寨沟旅游生态足迹与生态补偿分析[J].自然资源学报,2005.20(5).
[218]章锦河,张捷.国外生态足迹模型修正与前沿研究进展[J].资源科学,2006.28(6),196-203.
[219]章锦河.旅游废弃物生态影响评价[J].生态学报,2008.
[220]章小平,任佩瑜,邓贵平.九寨沟可持续发展战略管理初探[J].西南民族大学学报：人文社会科学版,2009.(006),213-216.
[221]章小平,朱忠福.九寨沟景区旅游环境容量研究[J].旅游学刊,2007.22(9),50-57.
[222]赵冠伟,杨木壮,陈健飞.1990-2007年中国能源足迹时空差异分析[J][J].地理与地理信息科学,2011.27(2),65-69.
[223]赵军,吴玫玫,钱光人,林逢春.基于利益相关者的企业环境绩效驱动机制及实证[J].中国环境科学,2011.31(11),1931-1936.
[224]赵敏,张卫国,俞立中.上海市居民出行方式与城市交通C02排放及减排对策[J].环境科学研究,2009.(6),747-752.
[225]赵敏,周广胜.中国森林生态系统的植物碳贮量及其影响因子分析[J].地理科学,2004.24(1).
[226]赵敏.上海碳源碳汇结构变化及其驱动机制研究[D].华东师范大学,2010.
[227]赵荣钦,黄贤金,徐慧,高珊.城市系统碳循环与碳管理研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2009.24(10),1847-1859.
[228]赵荣钦,黄贤金,钟太洋.中国不同产业空间的碳排放强度与碳足迹分析[J].地理学报,2010.65(9),1048-1057.
[229]郑思齐,霍燚.低碳城市空间结构：从私家车出行角度的研究[J].世界经济文汇,2010.(006),50-65.
[230]周平,王黎明.中国居民最终需求的碳排放测算[J].统计研究,2011.28(7),71-78.
[231]周徐.九寨沟自然保护区生物多样性保护GAP分析[D].四川农业大学,2010.
[232]周绪伦.地质环境恶化对九寨沟景观的影响[J].中国岩溶,1998.17(003),301-310.
[233]诸大建.从可持续发展到循环型经济[J].世界环境,2000.(3),6-12.
[234]祝福冬.低碳经济时代企业碳管理探析[J].企业经济,2011.(7),51-54.
[235]邹永广.旅游景区碳足迹测算及其对环境影响[J].重庆师范大学学报：自然科学版,2011.28(3),74-78.
[2]Arakawa, Hironori, Aresta, Michele, Armor, John, Barteau, Mark, Beckman, Eric J, et al. Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management:progress, challenges, and opportunities[J]. Chemical reviews,2001.101.
[3]Becken, S. Analysing international tourist flows to estimate energy use associated with air travel[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2002.10(2),114-131.
[4]Becken, S. How tourists and tourism experts perceive climate change and carbon-offsetting schemes[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2004.12(4),332-345.
[5]Becken, S., Patterson, M. Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2006.14(4), 323-338.
[6]Birdsey, Richard A, Plantinga, Andrew J, Heath, Linda S. Past and prospective carbon storage in United States forests[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1993.58(1),33-40.
[7]Birdsey, Richard, Pregitzer, Kurt, Lucier, Alan. Forest carbon management in the United States[J]. Journal of environmental quality,2006.35(4),1461-1469.
[8]Blair, GJ, Lefroy, RDB, Singh, BP, Till, AR. Development and use of a carbon management index to monitor changes in soil C pool size and turnover rate[J]. Driven by nature:plant litter quality and decomposition. CAB International, Wallingford, UK,1997.273-281.
[9]Bohdanowicz, Paulina, Martinac, Ivo. Attitudes towards sustainability in chain hotels-results of a european survey[R]. Paper presented at the The CIB 2003 International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Built Environment.2003.
[10]Bohdanowicz, Paulina, Simanic, Branko, Martinac, Ivo. Environmental training and measures at Scandic Hotels, Sweden[J]. Tourism Review International,2005.9(1),7-19.
[11]Bohdanowicz, Paulina. Environmental awareness and initiatives in the Swedish and Polish hotel industries-survey results[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2006. 25(4),662-682.
[12]Bohdanowicz, Paulina. European Hoteliers' Environmental Attitudes Greening the Business[J]. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,2005.46(2),188-204.
[13]Brown, Sandra L, Schroeder, Paul, Kern, Jeffrey S. Spatial distribution of biomass in forests of the eastern USA[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,1999.123(1),81-90.
[14]Canan, P, Crawford, S. What can be learned from champions of ozone layer protection for urban and regional carbon man2 agement in Japan?[R]. Global Carbon Project,2006:16217, 2006.
[15]Carlsson-Kanyama, A., Linden, A.L. Travel patterns and environmental effects now and in the future::implications of differences in energy consumption among socio-economic groups[J]. Ecological Economics,1999.30(3),405-417.
[16]Chavez, A., Ramaswami, A. Progress toward low carbon cities:approaches for transboundary GHG emissions' footprinting[J]. Carbon,2011.2(4),471-482.
[17]Cheng, Yufu, Green-Weiskel, Lucia, Camp, Robyn, Li, Xueyu, Fang, Fang, et al. Using the Energy and Climate Registry for carbon management in China[J]. Carbon Management,2010. 1(1),57-63.
[18]Cilimburg, A, Monz, C, Kehoe, S. Human waste disposal in wilderness:A review of ecological concerns[J]. Environmental Management,2000.25(6),587-598.
[19]Cilimburg, Amy, Monz, Christopher, Kehoe, Sharon. Wildland recreation and human waste:a review of problems, practices, and concerns[J]. Environmental Management,2000.25(6),587-598.
[20]Conrady, Roland, Buck, Martin, Viehl, Pia. Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2010[M]: Springer.2010.
[21]Cucek, L., Klemes, J. J., Kravanja, Z. A Review of Footprint analysis tools for monitoring impacts on sustainability[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2012.34,9-20.
[22]De Young, Raymond. Slow wins:patience, perseverance and behavior change[J]. Carbon Management,2011.2(6),607-611.
[23]Deurer, M, Grinev, D, Young, I, Clothier, BE, Muller, K. The impact of soil carbon management on soil macropore structure:a comparison of two apple orchard systems in New Zealand[J]. European Journal of Soil Science,2009.60(6),945-955.
[24]Dhakal, Shobhakar, Betsill, Michele M. Challenges of urban and regional carbon management and the scientific response[J]. Local environment,2007.12(5),549-555.
[25]Di Giacomo, N, Guthrie, J, Farneti, F. Travel carbon emission reduction:managing and accounting in a global company| Macquarie University ResearchOnline[J].2012.
[26]Dias, A. C., Arroja, L. Comparison of methodologies for estimating the carbon footprint-case study of office paper[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2012.24,30-35.
[27]Dilling, Lisa, Doney, Scott C, Edmonds, Jae, Gurney, Kevin R, Harriss, Robert, et al. The role of carbon cycle observations and knowledge in carbon management[J]. Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2003.28(1),521-558.
[28]Dixon, R_K, Brown, S, Houghton, RA, Solomon, AM, Trexler, MC, et al. Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems[J]. Science(Washington),1994.263(5144),185-189.
[29]Draper, E. Linn, Leer, Steven F., National Coal Council (U.S.). Research and development needs for the sequestration of carbon dioxide as part of a carbon management strategy[M]. Arlington, Va. (P.O. Box 17370, Arlington,22216):National Coal Council.2000.
[30]Dubois, G., Ceron, J.P. Tourism/leisure greenhouse gas emissions forecasts for 2050:Factors for change in France[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2006.14(2),172-191.
[31]Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., Hoque, S. Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2010.18(3),355-376.
[32]Edmonds, James A, Freund, Paul F, Dooley, James J, Williams, David, Durie, Bob. The role of carbon management technologies in addressing atmospheric stabilization of greenhouse gases[R]. Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA (US),2002.
[33]Fang, Jing-yun, Wang, G Geoff, Liu, Guo-hua, Xu, Song-ling. Forest biomass of China:an estimate based on the biomass-volume relationship[J]. Ecological Applications,1998.8(4), 1084-1091.
[34]Fatta, D, Papadopoulos, A, Avramikos, E, Sgourou, E, Moustakas, K, et al. Generation and management of construction and demolition waste in Greece-an existing challenge[J]. Resources, conservation and recycling,2003.40(1),81-91.
[35]Fatta, Despo, Papadopoulos, Achilleas, Stefanakis, Nikos, Loizidou, Maria, Savvides, Chrysanthos. An alternative method for the treatment of waste produced at a dye and a metal-plating industry using natural and/or waste materials[J]. Waste Management & Research,2004. 22(4),234-239.
[36]Fet, A. M., Schau, E. M., Haskins, C. A Framework for Environmental Analyses of Fish Food Production Systems Based on Systems Engineering Principles[J]. Systems Engineering,2010. 13(2),109-118.
[37]Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J., Robbins, D., Huijbregts, M. A. J. Reviewing the carbon footprint analysis of hotels:Life Cycle Energy Analysis (LCEA) as a holistic method for carbon impact appraisal of tourist accommodation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2011.19(17-18),1917-1930.
[38]Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J.E., Robbins, D., Reddy, M.V. A critical review of methods for tourism climate change appraisal:life cycle assessment as a new approach[J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2011.19(3),301-324.
[39]Goodall, Chris. How to live a low-carbon life:the individual's guide to stopping climate change[M]:Routledge.2007.
[40]Gossling, S. Global environmental consequences of tourism[J]. Global environmental change, 2002.12(4),283-302.
[41]Gossling, Stefan. Carbon management in tourism:mitigating the impacts on climate change[M]. Abingdon, Oxon, England; New York:Routledge.2011.
[42]Grace, John. Understanding and managing the global carbon cycle[J]. Journal of Ecology,2004. 92(2),189-202.
[43]Guoyu, R., Jun, G., Mingzhi, X., Ziying, C., Li, Z., et al. Climate changes of China's mainland over the past half century[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005.63(6),942-956.
[44]Hall, Graeme MJ, Wiser, Susan K, Allen, Robert B, Beets, Peter N, Goulding, Chris J. Strategies to estimate national forest carbon stocks from inventory data:the 1990 New Zealand baseline[J]. Global Change Biology,2001.7(4),389-403.
[45]Hertwich, Edgar G, Peters, Glen P. Carbon footprint of nations:A global, trade-linked analysis[J]. Environmental science & technology,2009.43(16),6414-6420.
[46]Hillman, T., Ramaswami, A. Greenhouse gas emission footprints and energy use benchmarks for eight US cities[J]. Environmental science & technology,2010.44(6),1902-1910.
[47]Houghton, RA. Changes in terrestrial carbon over the last 135 years[J]. The Global Carbon Cycle,1993.1,15.
[48]Howitt, O. J. A., Revol, V. G. N., Smith, I. J., Rodger, C. J. Carbon emissions from international cruise ship passengers' travel to and from New Zealand[J]. Energy Policy,2010.38(5),2552-2560.
[49]Huston, Michael A, Marland, Gregg. Carbon management and biodiversity[J]. Journal of environmental Management,2003.67(1),77-86.
[50]IPCC. Climate change 2007:the physical science basis[R]. IPCC,2007.
[51]Izac, A. Developing policies for soil carbon management in tropical regions[J]. Geoderma, 1997.79(1),261-276.
[52]Jenkinson, DS, Adams, DE, Wild, A. Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming[J]. Nature,1991.351(6324),304-306.
[53]Jotzo, Frank. Australia's carbon price[J]. Nature Climate Change,2012.2(7),475-476.
[54]Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T., et al. Methodology for inventorying greenhouse gas emissions from global cities[J]. Energy Policy,2010.38(9),4828-4837.
[55]Kennedy, C.A., Ramaswami, A., Carney, S., Dhakal, S. Greenhouse gas emission baselines for global cities and metropolitan regions[J]. Cities and Climate Change:Responding to an Urgent Agenda,2011.15.
[56]Kitzes, J., Galli, A., Bagliani, M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., et al. A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts[J]. Ecological Economics,2009.68(7),1991-2007.
[57]Kitzes, J., Peller, A., Goldfinger, S., Wackernagel, M. Current methods for calculating national ecological footprint accounts[J]. Science for environment & sustainable society,2007.4(1),1-9.
[58]Kitzes, Justin, Galli, Alessandro, Bagliani, Marco, Barrett, John, Dige, Gorm, et al. A research agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint accounts[J]. Ecological Economics,2009. 68(7),1991-2007.
[59]Kondo, Yoshinori, Moriguchi, Yuichi, Shimizu, Hiroshi,铁晓珊.为日本建立一份二氧化碳排放清单-两种方法对比[J]AMBIO-人类环境杂志,1996.04,303-307.
[60]Kuniyal, Jagdish C, Jain, Arun P, Shannigrahi, Ardhendu S. Solid waste management in Indian Himalayan tourists' treks:a case study in and around the Valley of Flowers and Hemkund Sahib[J]. Waste Management,2003.23(9),807-816.
[61]Law, Beverly Elizabeth, Harmon, Mark E. Forest sector carbon management, measurement and verification, and discussion of policy related to climate change[J]. Carbon Management, 2011.2(1),73-84.
[62]Lenzen, M. Uncertainty in Impact and Externality Assessments-Implications for Decision-Making (13 pp)[J]. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,2006.11(3),189-199.
[63]Li, XD, Poon, CS, Lee, SC, Chung, SS, Luk, F. Waste reduction and recycling strategies for the in-flight services in the airline industry[J]. Resources, conservation and recycling,2003. 37(2),87-99.
[64]Lim, Seong-Rin, Park, Jong Moon. Cooperative water network system to reduce carbon footprint[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(16),6230-6236.
[65]Lin, Tzuping. Carbon dioxide emissions from transport in Taiwan's national parks[J]. Tourism Management,2010.31(2),285-290.
[66]Lippke, Bruce, Oneil, Elaine, Harrison, Rob, Skog, Kenneth, Gustavsson, Leif, et al. Life cycle impacts of forest management and wood utilization on carbon mitigation:knowns and unknowns[J]. Carbon Management,2011.2(3),303-333.
[67]Liu, J., Feng, T. T., Yang, X. The energy requirements and carbon dioxide emissions of tourism industry of Western China:A case of Chengdu city[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2011.15(6),2887-2894.
[68]McTiernan, K. B., Jarvis, D., Scholefield, S. C., Hayes, M. H. Dissolved organic carbon losses from grazed grasslands under different management regimes[J]. Water Res,2001.35(10), 2565-2569.
[69]Ming, Q., Chen, Y., Li, Q. Low carbon tourism:the stategies choice of the tourism industrial ecology [J]. Human Geography,2010.5,006.
[70]Nielsen, S.P., Sesartic, A., Stucki, M. The greenhouse gas intensity of the tourism sector:The case of Switzerland[J]. Environmental Science & Policy,2010.13(2),131-140.
[71]O'Brien, D., Shalloo, L., Patton, J., Buckley, F., Grainger, C., et al. Evaluation of the effect of accounting method, IPCC v. LCA, on grass-based and confinement dairy systems'greenhouse gas emissions[J]. Animal,2012.6(9),1512-1527.
[72]Ogle, S. M., Conant, R. T., Paustian, K. Deriving grassland management factors for a carbon accounting method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[J]. Environ Manage,2004.33(4),474-484.
[73]Okereke, Chukwumerije. An Exploration of Motivations, Drivers and Barriers to Carbon Management:The UK FTSE 100[J]. European Management Journal,2007.25(6),475-486.
[74]Padgett, J.P., Steinemann, A.C., Clarke, J.H., Vandenbergh, M.P. A comparison of carbon calculators[J]. Environmental Impact Assessment Review,2008.28(2),106-115.
[75]Pan, Yude, Birdsey, Richard A, Fang, Jingyun, Houghton, Richard, Kauppi, Pekka E, et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests[J]. Science,2011.333(6045),988-993.
[76]Pandey, D., Agrawal, M., Pandey, J. S. Carbon footprint:current methods of estimation[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2011.178(1-4),135-160.
[77]Pandey, Deep Narayan. Global climate change and carbon management in multifunctional forests[J]. Current Science,2002.83(5),593-602.
[78]Peeters, P., Dubois, G. Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints [J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2010.18(3),449-457.
[79]Penner, J.E., Lister, D., Griggs, D.J., Dokken, D.J., McFarland, M. Aviation and the Global Atmosphere:A Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M]: Cambridge University Press.1999.
[80]Post, Wilfred M, Emanuel, William R, Zinke, Paul J, Stangenberger, Alan G. Soil carbon pools and world life zones[J].1982.
[81]Post, Wilfred M, Peng, Tsung-Hung, Emanuel, William R, King, Anthony W, Dale, Virginia H, et al. The global carbon cycle[J]. American scientist,1990.78(4),310-326.
[82]Prentice, Katharine C, Fung, Inez Y. The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to climate change[J]. Nature,1990.346(6279),48-51.
[83]Ramaswami, A., Hillman, T., Janson, B., Reiner, M., Thomas, G. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventorifis[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(17),6455-6461.
[84]Ramaswami, A., Hillman, T., Janson, B., Reiner, M., Thomas, G. A demand-centered, hybrid life-cycle methodology for city-scale greenhouse gas inventories[J]. Environmental science & technology,2008.42(17),6455-6461.
[85]Ravindranath, Nijavalli H, Ostwald, Madelene. Carbon inventory methods:Handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects[M] (Vol.29): Springer.2008.
[86]Rush, Daniel, Melville, Nigel. Do Carbon Management System Adoption Announcements Affect Market Value?[J].2013.
[87]Ryther, John H, Nybakken, JR. Photosynthesis and Fish Production in the Sea[J]. Readings in marine ecology,1986.97.
[88]Sackett, William Malcolm, Brooks, JM, Bernard, BB, Schwab, CR, Chung, H, et al. A carbon inventory for Orca Basin brines and sediments[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1979. 44(1),73-81.
[89]Schafer, A., Victor, D.G. Global passenger travel:implications for carbon dioxide emissions[J]. Energy,1999.24(8),657-679.
[90]Sijm, J, Berk, M, Elzen, M den, Wijngaart, R. Options for post-2012 EU burden sharing and EU ETS allocation[J]. Energy Research Center of the Netherlands,2007.
[91]Sinden, Graham. PAS 2050:2008, Specification for the Assessment of the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Goods and Services[J]. British Standards Institute (BSi),2008.
[92]Sinden, Graham. The contribution of PAS 2050 to the evolution of international greenhouse gas emission standards[J]. The international journal of life cycle assessment,2009.14(3),195-203.
[93]Sombroek, Wim G, Nachtergaele, Freddy O, Hebel, Axel. Amounts, dynamics and sequestering of carbon in tropical and subtropical soils[J].Ambio. Stockholm,1993.22(7), 417-426.
[94]Specification, Publicly Available. PAS 2050:2008[J]. Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emision of good and services.
[95]Su, Bin, Ang, BW. Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions:Some methodological developments[J]. Energy Economics,2012.34(1),177-188.
[96]Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa, N., Loke, M.K., Leung, P.S., Tucker, K.A. Energy and tourism in Hawaii[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1997.24(2),390-401.
[97]Trung, Do Nam, Kumar, S. Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2005.13(2),109-116.
[98]Trust, Carbon, Britain, Great. Guide to PAS 2050:How to Assess the Carbon Footprint of Goods and Services[M]:BSI.2008.
[99]Turner, Billie Lee, Clark, William C, Kates, Robert W, Richards, John F, Mathews, Jessica T, et al. The earth as transformed by human action:global and regional changes in the biosphere. over the past 300 years[M]:Cambridge University Press.1991.
[100]Venetoulis, Jason, Talberth, John. Refining the ecological footprin[J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability,2008.10(4),441-469.
[101]Wackernagel, M., Rees, W. Our ecological footprint:reducing human impact on the earth[M] (Vol.9):New Society Publishers.1998.
[102]Wall, G. Implications of global climate change for tourism and recreation in wetland areas[J]. Climatic Change,1998.40(2),371-389.
[103]Whittaker, Robert H, Marks, Peter L. Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity[J]. Primary productivity of the biosphere,1975.14,55e118.
[104]Wiedmann, T. A review of recent multi-region input-output models used for consumption-based emission and resource accounting[J]. Ecological Economics,2009.69(2), 211-222.
[105]Wiedmann, T., Minx, J. A definition of 'carbon footprint'[J]. CC Pertsova, Ecological Economics Research Trends,2007.2,55-65.
[106]Wright, Andrew P, Hudson, Darren. (2012). An Analysis of the Feasibility of Carbon Management Policies as a Mechanism to Influence Water Conservation Using Optimization Methods. Paper presented at the 2012 Annual Meeting, February 4-7,2012, Birmingham, Alabama.
[107]Zhao, R., Deutz, P., Neighbour, G., McGuire, M. Carbon emissions intensity ratio:an indicator for an improved carbon labelling scheme[J]. Environmental Research Letters,2012. 7(1).
[108]Zu-Cong, Cai, Guo-Ding, Kang, Tsuruta, H, Mosier, A. Estimate of CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice field during rice growing season in China[J]. Pedosphere,2005.15(1), 66-71.
[109]百度数据研究中心.2012中国旅游网络关注度年度报告[R].2012.
[110]蔡博峰,刘春兰,陈操操.城市温室气体清单研究[M]：化学工业出版社.2009.
[111]蔡萌,汪宇明.低碳经济,低碳旅游与旅游发展新方式[J].中国城市研究,2009.12,40-46.
[112]蔡明,汪宇明.低碳旅游-一种新的旅游发展方式[J].旅游学刊,2010.25(11),14-16.
[113]曹淑艳,谢高地.中国产业部门碳足迹流追踪分析[J].2010.
[114]曾鸣,秦湘灵,马向春,杨玲玲,田廓.计及碳排放约束的电力综合资源规划模型与模拟分析[J].华东电力,2010.v.38；No.459(08),1103-1107.
[115]车卫红,侯宁,顾凯平,刘娜.我国碳源排碳量估算研究进展[J].现代科技：现代物业下旬刊,2010.(003),8-9.
[116]陈军.低碳管理(2010.)：北京：海洋出版社.
[117]陈晓科,周天睿,李欣,康重庆,陈启鑫.电力系统的碳排放结构分解与低碳目标贡献分析[J].电力系统自动化,2012.v.36；No.480(02),18-25.
[118]陈兆琦.企业导入碳管理之个案研究[J].2010.
[119]程根伟,罗辑.贡嘎山亚高山林地碳的积累与耗散特征[J].地理学报,2003.58(2),179-185.
[120]程路,蒋莉萍,白建华,贾德香,辛颂旭.实现2020年15%非化石能源目标路径研究[J].中国能源,2010.32(008),9-12.
[121]崔霞,冯琦胜,梁天刚.基于遥感技术的植被净初级生产力研究进展[J].草业科学,2007.24(10),36.
[122]邓贵平,覃建雄,颜磊.旅游发展对九寨沟自然保护区景观格局变化的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011.20(5),579-584.
[123]邓贵平,颜磊,章小平.九寨沟自然保护区景观变化与保护[J].山地学报,2011.29(2),173-182.
[124]邓华,段宁.“脱钩”评价模式及其对循环经济的影响[J].中国人口资源与环境,14(6),44-47.
[125]邓宣凯,刘艳芳,李纪伟.区域能源碳足迹计算模型比较研究——以湖北省为例[J].生态环境学报,2012.21(9),1533-1538.
[126]董怡菲,杨晓霞.国内外低碳旅游研究综述[J].西南农业大学学报：社会科学版,2012.9(12),5-11.
[127]杜加强,舒俭民,张林波.基于净初级生产力的生态足迹模型及其与传统模型的对比分析[J].生态环境学报,2010.19(1),191-196.
[128]杜强,陈乔,陆宁.基于改进IPAT模型的中国未来碳排放预测[J].环境科学学报,2012.32(9).
[129]樊江文,钟华平,梁飚,石培礼,于贵瑞.草地生态系统碳储量及其影响因素[J].中国草地,2003.25(6),51-58.
[130]方精云,陈安平.中国森林植被碳库的动态变化及其意义[J].植物学报,2001.43(9),967-973.
[131]方精云,郭兆迪,朴世龙,陈安平.1981～2000年中国陆地植被碳汇的估算[J].中国科学：D辑,2007.37(6),804-812.
[132]方精云,柯金虎,唐志尧,陈安平.生物生产力的“4P”概念,估算及其相互关系[J].植物生态学报,2001.25(4),414-419.
[133]方精云.北半球中高纬度的森林碳库可能远小于目前的估算[J].植物生态学报,2000.24(5),635-638.
[134]方恺,董德明,林卓,沈万斌.基于全球净初级生产力的能源足迹计算方法[J].生态学报,2012.32(9),2900-2909.
[135]方恺,董德明,沈万斌.基于净初级生产力的能源足迹模型及其与传统模型的比较分析[J].生态环境学报,2010a.19(9),2042-2047.
[136]方恺,董德明,沈万斌.能源足迹改进方法及其在区域能源利用效益分析评价中的应用[J].地理科学,2010b.1,0.
[137]付小江,王文礼.国家机关办公建筑和大型公建节能管理体系建设初探——以唐山市为例[J].建设科技,2012.(1),162-163.
[138]付彦琪.碳交易市场的碳价格影响因素分析[J].中国商界,2011.(8).
[139]耿涌,董会娟,郗凤明,刘竹.应对气候变化的碳足迹研究综述[J].中国人口资源与环境,2010.20(010),6-12.
[140]谷晓平,黄玫,季劲钧,吴战平.近20年气候变化对西南地区植被净初级生产力的影响[J].自然资源学报,2007.22(2).
[141]韩立宁,吴晋峰,任瑞萍,王奕祺.1995—2010年间中国入境旅游客源国结构动态研究[J].地域研究与开发,2013.32(1).
[142]郝云庆,江洪,王金锡,金静,马元丹.九寨沟保护区植被景观变化与生境破碎化研究[J].地理科学,2009.29(6),886-892.
[143]何介南,康文星.湖南省化石燃料和工业过程碳排放的估算[J].中南林业科技大学学报：自然科学版,2009.28(5),52-58.
[144]何勇,董文杰,季劲松.基于AVM的中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力模拟[J].地 球科学进展,2005.20(3),345-349.
[145]何志辉,生命科学教授.淡水生态学[M]：中国农业出版社.2000.
[146]胡会峰,王志恒,刘国华,傅伯杰.中国主要灌丛植被碳储量[J].植物生能学报,2006.30(4),539-544.
[147]黄从德,张健,杨万勤,唐宵.四川森林植被碳储量的时空变化[J].应用生态学报,2007.18(12),2687-2692.
[148]黄文胜.论低碳旅游与低碳旅游景区的创建[J].生态经济,2009.(011),100-102.
[149]计军平,马晓明.碳足迹的概念和核算方法研究进展[J].生态经济,2011.(4),76-80.
[150]金琳,李玉娥,高清竹,刘运通,万运帆,et a1.中国农田管理土壤碳汇估算[J].中国农业科学,2008.41(3),734-743.
[151]康重庆,陈启鑫,夏清.低碳电力技术的研究展望[J].电网技术,2009.33(2),1-7.
[152]李保卫,胡泽春,宋永华,方晓松,杨俊.用户侧电力碳排放强度的评估原则与模型[J].电网技术,2012a.v.36；No.345(08),6-11.
[153]李保卫,胡泽春,宋永华,王广辉.电力碳排放区域分摊的原则与模型[J].电网技术,2012b.v.36；No.344(07),12-18.
[154]李伯华,刘云鹏,窦银娣.旅游风景区旅游交通系统碳足迹评估及影响因素分析——以南岳衡山为例[J].资源科学,2012.5,024.
[155]李风琴,李江风,胡晓晶.鄂西生态文化旅游圈碳足迹测算与碳效用研究[J].安徽农业科学,2010.38(29),16444-16445.
[156]李刚.企业低碳管理研究综述与展望[J].科技创业月刊,2012.(3),40-41.
[157]李克让,曹明奎,於琍,吴绍洪.中国自然生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性评估[J].地理研究,2005.24(5),653-663.
[158]李克让,王绍强,曹明奎.中国植被和土壤碳贮量[J].中国科学D辑,2003.33(1),72-80.
[159]李凌浩.土地利用变化对草原生态系统土壤碳贮量的影响[J].植物生态学报,1998.22(4),300-302.
[160]李鹏,黄继华,莫延芬,杨桂华.昆明市四星级酒店住宿产品碳足迹计算与分析[J].旅游学刊,2010.(003,),27-34.
[161]李鹏,濮励杰,章锦河.旅游活动对土壤环境影响的国内研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2012.31(8).
[162]李鹏,杨桂华,郑彪,张一群.基于温室气体排放的云南香格里拉旅游线路产品生态效率[J].生态学报,2008.28(5).
[163]李文华,李飞.中国森林资源研究[M]：中国林业出版社.1996.
[164]李晓琴,银元.低碳旅游景区概念模型及评价指标体系构建[J].旅游学刊,2012.(3), 84-89.
[165]李长太,林树枝.厦门市交通领域低碳发展策略研究[J].福建建设科技,2012.(1),67-69.
[166]联合国环境规划署—同济大学环境与可持续发展学院课题组.崇明生态岛碳源碳汇核算研究报告[R].2012.
[167]林清山,洪伟.中国森林碳储量研究综述[J].中国农学通报,2009.25(6),220-224.
[168]林致远,尹平.九寨沟土壤发生及地理分布规律研究[J].西南师范大学学报：自然科学版,1994.19(001),90-99.
[169]刘国华,傅伯杰,方精云.中国森林碳动态及其对全球碳平衡的贡献[J].生态学报,2000.20(5),733-740.
[170]刘军.国外低碳城市的建设经验及对我国城市化的启示[J].科技进步与对策,2010.27(22).
[171]刘某承,李文华,谢高地.基于净初级生产力的中国生态足迹产量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(3),592-597.
[172]刘某承,李文华,谢高地.基于净初级生产力的中国生态足迹产量因子测算[J].生态学杂志,2010.29(3),592-597.
[173]刘少英,章小平.九寨沟自然保护区的生物多样性[M]：四川科学技术出版社.2007.
[174]刘卫东,陆大道,张雷,王礼茂,赵建安,et a1.我国低碳经济发展框架与科学基础：实现2020年单位GDP碳排放降低40%-45%的路径研究[M]：商务印书馆.2010.
[175]刘燕华,葛全胜,何凡能,程邦波.应对国际CO2减排压力的途径及我国减排潜力分析[J].地理学报,2008.63(7).
[176]卢玲,李新,Veroustraete, Frank.中国西部地区植被净初级生产力的时空格局[J].生态学报,2005.25(5),1026-1032.
[177]罗希,张绍良,卞晓红,张韦唯.我国交通运输业碳足迹测算[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2012.1,026.
[178]骆毓燕,戈鹏,任佩瑜,梁学栋,邱厌庆.基于IEME的低碳化景区综合集成评价[J].资源科学,2011.33(11).
[179]吕超群,孙书存.陆地生态系统碳密度格局研究概述[J].植物生态学报,2004.28(5),692-703.
[180]庞学勇,包维楷,江元明,王成.九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较口口[J].2009.
[181]钱国强,伊丽琪.碳交易市场发展现状与未来走势分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2012.37(1),70-74.
[182]钱国强.德班会议及后德班进程展望[J].环境经济,2012a.1.
[183]钱国强.碳交易试点建设面临的主要问题与建议[J].中国科技投资,2012b.8,016.
[184]曲建升,曾静静,张志强.国际主要温室气体排放数据集比较分析研究[J].地球科学进展,2008.23(1),47-54.
[185]任家华.低碳管理提升企业价值的作用机制研究——基于利益相关者视角[J].科技管理研究,2012.32(13),123-125.
[186]石广玉,郭建东.全球二氧化碳循环的一维模式研究[J].大气科学,1997.21(4),413-425.
[187]石培华,冯凌,吴普.旅游业节能减排与低碳发展——政策技术体系与实践工作指南[M].北京：中国旅游出版社.2010.
[188]石培华,吴普,冯凌,郑斌.中国旅游业减排政策框架设计与战略措施研究[J].旅游学刊,2010.25(6),13-18.
[189]石培华,吴普.中国旅游业能源消耗与CO2排放量的初步估算[J].地理学报,2011.66(2).
[190]史云,田甜,许晓明.低碳旅游景区的培育与管理——以河南省云台山风景名胜区为例[J].安徽农业科学,2011.39(15),9254-9256.
[191]苏维维.九寨沟景区旅游活动扰动形成的退化地段植被恢复试验初报[J].2009.
[192]谭锦,程乾.论低碳旅游景区评价体系构建——以四川贡嘎燕子沟景区为例[J].经济研究导刊,2010.(011),117-118.
[193]袁道先.地球系统的碳循环和资源环境效应[J].第四纪研究,2001.21(3),223-232..
[194]唐承财,钟林生,成升魁.我国低碳旅游的内涵及可持续发展策略研究[J].经济地理,2011.31(5),862-867.
[195]汪宇明.倡导低碳旅游,推进发展方式转型[J].旅游学刊,2010.(002),11-12.
[196]王怀探.张家界旅游者碳足迹研究[D].中南林业科技大学,2010.
[197]王金南,余德辉.发展循环经济是21世纪环境保护的战略选择[J].环境科学研究,2002.15(3),34-37.
[198]王立国,廖为明,黄敏,邓荣根.基于终端消费的旅游碳足迹测算——以江西省为例[J].生态经济,2011.(5),121-124.
[199]王群,杨兴柱.国外旅游业碳排放研究综述[J].旅游学刊,2012.(1),73-82.
[200]王润,刘家明,田大江.基于低碳理念的旅游规划设计研究[J].旅游论坛,2010.2,168-172.
[201]王绍强,周成虎,李克让,朱松丽,黄方红.中国土壤有机碳库及空间分布特征分析[J].地理学报,2000.55(5),533-544.
[202]王微,林剑艺,崔胜辉,吝涛.碳足迹分析方法研究综述[J].环境科学与技术,2010.33(7),71-78.
[203]王效科,冯宗炜,欧阳志云.中国森林生态系统的植物碳储量和碳密度研究[J].应用生态学报,2001.12(1),13-16.
[204]王雪娜,顾凯平.中国碳源排碳量估算办法研究现状[J].环境科学与管理,2006.31(4),78-80.
[205]魏一鸣,王恺,凤振华,从容刚.碳金融与碳市场：方法与实证(2010.)：北京：科学出版社.
[206]肖建红,于爱芬,王敏.旅游过程碳足迹评估——以舟山群岛为例[J].旅游科学,2011.25(4),58-66.
[207]肖潇,张捷,卢俊宇,钟士恩,尹立杰.旅游交通碳排放的空间结构与情景分析[J].生态学报,2012.32(23),7540-7548.
[208]谢鸿宇,陈贤生,林凯荣,胡安焱.基于碳循环的化石能源及电力生态足迹[J].生态学报,2008.28(004),1729,1735.
[209]徐敏杰,胡兆光,谭显东,单葆国.中国中长期能源和电力需求及碳排放情景分析[J].中国电力,2012.v.45；No.521(04),101-107.
[210]徐新良,曹明奎,李克让.中国森林生态系统植被碳储量时空动态变化研究[J].地理科学进展,2007.26(6),1-10.
[211]许广月,宋德勇.中国碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究[J].中国工业经济,2010.5.38r47.
[212]严婧,黄贤金,李颖,张兴渝.土地利用规划的碳排放评价和预测与调控——以安徽省滁州市南谯区为例[J].国土资源科技管理,2010.(1),19-24.
[213]杨玲玲,马向春.电力市场环境下碳排放权分配模型的比较研究[J].陕西电力,2010.38(002),5-9.
[214]张德英,张丽霞.碳源排碳量估算办法研究进展[J].内蒙古林业科技,2005.1,20-23.
[215]张娜,于贵瑞,赵士洞,于振良.长白山自然保护区生态系统碳平衡研究[J].环境科学,2003.24(1),24-32.
[216]张秀梅,李升峰,黄贤金,李颖.江苏省1996年至2007年碳排放效应及时空格局分析[J][J].资源科学,2010.32(4).
[217]章锦河,张捷,梁玥琳,李娜,刘泽华.九寨沟旅游生态足迹与生态补偿分析[J].自然资源学报,2005.20(5).
[218]章锦河,张捷.国外生态足迹模型修正与前沿研究进展[J].资源科学,2006.28(6),196-203.
[219]章锦河.旅游废弃物生态影响评价[J].生态学报,2008.
[220]章小平,任佩瑜,邓贵平.九寨沟可持续发展战略管理初探[J].西南民族大学学报：人文社会科学版,2009.(006),213-216.
[221]章小平,朱忠福.九寨沟景区旅游环境容量研究[J].旅游学刊,2007.22(9),50-57.
[222]赵冠伟,杨木壮,陈健飞.1990-2007年中国能源足迹时空差异分析[J][J].地理与地理信息科学,2011.27(2),65-69.
[223]赵军,吴玫玫,钱光人,林逢春.基于利益相关者的企业环境绩效驱动机制及实证[J].中国环境科学,2011.31(11),1931-1936.
[224]赵敏,张卫国,俞立中.上海市居民出行方式与城市交通C02排放及减排对策[J].环境科学研究,2009.(6),747-752.
[225]赵敏,周广胜.中国森林生态系统的植物碳贮量及其影响因子分析[J].地理科学,2004.24(1).
[226]赵敏.上海碳源碳汇结构变化及其驱动机制研究[D].华东师范大学,2010.
[227]赵荣钦,黄贤金,徐慧,高珊.城市系统碳循环与碳管理研究进展[J].自然资源学报,2009.24(10),1847-1859.
[228]赵荣钦,黄贤金,钟太洋.中国不同产业空间的碳排放强度与碳足迹分析[J].地理学报,2010.65(9),1048-1057.
[229]郑思齐,霍燚.低碳城市空间结构：从私家车出行角度的研究[J].世界经济文汇,2010.(006),50-65.
[230]周平,王黎明.中国居民最终需求的碳排放测算[J].统计研究,2011.28(7),71-78.
[231]周徐.九寨沟自然保护区生物多样性保护GAP分析[D].四川农业大学,2010.
[232]周绪伦.地质环境恶化对九寨沟景观的影响[J].中国岩溶,1998.17(003),301-310.
[233]诸大建.从可持续发展到循环型经济[J].世界环境,2000.(3),6-12.
[234]祝福冬.低碳经济时代企业碳管理探析[J].企业经济,2011.(7),51-54.
[235]邹永广.旅游景区碳足迹测算及其对环境影响[J].重庆师范大学学报：自然科学版,2011.28(3),74-78.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |