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中国特色碳减排制度创新研究
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摘要
碳减排既是环境问题,也是发展问题。马克思主义认为,环境问题的实质是人类与自然关系的问题并受社会形态制约。从一般意义上讲,社会主义国家的碳排放是受技术进步等生产力发展的诸物质要素的限制问题。中国碳减排制度创新的实质是低碳技术进步与制度创新问题。作为发展问题,碳减排受技术水平、资本属性、居民的能源消费习惯以及资源禀赋或能源结构等多种因素的影响和制约,其中制度是最重要的因素之一。为此,本文从制度视角对中国碳减排问题进行研究。碳减排制度创新从本质上说,是在现实的制度选择所赋予的制度约束框架内对政府、企业、社会公众等社会主体在生产、流通和消费等环节进行再整合以促进低碳技术创新、扩散的过程。当相关的制度内容与低碳技术进步要求同步,亦或超之于前时,就会推动和加速低碳技术创新与扩散,反之,则会延缓甚至阻碍低碳技术创新与发展。因此,对存在缺陷的或不利于低碳技术进步的相关制度及其内容进行调整、完善、改革和更替等,就成为当前实现我国碳减排制度创新的当务之急。为避免研究中的泛泛而述,本文选择了以回顾和考察中国以节能减排为特色的碳减排规制基本过程和制度变迁为起点,以中国国情下省际间碳减排的技术差距比和边际减排成本以及对现有碳减排规制下不同主体在碳减排活动中制约因素为客观依据,以提高社会总福利为基本价值取向,对我国碳减排制度变迁和制度创新进行分析、研究和总结。
     在分析和研究中,选择在全要素框架下将经济生产活动的资本、劳动和能源等投入要素和经济活动“好”的产出GDP和“坏”的产出二氧化碳纳入经济分析;同时,运用数据包络分析方法,基于共同前沿理论和方向性距离函数,将省际低碳技术、减排与经济增长要素纳入全要素效率与生产率测度模型。通过实证分析指出中国碳减排制度存在的问题。并分别从碳减排制度影响低碳技术创新、发散,影响社会主体(政府、企业与社会公众)参与碳减排活动的制约因素方面进行创新研究。这主要是因为,低碳技术是实现碳减排的基础和前提,不同制度在促进技术创新与发散的效应不同;以利益为导向的市场化调节制度对低碳技术创新、扩散的激励效应最大;碳减排是社会主体的活动,没有主体,碳减排就无从谈起;政府作为国家的实际管理者,是制度供给的主体,制度创新是实现我国低碳技术创新和发散的关键;企业是生产者,是最主要的碳排放者,碳减排制度在企业能否被执行,落实到位,取决于企业的价值导向;社会公众(包括环保组织)是碳减排的最终受益者,社会公众也是企业减排的社会基础。只有社会公众参与碳减排才能可持续的发展下去,社会经济才能进入低碳经济发展。
     导论部分主要介绍本文的选题背景、研究意义,碳减排相关文献综述,研究内容、结构安排及研究方法,研究的创新之处、难点及不足。属于提出问题部分。
     第一章主要是阐述碳减排和制度及制度创新的概念及相关理论,以厘清这些概念在本文研究中的具体含义。并对马克思、恩格斯在对资本主义环境污染问题与制度关系问题上的主要思想进行阐述,对西方经济学和社会主义国家关于碳减排制度的相关理论和文献进行梳理、分析和归纳总结。属于基础理论部分。
     第二章主要是从制度角度回顾我国所走过的碳减排道路,对我国碳减排发展的阶段性和具体制度变迁的过程及碳减排制度绩效进行深入的分析和研究,运用实证方法明确现存制度的缺陷和不足。属于纵向分析问题部分。
     第三章主要是对我国碳减排制度存在问题的原因分析,分析碳减排规制在激励技术创新与发散方面体系不健全;基本经济制度下的国有企业引领低碳发展失位;基本政治制度下地方政府与中央、政策体系协同不足和社会公众参与碳减排存在的机制制约因素。以期对我国碳减排制度在进一步发展中查找、弥补制度不足,推进制度创新有所启示。属于综合分析部分。
     第四章主要是实证分析,通过构建省际节能减排矩阵分类模式,分析省际低碳经济发展异质性的基础上,采用连续前沿Malmquist-Luenberger指数方法测算、分解了中国28个省份基于低碳经济增长的技术进步,并运用面板技术实证分析技术进步对碳减排的影响。实证表明碳减排制度安排亦应地制宜多方面综合推进。属于理论验证部分。
     第五章是制度创新对策,基于中国特色国情,从技术创新与发散、政府主导、国有企业引领、社会公众参与四个维度,就如何缩小省际间低碳技术差距,消除地方与中央背离、促使国有企业减排职能归位,促进社会公众参与碳减排的问题。属于解决问题部分。
Carbon emission reduction is an environmental matter but also developmentissue. Marxism thinks that the essence of environmental matter is the one of relationsbetween human and nature and it is restricted by social form. Generally speaking,carbon emission reduction in socialist countries is restricted by technical change andother factors, so the essence of Chinese institutional innovation of carbon emissionreduction lies in the innovation of low carbon technology and institutional innovation.As a development issue,carbon emission reduction restricted by many factors such astechnology, capital investment, the habit of residents’ energy consumption and energystructure, among which the institution is one of the most important. Essentially,institutional innovation of carbon emission reduction is, within the framework of theexisting system, the government, enterprise and the public are integrating one anotherin production, distribution and consumption so as to promote the innovation of lowcarbon technology and the spread and application of this technology. When the systemconcerned is in line with, or ahead of low carbon technology, the innovation of lowcarbon technology and the spread and application of this technology will be promotedand sped up, or will be delayed and hindered. So the system that prevents low carbontechnology should be adjusted, improved or abolished, which is a top priority forachieving the innovation of the system of carbon emission reduction. Beginning withthe review of the process of Chinese regulations of carbon emission reduction and thechanges in these regulations with the characteristics of energy conservation andemission reduction, this paper will discuss the technology gap ratio of carbonemission reduction among provinces, the marginal abatement cost and the constraintsin different subjects’ carbon emission reduction within the existing regulations, inorder to improve the total social welfare.
     Within the framework of total factor, the paper analyses the input factors such ascapital, labor, energy and so on, and “good” product-GDP and by-product-carbondioxide. By Data Envelopment Analysis and based on the metafrontier theory and thedirectional distance function, the paper accepts the interprovincial low-carbontechnology, carbon emission reduction and economic growth factors into the model ofTotal-Factor Efficiency and the model of Productivity Measurement. Empiricalanalysis shows that there have existed some problems in Chinese carbon emissionreduction systems. The paper also makes some researches in that carbon reductionsystems have influence on the innovation of low-carbon technology and its spread andupon social subjects’(government, enterprises and the public) participation intocarbon emission reduction activities. As we know, low-carbon technology is thepremise of realizing carbon emission reduction. Different institutions result indifferent technological innovation and its spread. The interests-guided marketregulation system is the most beneficial to the innovation of low-carbon technologyand its spread. The executor of realizing carbon emission reduction is social subjects, without which there has been no carbon emission reduction. As the actual managers ofthe country, government is the subject of the institutions. The institutional innovationis the key to the innovation of low-carbon technology and its spread. Enterprise is theproducer, which is the largest carbon emitter. Whether carbon reduction system can becarried out in enterprises or not depends on their value orientation. The public,including environmental protection organizations are the beneficiaries of carbonemission reduction, who are the promoter and facilitators of carbon emissionreduction. Only through the public participation in carbon emission reduction can thesustainable development continue and economy turn into low-carbon economy.
     The introduction presents the background and significance of the subject, thereviews of carbon emission reduction, the content and structure of the research, theresearch methods, its main innovative points, difficulties and shortcomings.
     Chapter1mainly explains the concepts of carbon emission reduction, system andinstitutional innovation and the theories concerned to clarify the specific notations ofthese concepts in this paper, states Marx and Engels’ ideas on the relations betweencapitalist environmental pollution and their institutions, and summarizes the theoriesconcerned and literatures which Western economics and socialist countries dealt with.
     Chapter2reviews the processes of Chinese institutions in carbon emissionreduction, makes an intensive study of the periods of and the changes in the systemsand the institutional perforamnce of the carbon emission reduction and shows thedefects of the existing systems.
     Chapter3gives more details about the causes of the problems existing inChinese carbon reduction system. The paper mainly deals with the defects in thecarbon reduction system from the innovation of low carbon technology and its spread,property rights of enterprises, political system, and public participation to improve theexisting carbon reduction system.
     Chapter4is empirical analysis. By constructing Matrix classification model ofinterprovincial energy conservation and emission reduction, calculating technicalprogress of28provinces for the period1987–2009of China by sequentialMalmquist-Luenberger index, and analysing the heterogeneity of low carboneconomy growth and the technological progress among them, and empirical analysisthe influence of technological progress on carbon emissions by panel regressiontechniques. Empirical shows that carbon reduction institutional arrangements topromote multi-disciplinary should adapted to local conditions.
     Chapter5is institutional innovation. In order to narrowing low carbontechnologies gap among inter-provincial of China, eliminating local and centraldeviate, promoting state-owned enterprises in emission reduction functions homing,and encouraging public participation in carbon emissions. There are put forward topolicy proposals in four dimensions which based on Chinese characteristicsconditions, including a institutional innovation of technical innovation and diffusion,government dominant, state-owned enterprises leading and public participation.
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