海表皮肤层厚度模型与应用
|
摘要
海表皮肤层是海气边界层的重要组成部分和上层海洋温盐气剖面的上边界,也是海表温度(SST)和海表盐度(SSS)卫星遥感数据的可能误差源之一。海表皮肤层研究是海气交互作用的重要课题,对于提高遥感数据精度具有重要意义。
本文首先引入Batchelor微尺度概念,提出了一个对海表风场和热通量场响应、用以计算海表温度、盐度和气体浓度皮肤层厚度的模型。据此认为任意两个皮肤层厚度之比可用对应物理量分子扩散率之比的平方根表示。模型对冷温层和高盐层效应的量化在理论上更为合理并符合实测资料。根据本厚度模型,可计算低风速情况下、海表风速和散热通量共同作用下的海气界面气体交换速率。
利用OAFlux项目及ISCCP遥感实测的全球海表风场及热通量场等资料,基于皮肤层统一厚度模型模拟了全球海表面高盐层和冷温层的厚度及其上下表面物理量差异。结果显示,夜间无太阳热辐射情况下,全球高盐层和冷温层平均厚度分别约为65μm和1mm。全球平均冷温层上下表面温差均值为0.2℃左右,高盐层上下表面盐度差均值约为0.09psu。由高盐层厚度和上下表面盐度差模拟结果认为,高盐层在全球范围内可能引起的遥感海表盐度误差仅可达0.02psu。
全球皮肤层理查森数分布显示,在大部分海域,皮肤层演变是由海表风应力引起的受迫对流控制。由于冷温层相比于高盐层更厚且更早达到不稳定,皮肤层内的自由对流不稳定性基本被冷温层作用控制。本文还对比了冷温层和高盐层分别对应的热通量场,分析了两皮肤层全球分布形态的相似性及其原因。
考虑到遥感测量海水表面温度及表面盐度时需用海表以下实测温盐资料加以校正,但长时间大范围进行海洋表层海水垂向温盐剖面野外观测非常困难,建立经有限资料验证的混合层数值模型,用于模拟受太阳热辐射影响的表层海水温盐剖面演变十分重要。因此文章利用美国加利福尼亚湾三组船载光学实验的气象及海温资料,基于皮肤层效应和太阳热辐射的共同作用,结合混合层动力模式,建立了一个整合数值模型,用于模拟海表以下20m深度范围内的温盐剖面演变。本模型通过实时计算冷温层厚度合理加密了表层网格,并通过冷温层和高盐层作用的定量计算使数值模型更准确地估计海表的热量交换和盐度变化。计算结果与野外实测海温资料对比表明,模型能准确描述海温剖面的演变趋势。在近海表20cm深度内,特别是与遥感SST相关的近海表1cm深度内,模拟结果优于无本皮肤层模型的计算结果。文章也进一步分析了误差及其产生原因。
Sea surface skin layer is an important component of the air-sea interface boundary layer and the upper boundary of the profiles of temperature, salinity, and gas concentration in the sea. It is also a possible error source for remote sensing of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS). The research on sea surface skin layer is a crucial subject for the research on air-sea interaction and would be meaningful to enhance the accuracy of sea surface remote sensing.
By introducing Batchelor micro-scale, a unified thickness model for skin layers is developed to determine the depths of various ocean skin layers with same model parameters. In this model, the thickness would response to the both sea surface wind speeds and heat fluxes. The thickness ratio of each skin layers is the square root of the ratio of their diffusion rates. The cool skin and haline skin layer effects can be quantified reasonably and more accord with observed data. Based on this unified thickness model, air-sea gas transfer velocity is a function of both wind speeds and heat flux under low winds.
Global distributions of haline skin layer and cool skin layer are then simulated, using surface forcing data mainly from OAFlux project and ISCCP. It is shown that, without solar radiation at night, the global average thickness of temperature and haline skin layers are respectively65μm and lmm. Global average temperature difference through cool skin layer is approximately0.2℃, while salinity difference through salinity layer is approximately0.09psu. The microwave remote sensing error caused by the haline skin layer effect is estimated to be only0.02psu.
It is shown that forced convections due to sea surface wind stress are dominant over free convections driven by surface cooling in most regions of oceans. The free convection instability is largely controlled by cool skin effect for the thermal microlayer is much thicker and becomes unstable much earlier than the haline microlayer. The similarity of the global distributions of temperature difference and salinity difference across cool and haline skin layers is investigated by comparing their forcing fields of heat fluxes.
The vertical water temperature and salinity profiles in the upper few meters of the ocean are essential for calibrating the sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) from remotely sensed surface radiation fields. A reliable way to predict the SST and SSS profiles is necessary for many oceanographic applications, since high temporal and spatial coverage of surface profile observations are impractical. Based on several full sets of meteorological data and observed near-surface ocean temperature, measured in the Gulf of California during the Marine Optical Characterization Experiment (MOCE-5), a numerical model is made to simulate the vertical temperature and salinity profiles for the upper20meters of the ocean, considering both the sun's radiation and the skin effects. The simulated cool skin thickness can refine meshes near sea surface, because of which, the model can better estimate the sea surface cooling effect, thus better simulate the temperature profile near sea surface. The computation results are in reasonable agreement with the observed vertical temperature profiles in the ocean. Possible causes for difference between model results and observations are also discussed.
本文首先引入Batchelor微尺度概念,提出了一个对海表风场和热通量场响应、用以计算海表温度、盐度和气体浓度皮肤层厚度的模型。据此认为任意两个皮肤层厚度之比可用对应物理量分子扩散率之比的平方根表示。模型对冷温层和高盐层效应的量化在理论上更为合理并符合实测资料。根据本厚度模型,可计算低风速情况下、海表风速和散热通量共同作用下的海气界面气体交换速率。
利用OAFlux项目及ISCCP遥感实测的全球海表风场及热通量场等资料,基于皮肤层统一厚度模型模拟了全球海表面高盐层和冷温层的厚度及其上下表面物理量差异。结果显示,夜间无太阳热辐射情况下,全球高盐层和冷温层平均厚度分别约为65μm和1mm。全球平均冷温层上下表面温差均值为0.2℃左右,高盐层上下表面盐度差均值约为0.09psu。由高盐层厚度和上下表面盐度差模拟结果认为,高盐层在全球范围内可能引起的遥感海表盐度误差仅可达0.02psu。
全球皮肤层理查森数分布显示,在大部分海域,皮肤层演变是由海表风应力引起的受迫对流控制。由于冷温层相比于高盐层更厚且更早达到不稳定,皮肤层内的自由对流不稳定性基本被冷温层作用控制。本文还对比了冷温层和高盐层分别对应的热通量场,分析了两皮肤层全球分布形态的相似性及其原因。
考虑到遥感测量海水表面温度及表面盐度时需用海表以下实测温盐资料加以校正,但长时间大范围进行海洋表层海水垂向温盐剖面野外观测非常困难,建立经有限资料验证的混合层数值模型,用于模拟受太阳热辐射影响的表层海水温盐剖面演变十分重要。因此文章利用美国加利福尼亚湾三组船载光学实验的气象及海温资料,基于皮肤层效应和太阳热辐射的共同作用,结合混合层动力模式,建立了一个整合数值模型,用于模拟海表以下20m深度范围内的温盐剖面演变。本模型通过实时计算冷温层厚度合理加密了表层网格,并通过冷温层和高盐层作用的定量计算使数值模型更准确地估计海表的热量交换和盐度变化。计算结果与野外实测海温资料对比表明,模型能准确描述海温剖面的演变趋势。在近海表20cm深度内,特别是与遥感SST相关的近海表1cm深度内,模拟结果优于无本皮肤层模型的计算结果。文章也进一步分析了误差及其产生原因。
Sea surface skin layer is an important component of the air-sea interface boundary layer and the upper boundary of the profiles of temperature, salinity, and gas concentration in the sea. It is also a possible error source for remote sensing of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS). The research on sea surface skin layer is a crucial subject for the research on air-sea interaction and would be meaningful to enhance the accuracy of sea surface remote sensing.
By introducing Batchelor micro-scale, a unified thickness model for skin layers is developed to determine the depths of various ocean skin layers with same model parameters. In this model, the thickness would response to the both sea surface wind speeds and heat fluxes. The thickness ratio of each skin layers is the square root of the ratio of their diffusion rates. The cool skin and haline skin layer effects can be quantified reasonably and more accord with observed data. Based on this unified thickness model, air-sea gas transfer velocity is a function of both wind speeds and heat flux under low winds.
Global distributions of haline skin layer and cool skin layer are then simulated, using surface forcing data mainly from OAFlux project and ISCCP. It is shown that, without solar radiation at night, the global average thickness of temperature and haline skin layers are respectively65μm and lmm. Global average temperature difference through cool skin layer is approximately0.2℃, while salinity difference through salinity layer is approximately0.09psu. The microwave remote sensing error caused by the haline skin layer effect is estimated to be only0.02psu.
It is shown that forced convections due to sea surface wind stress are dominant over free convections driven by surface cooling in most regions of oceans. The free convection instability is largely controlled by cool skin effect for the thermal microlayer is much thicker and becomes unstable much earlier than the haline microlayer. The similarity of the global distributions of temperature difference and salinity difference across cool and haline skin layers is investigated by comparing their forcing fields of heat fluxes.
The vertical water temperature and salinity profiles in the upper few meters of the ocean are essential for calibrating the sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity (SSS) from remotely sensed surface radiation fields. A reliable way to predict the SST and SSS profiles is necessary for many oceanographic applications, since high temporal and spatial coverage of surface profile observations are impractical. Based on several full sets of meteorological data and observed near-surface ocean temperature, measured in the Gulf of California during the Marine Optical Characterization Experiment (MOCE-5), a numerical model is made to simulate the vertical temperature and salinity profiles for the upper20meters of the ocean, considering both the sun's radiation and the skin effects. The simulated cool skin thickness can refine meshes near sea surface, because of which, the model can better estimate the sea surface cooling effect, thus better simulate the temperature profile near sea surface. The computation results are in reasonable agreement with the observed vertical temperature profiles in the ocean. Possible causes for difference between model results and observations are also discussed.
引文
[1]Koblinsky C J, Hildebrand P, Levine D, Et Al. Sea Surface Salinity From Space:Science Goals And Measurement Approach[J]. Radio Science.2003,38(80644).
[2]Kawai Y, Kawamura H. Study On A Platform Effect In The In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Observations Under Weak Wind And Clear Sky Conditions Using Numerical Models[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2000,17(2):185-196.
[3]王杰,矫玉田,曹勇,等.海表面盐度遥感技术的发展与应用[J].海洋技术.2006(3)：76-81.
[4]潘德炉,龚芳.我国卫星海洋遥感应用技术的新进展[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版).2011(1)：1-10.
[5]殷晓斌,刘玉光,王振占,等.红外和微波辐射计反演海表面温度的比较[J].海洋通报.2007(5)：3-10.
[6]Swift C T, Mcintosh R E. Considerations For Microwave Remote-Sensing Of Ocean-Surface Salinity[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.1983,21 (4):480-491.
[7]Swift C T. Passive Microwave Remote-Sensing Of The Ocean-Review[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1980,18(1):25-54.
[8]Dong S F, Gille S T, Sprintall J, Et AI. Validation Of The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer For The Earth Observing System (Amsr-E) Sea Surface Temperature In The Southern Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2006,111(C04002c4).
[9]Wick G A, Bates J J, Scott D J. Satellite And Skin-Layer Effects On The Accuracy Of Sea Surface Temperature Measurements From The Goes Satellites[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2002,19(11):1834-1848.
[10]Kilpatrick K A, Podesta G P, Evans R. Overview Of The Noaa/Nasa Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder Algorithm For Sea Surface Temperature And Associated Matchup Database[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2001,106(C5):9179-9197.
[11]Kearns E J, Hanafin J A, Evans R H, Et Al. An Independent Assessment Of Pathfinder Avhrr Sea Surface Temperature Accuracy Using The Marine Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer (Maeri)[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2000,81(7):1525-1536.
[12]Schluessel P, Emery W J, Grassi H, Et Al. On The Bulk-Skin Temperature Difference And Its Impact On Satellite Remote-Sensing Of Sea-Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1990,95(C8):13341-13356.
[13]Yokoyama R, Tanba S, Souma T. Sea-Surface Effects On The Sea-Surface Temperature Estimation By Remote-Sensing[J]. International Journal Of Remote Sensing.1995,16(2):227-238.
[14]Kawamura H, Kawai Y. Characteristics Of The Avhrr-Derived Sea Surface Temperature In The Oceans Around Japan[C].1997.
[15]Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Godfrey J S, Et Al. Cool-Skin And Warm-Layer Effects On Sea Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996,101(Cl):1295-1308.
[16]余立中,张少永,商红梅.我国argo浮标的设计与研究[J].海洋技术.2005(2)：121-129.
[17]Ward B, Wanninkhof R, Minnett P J, Et Al. Skindeep:A Profiling Instrument For Upper-Decameter Sea Surface Measurements[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology. 2004,21(2):207-222.
[18]Siegenthaler U, Oeschger H. Biospheric Co2 Emissions During The Past 200 Years Reconstructed By Deconvolution Of Ice Core Data[J]. Tellus B.1987,39b(1-2):140-154.
[19]Kawai Y, Wada A. Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variation And Its Impact On The Atmosphere And Ocean:A Review[J]. Journal Of Oceanography.2007,63(5):721-744.
[20]Dash P, Ignatov A, Martin M, Et Al. Group For High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (Ghrsst) Analysis Fields Inter-Comparisons-Part 2:Near Real Time Web-Based Level 4 Sst Quality Monitor (L4-Squam)[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies In Oceanography.2012,77-80(Si):31-43.
[21]Donlon C, Robinson I, Casey K S, Et Al. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2007,88(8):1197-1213.
[22]Harris A R, Saunders M A, Foot J S, Et Al. Improved Sea-Surface Temperature-Measurements From Space[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.1995,22(16):2159-2162.
[23]Woodcock A H, Stommel H. Temperatures Observed Near The Surface Of A Fresh-Water Pond At Night[J]. Journal Of Meteorology.1947,4(3):102-103.
[24]Saunders P M. Temperature At Ocean-Air Interface[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences. 1967,24(3):269.
[25]Hasse L. The Sea Surface Temperature Deviation And The Heat Flow At The Sea-Air Interface[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1971,1(3):368.
[26]Grassl H. The Dependence Of The Measured Cool Skin Of The Ocean On Wind Stress And Total Heat Flux[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1976,10(4):465.
[27]Katsaros K B. Aqueous Thermal-Boundary Layer[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1980,18(1): 107-127.
[28]Foster T D. Intermittent Convection[J]. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.1971,2(1):201-217.
[29]Katsaros K B, Liu W T, Businger J A, Et Al. Heat-Transport And Thermal Structure In Interfacial Boundary-Layer Measured In An Open Tank Of Water In Turbulent Free Convection[J]. Journal Of Fluid Mechanics.1977,83(Nov):311.
[30]Handler R A, Leighton R I, Smith G B, Et Al. Surfactant Effects On Passive Scalar Transport In A Fully Developed Turbulent Flow[J]. International Journal Of Heat And Mass Transfer.2003,46(12): 2219-2238.
[31]Wells A J, Cenedese C, Farrar J T, Et Al. Variations In Ocean Surface Temperature Due To Near-Surface Flow:Straining The Cool Skin Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2009, 39(11):2685-2710.
[32]Danckwerts P V. Significance Of Liquid-Film Coefficients In Gas Absorption [J]. Industrial And Engineering Chemistry.1951,43(6):1460-1467.
[33]Brutsaert W. Roughness Length For Water-Vapor, Sensible Heat, And Other Scalars[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1975,32(10):2028-2031.
[34]Liu W T, Katsaros K B, Businger J A. Bulk Parameterization Of Air-Sea Exchanges Of Heat And Water-Vapor Including The Molecular Constraints At The Interface[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1979,36(9):1722-1735.
[35]Soloviev A X, Schlussel P. Parameterization Of The Cool Skin Of The Ocean And Of The Air Ocean Gas Transfer On The Basis Of Modeling Surface Renewal[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(6):1339-1346.
[36]Castro S L, Wick G A, Emery W J. Further Refinements To Models For The Bulk-Skin Sea Surface Temperature Difference[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2003,108(3377c12).
[37]Zhang Y, Zhang X. Ocean Haline Skin Layer And Turbulent Surface Convections[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2012,117(C04017).
[38]Soloviev A V, Vershinsky N V. The Vertical Structure Of The Thin Surface-Layer Of The Ocean Under Conditions Of Low Wind-Speed[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers. 1982,29(12):1437-1449.
[39]Katsaros K B. Temperature And Salinity Of The Sea Surface With Particular Emphasis On Effects Of Precipitation[Z]. University Of Washington,1969307.
[40]Woodcock A H. Surface Cooling And Streaming In Shallow Fresh And Salt Waters[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1941,4(2):153-161.
[41]Wijesekera H W, Gregg M C. Surface Layer Response To Weak Winds, Westerly Bursts, And Rain Squalls In The Western Pacific Warm Pool[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996, 101(C1):977-997.
[42]Price J F. Observations Of A Rain-Formed Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1979,9(3):643-649.
[43]Miller J R. Salinity Effect In A Mixed Layer Ocean Model[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1976,6(1):29-35.
[44]Ostapoff F, Tarbeyev Y, Worthem S. Heat-Flux And Precipitation Estimates From Oceanographic Observations[J]. Science.1973,180(4089):960-962.
[45]Cronin M F, Mcphaden M J. Upper Ocean Salinity Balance In The Western Equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1998,103(C12):27567-27587.
[46]Soloviev A, Lukas R. Observation Of Spatial Variability Of Diurnal Thermocline And Rain-Formed Halocline In The Western Pacific Warm Pool[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1996,26(11):2529-2538.
[47]Yu L S. On Sea Surface Salinity Skin Effect Induced By Evaporation And Implications For Remote Sensing Of Ocean Salinity[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2010,40(1):85-102.
[48]Sverdrup H. U. M W J. The Oceans:Their Physics, Chemistry, And General Biology[Z]. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New York,19421087.
[49]Flament P, Firing J, Sawyer M, Et Al. Amplitude And Horizontal Structure Of A Large Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Event During The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(1):124-139.
[50]Koizumi M. Researches On Variations Of Oceanographic Conditions In The Region Of The Ocean Weather Station " Extra" In The North Pacific Ocean (Iv)—On The Diurnal Variations In Air And Sea-Surface Temperatures[Z].1956145-154.
[51]Stommel H, Saunders K, Simmons W, Et Al. Observations Of Diurnal Thermocline[J]. Deep-Sea Research.1969, Ss:269.
[52]Stommel H, Woodcock A H. Diurnal Heating Of The Surface Of The Gulf Of Mexico In The Spring Of 1942[Z].1951565-571.
[53]Bruce J G, Firing E. Temperature-Measurements In Upper 10 M With Modified Expendable Bathythermograph Probes[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research.1974,79(27):4110-4111.
[54]Kawai Y, Kawamura H. Evaluation Of The Diurnal Warming Of Sea Surface Temperature Using Satellite-Derived Marine Meteorological Data[J]. Journal Of Oceanography.2002,58(6):805-814.
[55]Webster P J, Clayson C A, Curry J A. Clouds, Radiation, And The Diurnal Cycle Of Sea Surface Temperature In The Tropical Western Pacific[J]. Journal Of Climate.1996,9(8):1712-1730.
[56]Weller R A, Anderson S P. Surface Meteorology And Air-Sea Fluxes In The Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool During The Toga Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment[J]. Journal Of Climate.1996,9(8):1959-1990.
[57]Yokoyama R, Tanba S, Souma T. Sea-Surface Effects On The Sea-Surface Temperature Estimation By Remote-Sensing[J]. International Journal Of Remote Sensing.1995,16(2):227-238.
[58]Price J F, Weller R A, Bowers C M, Et Al. Diurnal Response Of Sea-Surface Temperature Observed At The Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (34-Degrees-N,70-Degrees-W) In The Sargasso Sea[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1987,92(C13):14480-14490.
[59]Price J F, Weller R A, Pinkel R. Diurnal Cycling-Observations And Models Of The Upper Ocean Response To Diurnal Heating, Cooling, And Wind Mixing[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1986,91(C7):8411-8427
[60]Donlon C J, Minnett P J, Gentemann C, Et Al. Toward Improved Validation Of Satellite Sea Surface Skin Temperature Measurements For Climate Research[J]. Journal Of Climate.2002,15(4):353-369.
[61]Barton I J, Minnett P J, Maillet K A, Et Al. The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration And Intercomparison. Part Ii:Shipboard Results[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology. 2004,21(2):268-283.
[62]Niclos R, Caselles V, Coll C, Et Al. Autonomous Measurements Of Sea Surface Temperature Using In Situ Thermal Infrared Data[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2004,21(4): 683-692.
[63]Donlon C J, Keogh S J, Baldwin D J, Et Al. Solid-State Radiometer Measurements Of Sea Surface Skin Temperature[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.1998,15(3):775-787.
[64]Schluessel P, Emery W J, Grassi H, Et Al. On The Bulk-Skin Temperature Difference And Its Impact On Satellite Remote-Sensing Of Sea-Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1990,95(C8):13341-13356.
[65]Schluessel P, Shin H Y, Emery W J, Et Al. Comparison Of Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures With In Situ Skin Measurements[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1987, 92(C3):2859-2874.
[66]Flament P, Firing J, Sawyer M, Et Al. Amplitude And Horizontal Structure Of A Large Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Event During The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(1):124-139.
[67]Kahru M, Leppanen J M, Rud O. Cyanobacterial Blooms Cause Heating Of The Sea-Surface[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series.1993,101(1-2):1-7.
[68]Stramma L, Cornillon P, Weller R A, Et Al. Large Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variability: Satellite And In Situ Measurements[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1986,16(5):827-837.
[69]Cornillon P, Stramma L. The Distribution Of Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Events In The Western Sargasso Sea[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1985,90(Nc6):1811.
[70]Deschamps P Y, Frouin R. Large Diurnal Heating Of The Sea-Surface Observed By The Hcmr Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1984,14(1):177-184.
[71]Turner J S, Kraus E B. A One-Dimensional Model Of Seasonal Thermocline.I. A Laboratory Experiment And Its Interpretation[J]. Tellus.1967,19(1):88.
[72]Niiler P P. Deepening Of Wind-Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1975,33(3): 405-422.
[73]Davis R E, Deszoeke R, Halpern D, Et Al. Variability In The Upper Ocean During Mile.I. The Heat And Momentum Balances[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers.1981, 28(12):1427-1451.
[74]Noh Y, Lee E, Kim D H, Et Al. Prediction Of The Diurnal Warming Of Sea Surface Temperature Using An Atmosphere-Ocean Mixed Layer Coupled Model[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2011,116(C11023).
[75]Munk W H, Anderson E R. Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1948,7(3):276-295.
[76]Mellor G L, Yamada T. Development Of A Turbulence Closure-Model For Geophysical Fluid Problems[J]. Reviews Of Geophysics.1982,20(4):851-875.
[77]Zhang K Q, Rothstein L M. Local Mixed Layer Response To Wind And Buoyancy Forcing In The Western Equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1999,104(CI):1301-1323.
[78]Price J F, Mooers C, Vanleer J C. Observation And Simulation Of Storm-Induced Mixed-Layer Deepening[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1978,8(4):582-599.
[79]Kantha L H, Clayson C A. An Improved Mixed-Layer Model For Geophysical Applications[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1994,99(C12):25235-25266.
[80]Large W G, Mcwilliams J C, Doney S C. Oceanic Vertical Mixing:A Review And A Model With A Nonlocal Boundary Layer Parameterization[J]. Reviews Of Geophysics.1994,32(4):363-403.
[81]Bernie D J, Woolnough S J, Slingo J M, Et Al. Modeling Diurnal And Intraseasonal Variability Of The Ocean Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Climate.2005,18(8):1190-1202.
[82]Kondo J, Sasano Y. Wind-Driven Current And Temperature Profiles With Diurnal Period In The Oceanic Planetary Boundary-Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1979,9(2):360-372.
[83]Ge J Z, Chen C S, Qi J H, Et Al. A Dike-Groyne Algorithm In A Terrain-Following Coordinate Ocean Model (Fvcom):Development, Validation And Application[J]. Ocean Modelling.2012,47: 26-40.
[84]Chen C S, Liu H D, Beardsley R C. An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model:Application To Coastal Ocean And Estuaries[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2003,20(1):159-186.
[85]Sumi A, Shen X S. Comparison Of Various Levels Of Closure-Model On Evolution And Maintenance Of The Upper Ocean Mixed-Layer During Toga-Coare Iop[J]. Journal Of The Meteorological Society Of Japan.1995,73(2b):611-629.
[86]Gentemann C L, Donlon C J, Stuart-Menteth A, Et Al. Diurnal Signals In Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Measurements[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2003,30(11403).
[87]Zeng X B, Zhao M, Dickinson R E, Et Al. A Multiyear, Hourly Sea Surface Skin Temperature Data Set Derived From The Toga Tao Bulk Temperature And Wind Speed Over The Tropical Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1999,104(C I):1525-1536.
[88]Clayson C A, Curry J A. Determination Of Surface Turbulent Fluxes For The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment:Comparison Of Satellite Retrievals And In Situ Measurements[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996, 101(C 12):28515-28528.
[89]Bock E J, Hara T, Frew N M, Et Al. Relationship Between Air-Sea Gas Transfer And Short Wind Waves[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1999,104(C11):25821-25831.
[90]S L P, L M. Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates:Introduction And Synthesis[M]. The Role Of Air-Sea Exchange In Geochemical Cycling, In:Buat-Me'Nard, P,1986,113-127.
[91]Broecker H C, Siems W. The Role Of Bubbles For Gas Transfer From Water To Air At Higher Windspeeds. Experiments In The Wind-Wave Facility In Hamburg[M]. Brutsaert W, Jirka G, Springer Netherlands,1984:2,229-236.
[92]Broecker W S, Peng T, Ostlund G, Et Al. The Distribution Of Bomb Radiocarbon In The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1985,90(C4):6953-6970.
[93]Wanninkhof R. Relationship Between Wind-Speed And Gas-Exchange Over The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
[94]Wanninkhof R, Mcgillis W R. A Cubic Relationship Between Air-Sea Co2 Exchange And Wind Speed[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.1999,26(13):1889-1892.
[95]Nightingale P D, Liss P S, Schlosser P. Measurements Of Air-Sea Gas Transfer During An Open Ocean Algal Bloom.[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2000,27(14):2117-2120.
[96]Ho D T, Law C S, Smith M J, Et Al. Measurements Of Air-Sea Gas Exchange At High Wind Speeds In The Southern Ocean:Implications For Global Parameterizations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2006,33(L1661116).
[97]Sweeney C, Gloor E, Jacobson A R, Et Al. Constraining Global Air-Sea Gas Exchange For Co2 With Recent Bomb C-14 Measurements[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2007,21(Gb20152).
[98]Memery L, Merlivat L. Modeling Of Gas Flux Through Bubbles At The Air-Water-Interface[J]. Tellus Series B-Chemical And Physical Meteorology.1985,37(4-5):272-285.
[99]Kitaigorodskii S A. On The Fluid Dynamical Theory Of Turbulent Gas Transfer Across An Air Sea Interface In The Presence Of Breaking Wind-Waves[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1984, 14(5):960-972.
[100]Lorke A, Peeters F. Toward A Unified Scaling Relation For Interfacial Fluxes[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2006,36(5):955-961.
[101]Jahne B, Hauβecker H. Air-Water Gas Exchange[J]. Annual Review Of Fluid Mechanics.1998, 30(1):443-468.
[102]Handler R A, Smith G B, Leighton R I. The Thermal Structure Of An Air-Water Interface At Low Wind Speeds[J]. Tellus Series A-Dynamic Meteorology And Oceanography.2001,53(2): 233-244.
[103]Batchelor G K, Howells I D, Townsend A A. Small-Scale Variation Of Convected Quantities Like Temperature In Turbulent Fluid.2. The Case Of Large Conductivity[J]. Journal Of Fluid Mechanics.1959,5(1):134-139.
[104]Zhang X, Cai W J. On Some Biases Of Estimating The Global Distribution Of Air-Sea Co2 Flux By Bulk Parameterizations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2007,34(L016081).
[105]Soloviev A V, Schlussel P. Evolution Of Cool Skin And Direct Air-Sea Gas Transfer Coefficient During Daytime[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1996,77(1):45-68.
[106]Kudryavtsev V N, Soloviev A V. On The Parameterization Of The Cold Film On The Ocean Surface[Z].1985.
[107]Jahne B, Munnich K O, Bosinger R, Et Al. On The Parameters Influencing Air-Water Gas-Exchange[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1987,92(C2):1937-1949.
[108]Jahne B, HauBecker H. Air-Water Gas Exchange[Z]. Annual Review Of Fluid Mechanics,1998: 30,443-468.
[109]Paulson C A, Parker T W. Cooling Of A Water Surface By Evaporation, Radiation, And Heat-Transfer[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research.1972,77(3):491.
[110]Paulson C A, Simpson J J. The Temperature Difference Across The Cool Skin Of The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans And Atmospheres.1981,86(Nc11):1044-1054.
[111]Coppin P A, Bradley E F, Barton I J, Et Al. Simultaneous Observations Of Sea-Surface Temperature In The Western Equatorial Pacific-Ocean By Bulk, Radiative And Satellite Methods[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1991,96s:3401-3409.
[112]Herring J R. Investigation Of Problems In Thermal Convection[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1963,20(4):325-338.
[113]Leighton R I, Smith G B, Handler R A. Direct Numerical Simulations Of Free Convection Beneath An Air-Water Interface At Low Rayleigh Numbers[J]. Physics Of Fluids.2003,15(10): 3181-3193.
[114]Rapp R J, Melville W K. Laboratory Measurements Of Deep-Water Breaking Waves[J]. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London Series A-Mathematical Physical And Engineering Sciences.1990,331(1622):735.
[115]Liu X N, Duncan J H. The Effects Of Surfactants On Spilling Breaking Waves[J]. Nature.2003, 421(6922):520-523.
[116]Alpers W, Huhnerfuss H. The Damping Of Ocean Waves By Surface-Films-A New Look At An Old Problem[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1989,94(C5):6251-6265.
[117]Saylor J R, Smith G B, Flack K A. An Experimental Investigation Of The Surface Temperature Field During Evaporative Convection[J]. Physics Of Fluids.2001,13(2):428-439.
[118]Carlson C A, Hansell D A, Nelson N B, Et Al. Dissolved Organic Carbon Export And Subsequent Remineralization In The Mesopelagic And Bathypelagic Realms Of The North Atlantic Basin[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part li-Topical Studies In Oceanography.2010,57(16):1433-1445.
[119]Hansell D A, Carlson C A, Repeta D J, Et Al. Dissolved Organic Matter In The Ocean A Controversy Stimulates New lnsights[J]. Oceanography.2009,22(4):202-211.
[120]Zhang Y C, Rossow W B, Lacis A A, Et Al. Calculation Of Radiative Fluxes From The Surface To Top Of Atmosphere Based On Isccp And Other Global Data Sets:Refinements Of The Radiative Transfer Model And The Input Data[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.2004, 109(D19105d19).
[121]Antonov J I, Locarnini R A, Boyer T P, Et Al. Salinity, World Ocean Atlas 2005[Z]. Noaa Atlas Nesdis,2006:62,182.
[122]Yu L S, Weller R A. Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Fluxes For The Global Ice-Free Oceans (1981-2005)[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2007,88(4):527.
[123]Yueh S H, West R, Wilson W J, Et Al. Error Sources And Feasibility For Microwave Remote Sensing Of Ocean Surface Salinity[J]. Geoscience And Remote Sensing, Ieee Transactions On.2001, 39(5):1049-1060.
[124]Le Vine D A, Lagerloef G, Colomb F R, Et Al. Aquarius:An Instrument To Monitor Sea Surface Salinity From Space[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.2007,45(7part 1): 2040-2050.
[125]Jorda G, Gomis D. Accuracy Of Smos Level 3 Sss Products Related To Observational Errors[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.2010,48(4part 1):1694-1701.
[126]Busse F H. Transition To Turbulence In Rayleigh-Benard Convection, In Topics In Applied Physics[Z]. Edited By H. L. Swinney, J. P. Gollub,1981:45,97-137.
[127]Katsaros K B. Turbulent Free Convection In Fresh And Salt-Water-Some Characteristics Revealed By Visualization[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1978,8(4):613-626.
[128]Mellor G L, Yamada T. Hierarchy Of Turbulence Closure Models For Planetary Boundary-Layers[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1974,31(7):1791-1806.
[129]Ward B. Near-Surface Ocean Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.2006, 111(C2):C2004.
[2]Kawai Y, Kawamura H. Study On A Platform Effect In The In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Observations Under Weak Wind And Clear Sky Conditions Using Numerical Models[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2000,17(2):185-196.
[3]王杰,矫玉田,曹勇,等.海表面盐度遥感技术的发展与应用[J].海洋技术.2006(3)：76-81.
[4]潘德炉,龚芳.我国卫星海洋遥感应用技术的新进展[J].杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版).2011(1)：1-10.
[5]殷晓斌,刘玉光,王振占,等.红外和微波辐射计反演海表面温度的比较[J].海洋通报.2007(5)：3-10.
[6]Swift C T, Mcintosh R E. Considerations For Microwave Remote-Sensing Of Ocean-Surface Salinity[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.1983,21 (4):480-491.
[7]Swift C T. Passive Microwave Remote-Sensing Of The Ocean-Review[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1980,18(1):25-54.
[8]Dong S F, Gille S T, Sprintall J, Et AI. Validation Of The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer For The Earth Observing System (Amsr-E) Sea Surface Temperature In The Southern Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2006,111(C04002c4).
[9]Wick G A, Bates J J, Scott D J. Satellite And Skin-Layer Effects On The Accuracy Of Sea Surface Temperature Measurements From The Goes Satellites[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2002,19(11):1834-1848.
[10]Kilpatrick K A, Podesta G P, Evans R. Overview Of The Noaa/Nasa Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Pathfinder Algorithm For Sea Surface Temperature And Associated Matchup Database[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2001,106(C5):9179-9197.
[11]Kearns E J, Hanafin J A, Evans R H, Et Al. An Independent Assessment Of Pathfinder Avhrr Sea Surface Temperature Accuracy Using The Marine Atmosphere Emitted Radiance Interferometer (Maeri)[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2000,81(7):1525-1536.
[12]Schluessel P, Emery W J, Grassi H, Et Al. On The Bulk-Skin Temperature Difference And Its Impact On Satellite Remote-Sensing Of Sea-Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1990,95(C8):13341-13356.
[13]Yokoyama R, Tanba S, Souma T. Sea-Surface Effects On The Sea-Surface Temperature Estimation By Remote-Sensing[J]. International Journal Of Remote Sensing.1995,16(2):227-238.
[14]Kawamura H, Kawai Y. Characteristics Of The Avhrr-Derived Sea Surface Temperature In The Oceans Around Japan[C].1997.
[15]Fairall C W, Bradley E F, Godfrey J S, Et Al. Cool-Skin And Warm-Layer Effects On Sea Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996,101(Cl):1295-1308.
[16]余立中,张少永,商红梅.我国argo浮标的设计与研究[J].海洋技术.2005(2)：121-129.
[17]Ward B, Wanninkhof R, Minnett P J, Et Al. Skindeep:A Profiling Instrument For Upper-Decameter Sea Surface Measurements[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology. 2004,21(2):207-222.
[18]Siegenthaler U, Oeschger H. Biospheric Co2 Emissions During The Past 200 Years Reconstructed By Deconvolution Of Ice Core Data[J]. Tellus B.1987,39b(1-2):140-154.
[19]Kawai Y, Wada A. Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variation And Its Impact On The Atmosphere And Ocean:A Review[J]. Journal Of Oceanography.2007,63(5):721-744.
[20]Dash P, Ignatov A, Martin M, Et Al. Group For High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (Ghrsst) Analysis Fields Inter-Comparisons-Part 2:Near Real Time Web-Based Level 4 Sst Quality Monitor (L4-Squam)[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies In Oceanography.2012,77-80(Si):31-43.
[21]Donlon C, Robinson I, Casey K S, Et Al. The Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Project[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2007,88(8):1197-1213.
[22]Harris A R, Saunders M A, Foot J S, Et Al. Improved Sea-Surface Temperature-Measurements From Space[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.1995,22(16):2159-2162.
[23]Woodcock A H, Stommel H. Temperatures Observed Near The Surface Of A Fresh-Water Pond At Night[J]. Journal Of Meteorology.1947,4(3):102-103.
[24]Saunders P M. Temperature At Ocean-Air Interface[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences. 1967,24(3):269.
[25]Hasse L. The Sea Surface Temperature Deviation And The Heat Flow At The Sea-Air Interface[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1971,1(3):368.
[26]Grassl H. The Dependence Of The Measured Cool Skin Of The Ocean On Wind Stress And Total Heat Flux[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1976,10(4):465.
[27]Katsaros K B. Aqueous Thermal-Boundary Layer[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1980,18(1): 107-127.
[28]Foster T D. Intermittent Convection[J]. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.1971,2(1):201-217.
[29]Katsaros K B, Liu W T, Businger J A, Et Al. Heat-Transport And Thermal Structure In Interfacial Boundary-Layer Measured In An Open Tank Of Water In Turbulent Free Convection[J]. Journal Of Fluid Mechanics.1977,83(Nov):311.
[30]Handler R A, Leighton R I, Smith G B, Et Al. Surfactant Effects On Passive Scalar Transport In A Fully Developed Turbulent Flow[J]. International Journal Of Heat And Mass Transfer.2003,46(12): 2219-2238.
[31]Wells A J, Cenedese C, Farrar J T, Et Al. Variations In Ocean Surface Temperature Due To Near-Surface Flow:Straining The Cool Skin Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2009, 39(11):2685-2710.
[32]Danckwerts P V. Significance Of Liquid-Film Coefficients In Gas Absorption [J]. Industrial And Engineering Chemistry.1951,43(6):1460-1467.
[33]Brutsaert W. Roughness Length For Water-Vapor, Sensible Heat, And Other Scalars[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1975,32(10):2028-2031.
[34]Liu W T, Katsaros K B, Businger J A. Bulk Parameterization Of Air-Sea Exchanges Of Heat And Water-Vapor Including The Molecular Constraints At The Interface[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1979,36(9):1722-1735.
[35]Soloviev A X, Schlussel P. Parameterization Of The Cool Skin Of The Ocean And Of The Air Ocean Gas Transfer On The Basis Of Modeling Surface Renewal[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(6):1339-1346.
[36]Castro S L, Wick G A, Emery W J. Further Refinements To Models For The Bulk-Skin Sea Surface Temperature Difference[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2003,108(3377c12).
[37]Zhang Y, Zhang X. Ocean Haline Skin Layer And Turbulent Surface Convections[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2012,117(C04017).
[38]Soloviev A V, Vershinsky N V. The Vertical Structure Of The Thin Surface-Layer Of The Ocean Under Conditions Of Low Wind-Speed[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers. 1982,29(12):1437-1449.
[39]Katsaros K B. Temperature And Salinity Of The Sea Surface With Particular Emphasis On Effects Of Precipitation[Z]. University Of Washington,1969307.
[40]Woodcock A H. Surface Cooling And Streaming In Shallow Fresh And Salt Waters[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1941,4(2):153-161.
[41]Wijesekera H W, Gregg M C. Surface Layer Response To Weak Winds, Westerly Bursts, And Rain Squalls In The Western Pacific Warm Pool[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996, 101(C1):977-997.
[42]Price J F. Observations Of A Rain-Formed Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1979,9(3):643-649.
[43]Miller J R. Salinity Effect In A Mixed Layer Ocean Model[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1976,6(1):29-35.
[44]Ostapoff F, Tarbeyev Y, Worthem S. Heat-Flux And Precipitation Estimates From Oceanographic Observations[J]. Science.1973,180(4089):960-962.
[45]Cronin M F, Mcphaden M J. Upper Ocean Salinity Balance In The Western Equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1998,103(C12):27567-27587.
[46]Soloviev A, Lukas R. Observation Of Spatial Variability Of Diurnal Thermocline And Rain-Formed Halocline In The Western Pacific Warm Pool[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography. 1996,26(11):2529-2538.
[47]Yu L S. On Sea Surface Salinity Skin Effect Induced By Evaporation And Implications For Remote Sensing Of Ocean Salinity[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2010,40(1):85-102.
[48]Sverdrup H. U. M W J. The Oceans:Their Physics, Chemistry, And General Biology[Z]. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New York,19421087.
[49]Flament P, Firing J, Sawyer M, Et Al. Amplitude And Horizontal Structure Of A Large Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Event During The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(1):124-139.
[50]Koizumi M. Researches On Variations Of Oceanographic Conditions In The Region Of The Ocean Weather Station " Extra" In The North Pacific Ocean (Iv)—On The Diurnal Variations In Air And Sea-Surface Temperatures[Z].1956145-154.
[51]Stommel H, Saunders K, Simmons W, Et Al. Observations Of Diurnal Thermocline[J]. Deep-Sea Research.1969, Ss:269.
[52]Stommel H, Woodcock A H. Diurnal Heating Of The Surface Of The Gulf Of Mexico In The Spring Of 1942[Z].1951565-571.
[53]Bruce J G, Firing E. Temperature-Measurements In Upper 10 M With Modified Expendable Bathythermograph Probes[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research.1974,79(27):4110-4111.
[54]Kawai Y, Kawamura H. Evaluation Of The Diurnal Warming Of Sea Surface Temperature Using Satellite-Derived Marine Meteorological Data[J]. Journal Of Oceanography.2002,58(6):805-814.
[55]Webster P J, Clayson C A, Curry J A. Clouds, Radiation, And The Diurnal Cycle Of Sea Surface Temperature In The Tropical Western Pacific[J]. Journal Of Climate.1996,9(8):1712-1730.
[56]Weller R A, Anderson S P. Surface Meteorology And Air-Sea Fluxes In The Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool During The Toga Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment[J]. Journal Of Climate.1996,9(8):1959-1990.
[57]Yokoyama R, Tanba S, Souma T. Sea-Surface Effects On The Sea-Surface Temperature Estimation By Remote-Sensing[J]. International Journal Of Remote Sensing.1995,16(2):227-238.
[58]Price J F, Weller R A, Bowers C M, Et Al. Diurnal Response Of Sea-Surface Temperature Observed At The Long-Term Upper Ocean Study (34-Degrees-N,70-Degrees-W) In The Sargasso Sea[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1987,92(C13):14480-14490.
[59]Price J F, Weller R A, Pinkel R. Diurnal Cycling-Observations And Models Of The Upper Ocean Response To Diurnal Heating, Cooling, And Wind Mixing[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1986,91(C7):8411-8427
[60]Donlon C J, Minnett P J, Gentemann C, Et Al. Toward Improved Validation Of Satellite Sea Surface Skin Temperature Measurements For Climate Research[J]. Journal Of Climate.2002,15(4):353-369.
[61]Barton I J, Minnett P J, Maillet K A, Et Al. The Miami2001 Infrared Radiometer Calibration And Intercomparison. Part Ii:Shipboard Results[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology. 2004,21(2):268-283.
[62]Niclos R, Caselles V, Coll C, Et Al. Autonomous Measurements Of Sea Surface Temperature Using In Situ Thermal Infrared Data[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2004,21(4): 683-692.
[63]Donlon C J, Keogh S J, Baldwin D J, Et Al. Solid-State Radiometer Measurements Of Sea Surface Skin Temperature[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.1998,15(3):775-787.
[64]Schluessel P, Emery W J, Grassi H, Et Al. On The Bulk-Skin Temperature Difference And Its Impact On Satellite Remote-Sensing Of Sea-Surface Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1990,95(C8):13341-13356.
[65]Schluessel P, Shin H Y, Emery W J, Et Al. Comparison Of Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures With In Situ Skin Measurements[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1987, 92(C3):2859-2874.
[66]Flament P, Firing J, Sawyer M, Et Al. Amplitude And Horizontal Structure Of A Large Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Event During The Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1994,24(1):124-139.
[67]Kahru M, Leppanen J M, Rud O. Cyanobacterial Blooms Cause Heating Of The Sea-Surface[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series.1993,101(1-2):1-7.
[68]Stramma L, Cornillon P, Weller R A, Et Al. Large Diurnal Sea Surface Temperature Variability: Satellite And In Situ Measurements[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1986,16(5):827-837.
[69]Cornillon P, Stramma L. The Distribution Of Diurnal Sea-Surface Warming Events In The Western Sargasso Sea[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1985,90(Nc6):1811.
[70]Deschamps P Y, Frouin R. Large Diurnal Heating Of The Sea-Surface Observed By The Hcmr Experiment[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1984,14(1):177-184.
[71]Turner J S, Kraus E B. A One-Dimensional Model Of Seasonal Thermocline.I. A Laboratory Experiment And Its Interpretation[J]. Tellus.1967,19(1):88.
[72]Niiler P P. Deepening Of Wind-Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1975,33(3): 405-422.
[73]Davis R E, Deszoeke R, Halpern D, Et Al. Variability In The Upper Ocean During Mile.I. The Heat And Momentum Balances[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part A-Oceanographic Research Papers.1981, 28(12):1427-1451.
[74]Noh Y, Lee E, Kim D H, Et Al. Prediction Of The Diurnal Warming Of Sea Surface Temperature Using An Atmosphere-Ocean Mixed Layer Coupled Model[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.2011,116(C11023).
[75]Munk W H, Anderson E R. Notes On A Theory Of The Thermocline[J]. Journal Of Marine Research.1948,7(3):276-295.
[76]Mellor G L, Yamada T. Development Of A Turbulence Closure-Model For Geophysical Fluid Problems[J]. Reviews Of Geophysics.1982,20(4):851-875.
[77]Zhang K Q, Rothstein L M. Local Mixed Layer Response To Wind And Buoyancy Forcing In The Western Equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1999,104(CI):1301-1323.
[78]Price J F, Mooers C, Vanleer J C. Observation And Simulation Of Storm-Induced Mixed-Layer Deepening[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1978,8(4):582-599.
[79]Kantha L H, Clayson C A. An Improved Mixed-Layer Model For Geophysical Applications[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1994,99(C12):25235-25266.
[80]Large W G, Mcwilliams J C, Doney S C. Oceanic Vertical Mixing:A Review And A Model With A Nonlocal Boundary Layer Parameterization[J]. Reviews Of Geophysics.1994,32(4):363-403.
[81]Bernie D J, Woolnough S J, Slingo J M, Et Al. Modeling Diurnal And Intraseasonal Variability Of The Ocean Mixed Layer[J]. Journal Of Climate.2005,18(8):1190-1202.
[82]Kondo J, Sasano Y. Wind-Driven Current And Temperature Profiles With Diurnal Period In The Oceanic Planetary Boundary-Layer[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1979,9(2):360-372.
[83]Ge J Z, Chen C S, Qi J H, Et Al. A Dike-Groyne Algorithm In A Terrain-Following Coordinate Ocean Model (Fvcom):Development, Validation And Application[J]. Ocean Modelling.2012,47: 26-40.
[84]Chen C S, Liu H D, Beardsley R C. An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume, Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equations Ocean Model:Application To Coastal Ocean And Estuaries[J]. Journal Of Atmospheric And Oceanic Technology.2003,20(1):159-186.
[85]Sumi A, Shen X S. Comparison Of Various Levels Of Closure-Model On Evolution And Maintenance Of The Upper Ocean Mixed-Layer During Toga-Coare Iop[J]. Journal Of The Meteorological Society Of Japan.1995,73(2b):611-629.
[86]Gentemann C L, Donlon C J, Stuart-Menteth A, Et Al. Diurnal Signals In Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Measurements[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2003,30(11403).
[87]Zeng X B, Zhao M, Dickinson R E, Et Al. A Multiyear, Hourly Sea Surface Skin Temperature Data Set Derived From The Toga Tao Bulk Temperature And Wind Speed Over The Tropical Pacific[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1999,104(C I):1525-1536.
[88]Clayson C A, Curry J A. Determination Of Surface Turbulent Fluxes For The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment:Comparison Of Satellite Retrievals And In Situ Measurements[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1996, 101(C 12):28515-28528.
[89]Bock E J, Hara T, Frew N M, Et Al. Relationship Between Air-Sea Gas Transfer And Short Wind Waves[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1999,104(C11):25821-25831.
[90]S L P, L M. Air-Sea Gas Exchange Rates:Introduction And Synthesis[M]. The Role Of Air-Sea Exchange In Geochemical Cycling, In:Buat-Me'Nard, P,1986,113-127.
[91]Broecker H C, Siems W. The Role Of Bubbles For Gas Transfer From Water To Air At Higher Windspeeds. Experiments In The Wind-Wave Facility In Hamburg[M]. Brutsaert W, Jirka G, Springer Netherlands,1984:2,229-236.
[92]Broecker W S, Peng T, Ostlund G, Et Al. The Distribution Of Bomb Radiocarbon In The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.1985,90(C4):6953-6970.
[93]Wanninkhof R. Relationship Between Wind-Speed And Gas-Exchange Over The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1992,97(C5):7373-7382.
[94]Wanninkhof R, Mcgillis W R. A Cubic Relationship Between Air-Sea Co2 Exchange And Wind Speed[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.1999,26(13):1889-1892.
[95]Nightingale P D, Liss P S, Schlosser P. Measurements Of Air-Sea Gas Transfer During An Open Ocean Algal Bloom.[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2000,27(14):2117-2120.
[96]Ho D T, Law C S, Smith M J, Et Al. Measurements Of Air-Sea Gas Exchange At High Wind Speeds In The Southern Ocean:Implications For Global Parameterizations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2006,33(L1661116).
[97]Sweeney C, Gloor E, Jacobson A R, Et Al. Constraining Global Air-Sea Gas Exchange For Co2 With Recent Bomb C-14 Measurements[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2007,21(Gb20152).
[98]Memery L, Merlivat L. Modeling Of Gas Flux Through Bubbles At The Air-Water-Interface[J]. Tellus Series B-Chemical And Physical Meteorology.1985,37(4-5):272-285.
[99]Kitaigorodskii S A. On The Fluid Dynamical Theory Of Turbulent Gas Transfer Across An Air Sea Interface In The Presence Of Breaking Wind-Waves[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1984, 14(5):960-972.
[100]Lorke A, Peeters F. Toward A Unified Scaling Relation For Interfacial Fluxes[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.2006,36(5):955-961.
[101]Jahne B, Hauβecker H. Air-Water Gas Exchange[J]. Annual Review Of Fluid Mechanics.1998, 30(1):443-468.
[102]Handler R A, Smith G B, Leighton R I. The Thermal Structure Of An Air-Water Interface At Low Wind Speeds[J]. Tellus Series A-Dynamic Meteorology And Oceanography.2001,53(2): 233-244.
[103]Batchelor G K, Howells I D, Townsend A A. Small-Scale Variation Of Convected Quantities Like Temperature In Turbulent Fluid.2. The Case Of Large Conductivity[J]. Journal Of Fluid Mechanics.1959,5(1):134-139.
[104]Zhang X, Cai W J. On Some Biases Of Estimating The Global Distribution Of Air-Sea Co2 Flux By Bulk Parameterizations[J]. Geophysical Research Letters.2007,34(L016081).
[105]Soloviev A V, Schlussel P. Evolution Of Cool Skin And Direct Air-Sea Gas Transfer Coefficient During Daytime[J]. Boundary-Layer Meteorology.1996,77(1):45-68.
[106]Kudryavtsev V N, Soloviev A V. On The Parameterization Of The Cold Film On The Ocean Surface[Z].1985.
[107]Jahne B, Munnich K O, Bosinger R, Et Al. On The Parameters Influencing Air-Water Gas-Exchange[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1987,92(C2):1937-1949.
[108]Jahne B, HauBecker H. Air-Water Gas Exchange[Z]. Annual Review Of Fluid Mechanics,1998: 30,443-468.
[109]Paulson C A, Parker T W. Cooling Of A Water Surface By Evaporation, Radiation, And Heat-Transfer[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research.1972,77(3):491.
[110]Paulson C A, Simpson J J. The Temperature Difference Across The Cool Skin Of The Ocean[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans And Atmospheres.1981,86(Nc11):1044-1054.
[111]Coppin P A, Bradley E F, Barton I J, Et Al. Simultaneous Observations Of Sea-Surface Temperature In The Western Equatorial Pacific-Ocean By Bulk, Radiative And Satellite Methods[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1991,96s:3401-3409.
[112]Herring J R. Investigation Of Problems In Thermal Convection[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1963,20(4):325-338.
[113]Leighton R I, Smith G B, Handler R A. Direct Numerical Simulations Of Free Convection Beneath An Air-Water Interface At Low Rayleigh Numbers[J]. Physics Of Fluids.2003,15(10): 3181-3193.
[114]Rapp R J, Melville W K. Laboratory Measurements Of Deep-Water Breaking Waves[J]. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London Series A-Mathematical Physical And Engineering Sciences.1990,331(1622):735.
[115]Liu X N, Duncan J H. The Effects Of Surfactants On Spilling Breaking Waves[J]. Nature.2003, 421(6922):520-523.
[116]Alpers W, Huhnerfuss H. The Damping Of Ocean Waves By Surface-Films-A New Look At An Old Problem[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Oceans.1989,94(C5):6251-6265.
[117]Saylor J R, Smith G B, Flack K A. An Experimental Investigation Of The Surface Temperature Field During Evaporative Convection[J]. Physics Of Fluids.2001,13(2):428-439.
[118]Carlson C A, Hansell D A, Nelson N B, Et Al. Dissolved Organic Carbon Export And Subsequent Remineralization In The Mesopelagic And Bathypelagic Realms Of The North Atlantic Basin[J]. Deep-Sea Research Part li-Topical Studies In Oceanography.2010,57(16):1433-1445.
[119]Hansell D A, Carlson C A, Repeta D J, Et Al. Dissolved Organic Matter In The Ocean A Controversy Stimulates New lnsights[J]. Oceanography.2009,22(4):202-211.
[120]Zhang Y C, Rossow W B, Lacis A A, Et Al. Calculation Of Radiative Fluxes From The Surface To Top Of Atmosphere Based On Isccp And Other Global Data Sets:Refinements Of The Radiative Transfer Model And The Input Data[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres.2004, 109(D19105d19).
[121]Antonov J I, Locarnini R A, Boyer T P, Et Al. Salinity, World Ocean Atlas 2005[Z]. Noaa Atlas Nesdis,2006:62,182.
[122]Yu L S, Weller R A. Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Heat Fluxes For The Global Ice-Free Oceans (1981-2005)[J]. Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society.2007,88(4):527.
[123]Yueh S H, West R, Wilson W J, Et Al. Error Sources And Feasibility For Microwave Remote Sensing Of Ocean Surface Salinity[J]. Geoscience And Remote Sensing, Ieee Transactions On.2001, 39(5):1049-1060.
[124]Le Vine D A, Lagerloef G, Colomb F R, Et Al. Aquarius:An Instrument To Monitor Sea Surface Salinity From Space[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.2007,45(7part 1): 2040-2050.
[125]Jorda G, Gomis D. Accuracy Of Smos Level 3 Sss Products Related To Observational Errors[J]. Ieee Transactions On Geoscience And Remote Sensing.2010,48(4part 1):1694-1701.
[126]Busse F H. Transition To Turbulence In Rayleigh-Benard Convection, In Topics In Applied Physics[Z]. Edited By H. L. Swinney, J. P. Gollub,1981:45,97-137.
[127]Katsaros K B. Turbulent Free Convection In Fresh And Salt-Water-Some Characteristics Revealed By Visualization[J]. Journal Of Physical Oceanography.1978,8(4):613-626.
[128]Mellor G L, Yamada T. Hierarchy Of Turbulence Closure Models For Planetary Boundary-Layers[J]. Journal Of The Atmospheric Sciences.1974,31(7):1791-1806.
[129]Ward B. Near-Surface Ocean Temperature[J]. Journal Of Geophysical Research:Oceans.2006, 111(C2):C2004.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |