高校图书馆网站可用性评价研究
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摘要
随着社会信息化水平的不断提升,以及高校数字化、智能化校园建设进程的不断推进,高校教师和学生利用图书馆的方式也在悄然发生着的变化,高校图书馆网站的用户接待量逐年递增,对网站建设水平和接待能力都提出了更高的要求。目前大多数高校图书馆网站的建设和管理者,还主要将精力投放在高校图书馆网站的美观性、宣传性方面,对高校图书馆网站可用性的认识及研究还远有引起相关各方的足够重视。
一直以来,我们认为高校图书馆网站面向的是本校的教职工和学生,对他们来说图书馆是不可替代的。近些年来,网络学术搜索引擎、学术社区的兴起吸引着越来越多的科研人员。高校图书馆网站的可用性如果不高,也足以将其用户推向如Google Scholar、小木虫之类的网上学术门户,如此则高校图书馆网站就走上了一条被边缘化的道路。
目前国外对高校图书馆网站可用性问题的研究,无论在研究视角、研究思路、模型构建,还是评价方法的运用上,均呈现出多样化的态势。而我国对高校图书馆网站可用性的相关研究还处于吸收和借鉴国外研究成果的阶段,目前主要涉及基于信息构建的可用性研究、基于界面设计的可用性研究和基于检索效率的可用性研究三个方面,针对高校图书馆网站的可用性研究还有待深入、全面地开展。
本研究将与高校图书馆网站可用性评价密切相关的三个基础性问题作为研究核心,具体是：1)高校图书馆网站的使用境况研究；2)高校图书馆网站可用性的维度构成及其影响要素研究；3)高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型及其有效性检验。分析过程及研究结论如下：
1)高校图书馆网站的使用境况方面
可用性问题是与用户的任务和使用环境密切关联的,从工效学的视角看,高校图书馆网站建设者的用户模型须与用户对网站的心理模型保持一致。从信息任务的视角看,高可用性的网站应该按照反映用户任务并与用户任务匹配的方式来构建。
本研究在使用境况分析上主要关注高校图书馆网站的界面要素、用户特征及用户使用倾向／偏好等。针对高校图书馆网站的用户使用和栏目设置形成专题调查问卷：在栏目设置的调查上,所有题项及选项均出自于国家首批9所985高校的图书馆网站；在用户使用的调查上,则着重了解用户的使用目的、习惯和偏好。
对问卷数据采用描述性统计、探索性因子分析等方法,经分析得出如下结论：(1)资源与服务类栏目应当在高校图书馆网站的首页面占据重要地位；(2)概况与推介类栏目在高校图书馆网站的首页面被过多地呈现；(3)二级栏目的展开程度向概况与推介类栏目侧重的情况比较严重；(4)展开项在7个及以上的二级栏目存在着较大的简化和优化空间；(5)高校图书馆网站的栏目名称需考虑用户的接受程度；(6)高校图书馆网站建设应重点关注主要用户群体的功能期望和使用习惯。
2)高校图书馆网站可用性的维度构成及其影响要素方面
考虑到高校图书馆网站的可用性评价研究是无法经由完全的经验分析而完成的,且影响一个网站可用性的要素似乎是不可穷尽的,因此,本研究引入了科学的研究和分析方法,以提炼关键因素,消除直觉或经验研究带来的主观随意性。
本研究在综合相关研究成果的基础上,针对高校图书馆网站的可用性问题,提炼出了25个测量项。对形成的问卷进行了预检验后进行了发放,回收的有效问卷经四轮的探索性因子分析,观察变量由25依次精简为20、19、17个,最终17个影响高校图书馆网站可用性的观察变量被清晰地划分到了4个公因子/潜在变量(或可用性维度)下面。
依据网站可用性的4个维度,将高校图书馆网站的可用性维度命名为：主观满意度、有效性、可学习性、效率,同时,也获得了高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型的因子结构,并依此模型提出了高校图书馆网站可用性评价的21个研究假设。
此外,本研究将性别、身份、学科背景、上网经验、使用高校图书馆的频率这五个控制变量也引入了理论模型,采用方差分析,研究各潜在变量在每个控制变量不同取值分组上的均值之间是否具有统计意义上的显著差异,以验证个体特征对各个潜在变量的控制效应。得出如下结论：(1)以性别和学科背景为分组变量的方差分析结果是,性别和学科背景对可用性各潜在变量的影响无显著差异；(2)以用户身份、上网经验和使用频率为分组变量的方差分析结果是,用户身份、上网经验和使用频率对可用性各潜在变量的影响有显著差异。
3)高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型及其有效性检验方面
在实际的应用中,从某一样本数据经探索性分析而获得的模型,必须经另一样本的验证分析,才能确立此模型的适用性。本研究针对高校图书馆网站的可用性评价也进行了两次调查,利用第一次调查的数据进行了探索性因子分析,利用第二次调查的数据进行了验证性因子分析,形成一个完整的闭环研究程式,以保证研究方法的严谨性、科学性。
验证性因子模型的检验经一阶模型的设定、估计、拟合、修正及再检验,最终提出了一个二阶四因子模型(模型4)。在综合考虑模型简约度和拟合优度的基础上,本研究将高校图书馆网站的可用性评价模型确定为模型4,并将其作为实证研究结论的基础。
根据模型4的检验结果,本文经第一次调查问卷的探索新因子分析而提出的21个研究假设均获得了模型4的强支持。不仅如此,在模型2、3、4中均呈现显著的4条新增路径显示：路径长度与点击成本之间、服务反馈速度与等待成本之间、记忆负担与认知负荷之间、认知负荷与易用程度之间均存在显著的共变关系,这些新增路径是需要进一步探索的研究结论。
(1)论文提出将用户的使用境况纳入网站的可用性评价范畴,并通过问卷调查和数据分析,刻画了高校图书馆网站的使用境况；(2)论文运用人机工效学的理论方法进行可用性评价要素的提炼和分析,采用结构模型分析方法构建出了一个适宜于高校图书馆网站的可用性评价模型并对所构建的模型进行了检验；(3)论文通过将可用性评价模型的检验结果与使用境况调研结果的整合分析归结出了高校图书馆网站的可用性提升方案。
本文综合分析前人研究成果的基础上,综合运用了文献综述法、问卷调查法、数据分析与检验法等多种研究方法,利用SPSS20.0和AMOS20.0为数据分析工具,将可用性境况的调查研究与可用性模型的构建和检验整合起来,针对高校图书馆网站,发现了一些实际存在的可用性问题,并根据分析数据提出了高校图书馆网站的可用性提升方案,力求最大化其整合分析效能,所获得的研究结论和分析发现对高校图书馆网站的可用性理论研究和建设实践有一定的借鉴性和参考性。
With the development of social informatization and the promotion of digital, intelligent campus construction of colleges and universities, changeshave been taken place gradually in the way how teachers and students use the academic libraries. The user number of academic library websites has been increasing yearly. Thus the requirements for high-level construction and accessability of such websites have been put forward. However, lots of website constructors or administrators of academic libraries have shown too many concerns about the appearance and propaganda of their websites. By contrast, researches on theusability of academic library websites are far from adequate, even the awareness about this issue is far from enough too.
We always take for granted that academic library websites arerreplaceable for teachers and students in colleges and universities. However, recently more and more researchers have been attracted by academic search enginesand network research communities. So, the status of low level ofusability of academic library websites will push their users to try other network research portals such as Google Scholar,"e-much" site, and that will lead academic library websites to be marginal and unvalued.
Up to now, in abroad researches on the usability of academic library websites have emerging the diversification trend in all respects, such as research view, research route, model construction and method utilization. However, domestic researches of usability of academic library website is still in a stage of absorption and reference of abroad relative works, and mainly concerns about three aspects, including information architecture based usability research, interface design based usability research and retrieval efficiency based usability research. The research of academic library websites usability should beenhanced and move on.
The main content of the paper is consisted of three aspectsof basic problems about academic library websites usability, which include:1) research onutilization status of academic library websites;2) dimension components andnfluence factors of academic library website usability;3)evaluation model and validation check of usability of academic library website. The detailed analysis process and research conclusion are presented furthermore as following:
1) Status of utilization of academic library websites
The problem of usability is closely connected with user's task and environments. From the view of ergonomics, the user model of an academic library website constructor should be consistent with mental model of website factual users. From the view of information task, websites with high level usability should be constructed to reflect and match users tasks.
The analysis of utilization status of academic library websites mainly focuses on interface elements, user characteristic and user preference et al. According to utilization status and column arrangement of academic library websites, the investigation rolls are designed. As for the columnarrangement, all questions and answer options are considered from9academic library websites of national first "985" project high schools. For the aspect ofutilization status, the investigation rolls are designed to acquire users' aims, habits and preferences.
Through methods of descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, the roll data is analyzed and conclusion can be summed up as following:(1) Columns of resources and services are conspicuous and occupy important positions of academic library website's homepage;(2) Chief introduction and recommendation columns have been displayed much more frequently in homepage;(3)similarly, Level2 columns under introduction and recommendation columns are also occupying too much web pages;(4) Level2columns which possess more than7items have large scale to simplify and optimize;(5) Column names of academic library websites should consider users' acceptance;(6) Academic library websites construction should concern much more about user groups function expectation and operation preference.
2) Dimension components and influence factors of academic library websites
According to the difficulties to accomplish usability evaluation only through experience analyzing, and inexhaustibility to list all of the elements of website usability evaluation, the research synthesizes reasonable method and relative research work to refine critical factors, with elimination of subjectivity and arbitrariness of intuition and experience.
Beyond synthesis of relative former research work,25measure items are refined according to the usability problem of academic library websites. Investigation rolls gave out after pre survey, and4series of (?)ploratory factor analysis have been applied after valid rolls reclaimed. During those series of exploratory factor analysis, observation variables have been decreased from25to20,19, and17. Finally,17observation variables, which influence usability of academic library websites, are distinctly divided into4common factors/latent variables (usability dimensions).
Those4dimensions of academic library website usability can bedescripting as following:subject satisfaction, effectiveness, learnability and efficiency. Factors structure of usability evaluation model of academic library websites isdefined and21research hypothesis of academic library website usability evaluation are promoted according to the structural model.
Furthermore,5control variables such as sex, dignity, major background, network experience, and use frequency of academic library are contained into the theoretic model. By variance analysis, observation of statistic significance about average values of each latent variable in different groups divided by valuevariety of each control variable has been implemented to validate control influence of individual characteristic for each latent variable. Conclusion can be claimed as following:(1) the results of variance analysis about choosirg factors of sex and major background as grouping variables show that, sex and major have no significant influence for each latent variable of usability;(2) the outcomes of variance analysis about choosing factors of user dignity, networkexperience and library use frequency announce that those3control variable have significant influence on latent variables.
3) Evaluation model and validation check of usability of academic library website
In factual research application, the theoretic model accomplishedthrough exploratory analysis on one set of sample data should be examined by another set of sample to confirm its validation.2surveys have been carried out to examine usability evaluation of academic library websites. The data of first survey is used to perform exploratory factor analysis, and the data of second survey is applied to implement confirmatory factor analysis. Those2series of analysis compose a complete closed-loop research procedure, to confirm the rigorous and scientific research.
Examination of confirmatory factor model consists of steps including firstorder model synthesis, estimation, fitting, modification and re-examination, and finally, a second-order4factor inside model is promoted (model4). By comprehensive consideration about model's simple degree and goodness of fit, the paper chooses model4as the usability evaluation model of academic library websites, and as the basis for empirical research.
According to the examination results of model4, the21research hypothesis which is promoted by exploratory factor analysis in first time survey has been significantly supported. More than that, the4newly routes with significance displayed both in model2, model3and model4indicate that, significant covariant exists between variables of access path length and click cost, service feedback speed and waiting cost, memory burden and cognitive load, cognitive load and ease of usability. However, these newly routes should be researched and explored furthermore.
On the basis of former research achievements, the paper utilizes several research methods including literature review, questionnaire survey data analysis and model examination, applies data analysis tools such as SPSS20.0and AMOS20.0, and integrates survey of usability status andconstruction and examination of usability model to implement usability evaluation research, in order to maximize effectiveness of integration analysis. The research conclusion and analysis finds somehow can be applied and referenced for usability theoreti research and construction practice of academic library websites.
一直以来,我们认为高校图书馆网站面向的是本校的教职工和学生,对他们来说图书馆是不可替代的。近些年来,网络学术搜索引擎、学术社区的兴起吸引着越来越多的科研人员。高校图书馆网站的可用性如果不高,也足以将其用户推向如Google Scholar、小木虫之类的网上学术门户,如此则高校图书馆网站就走上了一条被边缘化的道路。
目前国外对高校图书馆网站可用性问题的研究,无论在研究视角、研究思路、模型构建,还是评价方法的运用上,均呈现出多样化的态势。而我国对高校图书馆网站可用性的相关研究还处于吸收和借鉴国外研究成果的阶段,目前主要涉及基于信息构建的可用性研究、基于界面设计的可用性研究和基于检索效率的可用性研究三个方面,针对高校图书馆网站的可用性研究还有待深入、全面地开展。
本研究将与高校图书馆网站可用性评价密切相关的三个基础性问题作为研究核心,具体是：1)高校图书馆网站的使用境况研究；2)高校图书馆网站可用性的维度构成及其影响要素研究；3)高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型及其有效性检验。分析过程及研究结论如下：
1)高校图书馆网站的使用境况方面
可用性问题是与用户的任务和使用环境密切关联的,从工效学的视角看,高校图书馆网站建设者的用户模型须与用户对网站的心理模型保持一致。从信息任务的视角看,高可用性的网站应该按照反映用户任务并与用户任务匹配的方式来构建。
本研究在使用境况分析上主要关注高校图书馆网站的界面要素、用户特征及用户使用倾向／偏好等。针对高校图书馆网站的用户使用和栏目设置形成专题调查问卷：在栏目设置的调查上,所有题项及选项均出自于国家首批9所985高校的图书馆网站；在用户使用的调查上,则着重了解用户的使用目的、习惯和偏好。
对问卷数据采用描述性统计、探索性因子分析等方法,经分析得出如下结论：(1)资源与服务类栏目应当在高校图书馆网站的首页面占据重要地位；(2)概况与推介类栏目在高校图书馆网站的首页面被过多地呈现；(3)二级栏目的展开程度向概况与推介类栏目侧重的情况比较严重；(4)展开项在7个及以上的二级栏目存在着较大的简化和优化空间；(5)高校图书馆网站的栏目名称需考虑用户的接受程度；(6)高校图书馆网站建设应重点关注主要用户群体的功能期望和使用习惯。
2)高校图书馆网站可用性的维度构成及其影响要素方面
考虑到高校图书馆网站的可用性评价研究是无法经由完全的经验分析而完成的,且影响一个网站可用性的要素似乎是不可穷尽的,因此,本研究引入了科学的研究和分析方法,以提炼关键因素,消除直觉或经验研究带来的主观随意性。
本研究在综合相关研究成果的基础上,针对高校图书馆网站的可用性问题,提炼出了25个测量项。对形成的问卷进行了预检验后进行了发放,回收的有效问卷经四轮的探索性因子分析,观察变量由25依次精简为20、19、17个,最终17个影响高校图书馆网站可用性的观察变量被清晰地划分到了4个公因子/潜在变量(或可用性维度)下面。
依据网站可用性的4个维度,将高校图书馆网站的可用性维度命名为：主观满意度、有效性、可学习性、效率,同时,也获得了高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型的因子结构,并依此模型提出了高校图书馆网站可用性评价的21个研究假设。
此外,本研究将性别、身份、学科背景、上网经验、使用高校图书馆的频率这五个控制变量也引入了理论模型,采用方差分析,研究各潜在变量在每个控制变量不同取值分组上的均值之间是否具有统计意义上的显著差异,以验证个体特征对各个潜在变量的控制效应。得出如下结论：(1)以性别和学科背景为分组变量的方差分析结果是,性别和学科背景对可用性各潜在变量的影响无显著差异；(2)以用户身份、上网经验和使用频率为分组变量的方差分析结果是,用户身份、上网经验和使用频率对可用性各潜在变量的影响有显著差异。
3)高校图书馆网站可用性评价模型及其有效性检验方面
在实际的应用中,从某一样本数据经探索性分析而获得的模型,必须经另一样本的验证分析,才能确立此模型的适用性。本研究针对高校图书馆网站的可用性评价也进行了两次调查,利用第一次调查的数据进行了探索性因子分析,利用第二次调查的数据进行了验证性因子分析,形成一个完整的闭环研究程式,以保证研究方法的严谨性、科学性。
验证性因子模型的检验经一阶模型的设定、估计、拟合、修正及再检验,最终提出了一个二阶四因子模型(模型4)。在综合考虑模型简约度和拟合优度的基础上,本研究将高校图书馆网站的可用性评价模型确定为模型4,并将其作为实证研究结论的基础。
根据模型4的检验结果,本文经第一次调查问卷的探索新因子分析而提出的21个研究假设均获得了模型4的强支持。不仅如此,在模型2、3、4中均呈现显著的4条新增路径显示：路径长度与点击成本之间、服务反馈速度与等待成本之间、记忆负担与认知负荷之间、认知负荷与易用程度之间均存在显著的共变关系,这些新增路径是需要进一步探索的研究结论。
(1)论文提出将用户的使用境况纳入网站的可用性评价范畴,并通过问卷调查和数据分析,刻画了高校图书馆网站的使用境况；(2)论文运用人机工效学的理论方法进行可用性评价要素的提炼和分析,采用结构模型分析方法构建出了一个适宜于高校图书馆网站的可用性评价模型并对所构建的模型进行了检验；(3)论文通过将可用性评价模型的检验结果与使用境况调研结果的整合分析归结出了高校图书馆网站的可用性提升方案。
本文综合分析前人研究成果的基础上,综合运用了文献综述法、问卷调查法、数据分析与检验法等多种研究方法,利用SPSS20.0和AMOS20.0为数据分析工具,将可用性境况的调查研究与可用性模型的构建和检验整合起来,针对高校图书馆网站,发现了一些实际存在的可用性问题,并根据分析数据提出了高校图书馆网站的可用性提升方案,力求最大化其整合分析效能,所获得的研究结论和分析发现对高校图书馆网站的可用性理论研究和建设实践有一定的借鉴性和参考性。
With the development of social informatization and the promotion of digital, intelligent campus construction of colleges and universities, changeshave been taken place gradually in the way how teachers and students use the academic libraries. The user number of academic library websites has been increasing yearly. Thus the requirements for high-level construction and accessability of such websites have been put forward. However, lots of website constructors or administrators of academic libraries have shown too many concerns about the appearance and propaganda of their websites. By contrast, researches on theusability of academic library websites are far from adequate, even the awareness about this issue is far from enough too.
We always take for granted that academic library websites arerreplaceable for teachers and students in colleges and universities. However, recently more and more researchers have been attracted by academic search enginesand network research communities. So, the status of low level ofusability of academic library websites will push their users to try other network research portals such as Google Scholar,"e-much" site, and that will lead academic library websites to be marginal and unvalued.
Up to now, in abroad researches on the usability of academic library websites have emerging the diversification trend in all respects, such as research view, research route, model construction and method utilization. However, domestic researches of usability of academic library website is still in a stage of absorption and reference of abroad relative works, and mainly concerns about three aspects, including information architecture based usability research, interface design based usability research and retrieval efficiency based usability research. The research of academic library websites usability should beenhanced and move on.
The main content of the paper is consisted of three aspectsof basic problems about academic library websites usability, which include:1) research onutilization status of academic library websites;2) dimension components andnfluence factors of academic library website usability;3)evaluation model and validation check of usability of academic library website. The detailed analysis process and research conclusion are presented furthermore as following:
1) Status of utilization of academic library websites
The problem of usability is closely connected with user's task and environments. From the view of ergonomics, the user model of an academic library website constructor should be consistent with mental model of website factual users. From the view of information task, websites with high level usability should be constructed to reflect and match users tasks.
The analysis of utilization status of academic library websites mainly focuses on interface elements, user characteristic and user preference et al. According to utilization status and column arrangement of academic library websites, the investigation rolls are designed. As for the columnarrangement, all questions and answer options are considered from9academic library websites of national first "985" project high schools. For the aspect ofutilization status, the investigation rolls are designed to acquire users' aims, habits and preferences.
Through methods of descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, the roll data is analyzed and conclusion can be summed up as following:(1) Columns of resources and services are conspicuous and occupy important positions of academic library website's homepage;(2) Chief introduction and recommendation columns have been displayed much more frequently in homepage;(3)similarly, Level2 columns under introduction and recommendation columns are also occupying too much web pages;(4) Level2columns which possess more than7items have large scale to simplify and optimize;(5) Column names of academic library websites should consider users' acceptance;(6) Academic library websites construction should concern much more about user groups function expectation and operation preference.
2) Dimension components and influence factors of academic library websites
According to the difficulties to accomplish usability evaluation only through experience analyzing, and inexhaustibility to list all of the elements of website usability evaluation, the research synthesizes reasonable method and relative research work to refine critical factors, with elimination of subjectivity and arbitrariness of intuition and experience.
Beyond synthesis of relative former research work,25measure items are refined according to the usability problem of academic library websites. Investigation rolls gave out after pre survey, and4series of (?)ploratory factor analysis have been applied after valid rolls reclaimed. During those series of exploratory factor analysis, observation variables have been decreased from25to20,19, and17. Finally,17observation variables, which influence usability of academic library websites, are distinctly divided into4common factors/latent variables (usability dimensions).
Those4dimensions of academic library website usability can bedescripting as following:subject satisfaction, effectiveness, learnability and efficiency. Factors structure of usability evaluation model of academic library websites isdefined and21research hypothesis of academic library website usability evaluation are promoted according to the structural model.
Furthermore,5control variables such as sex, dignity, major background, network experience, and use frequency of academic library are contained into the theoretic model. By variance analysis, observation of statistic significance about average values of each latent variable in different groups divided by valuevariety of each control variable has been implemented to validate control influence of individual characteristic for each latent variable. Conclusion can be claimed as following:(1) the results of variance analysis about choosirg factors of sex and major background as grouping variables show that, sex and major have no significant influence for each latent variable of usability;(2) the outcomes of variance analysis about choosing factors of user dignity, networkexperience and library use frequency announce that those3control variable have significant influence on latent variables.
3) Evaluation model and validation check of usability of academic library website
In factual research application, the theoretic model accomplishedthrough exploratory analysis on one set of sample data should be examined by another set of sample to confirm its validation.2surveys have been carried out to examine usability evaluation of academic library websites. The data of first survey is used to perform exploratory factor analysis, and the data of second survey is applied to implement confirmatory factor analysis. Those2series of analysis compose a complete closed-loop research procedure, to confirm the rigorous and scientific research.
Examination of confirmatory factor model consists of steps including firstorder model synthesis, estimation, fitting, modification and re-examination, and finally, a second-order4factor inside model is promoted (model4). By comprehensive consideration about model's simple degree and goodness of fit, the paper chooses model4as the usability evaluation model of academic library websites, and as the basis for empirical research.
According to the examination results of model4, the21research hypothesis which is promoted by exploratory factor analysis in first time survey has been significantly supported. More than that, the4newly routes with significance displayed both in model2, model3and model4indicate that, significant covariant exists between variables of access path length and click cost, service feedback speed and waiting cost, memory burden and cognitive load, cognitive load and ease of usability. However, these newly routes should be researched and explored furthermore.
On the basis of former research achievements, the paper utilizes several research methods including literature review, questionnaire survey data analysis and model examination, applies data analysis tools such as SPSS20.0and AMOS20.0, and integrates survey of usability status andconstruction and examination of usability model to implement usability evaluation research, in order to maximize effectiveness of integration analysis. The research conclusion and analysis finds somehow can be applied and referenced for usability theoreti research and construction practice of academic library websites.
引文
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