W/Zr基非晶合金复合材料的制备与性能研究
摘要
W/Zr基非晶合金复合材料具有高强度,同时具有很好的压缩塑性变形能力,因而受到了很多研究者的关注。针对该复合材料,研究者们相继对材料的制备和变形行为进行了初步的研究,但是并没有对该材料进行系统深入的研究。因而,本论文工作制备了不同结构形态的W/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料并系统研究了增强相的结构形态、方向和体积百分含量等因素对复合材料力学性能以及变形断裂的影响。为W/Zr基非晶合金复合材料的进一步应用提供依据。
本论文工作首先制备了单根W杆/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料。压缩测试结果表明W杆的引入可以有效地阻止剪切带的扩展并促使多剪切带的形成,改善复合材料的室温塑性。W杆的引入改变了复合材料界面附近区域的受力状态,变形过程中,W杆先于非晶屈服,W纤维中的裂纹先于非晶基体中的剪切带产生。复合材料在整个变形过程中都没有发现明显的界面开裂现象,说明W杆与非晶基体之间的界面结合良好。
通过向ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金中分别引入1000μm、700μm、500μm和200μm四种不同直径的W纤维,进而研究W纤维直径对复合材料性能和变形行为的影响规律。W纤维直径的改变使得复合材料中的界面面积发生明显的改变,进而导致W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料性能上的差异。在准静态压缩载荷下,应变速率相同时,随着W纤维直径的减小,W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的面体率增大,压缩断裂强度和塑性应变也随之增大,间接说明单位体积基体中界面面积的增大,可以有效的抑制非晶合金基体中剪切带的扩展,进而改善复合材料的静态压缩性能。此外,性能的改善,一定程度上也归因于非晶合金的尺寸效应。W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的动态压缩实验结果表明,在高应变速率下,复合材料具有更高的强度,具有明显的应变速率敏感性,这主要归因于W增强相的存在。W纤维直径为500gm时,复合材料的动态抗压强度最大,可达3698MPa。在准静态和动态加载条件下,W/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料都以劈裂的方式发生破坏。
研究W纤维体积分数对W/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料性能和失效方式的影响发现,复合材料的屈服强度随纤维体积分数的增大而单调增大,而塑性应变先是随纤维体积分数的增大而增大,当体积分数为66%时达到最大值,接着随纤维体积分数的进一步增大而减小。依据Mohr-Coulomb准则可以发现,随着纤维体积分数的增加,复合材料临界剪切断裂应力增大,复合材料难以发生剪切断裂。因而,复合材料的失效方式随纤维体积分数的增大由剪切断裂向纵向劈裂转变。
通过调节纤维与载荷之间的夹角(θf),研究w纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的各向异性和变形行为,复合材料在压缩和拉伸载荷下具有明显的拉压不对称性。压缩载荷下,θf为0°时,复合材料具有最高的抗压强度以及塑性应变；θf为45°以及90°时,复合材料的抗压强度和塑性应变相对较低；复合材料随θf的变化表现出三种破坏模式：当θf为0°时,复合材料发生纵向劈裂：0°<θf≤45°时,材料以面内滑移的方式发生破坏,表现为非晶基体的剪切破坏以及界面脱粘的混合模式；45°<θf≤90°时,复合材料以外离面滑移的方式发生破坏,表现为沿w纤维密排面的破坏或者通过连接非晶基体中的剪切带和W纤维中的裂纹发生破坏。拉伸载荷下,W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的抗拉强度随θf的增大而减小,θf为90°时,其抗压强度仅为253MPa,无拉伸塑性。失效方式有两种：当θf为0°和15°时,复合材料发生近似90°正断,θf大于等于30°时,复合材料沿θf方向发生破坏。
制备出各向同性、分布均匀的毫米级W球/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料,室温压缩及拉伸实验结果表明,w球的引入有效地改善了Zr基非晶合金的室温压缩塑性,但是降低了复合材料的抗压强度。复合材料在高应变速率下表现出更为优异的压缩性能。该复合材料的抗拉强度仅为422MPa,弹性变形后直接发生破坏,没有塑性变形。
The W/Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) have attracted extensive interest because of their high strength and good plastic deformation ability. For these composites, a preliminary study on systhesis and deformation behaviors was carried out, but systematic study about these materials needs to be improved. In this work, W/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs with different structure and morphology of W were prepared. The effects of size, volume fraction and direction of W fiber on mechanical properties, deformation and fracture behaviors were investigated systematically, which will provide basis for the application of these materials.
Firstly, the single W stick/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGC was prepared. The results of compressive experiments show that the W stick can effectively restrict shear band propagation, resulting in the improvement in plasticity of the composite. The introduction of W stick changes the stress state near the interface. During deformation, the W stick yields prior to the MG matrix and the cracks in W stick forms prior to the formation of shear bands in MG matrix. The interface remains intact during deformation process, which indicates that the interface between W stick and MG matrix is good bonding.
Secondly, the effect of fiber diameter on mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs was investigated. The diameters of the W fibers are1000μm,700μm,500μm and200μm, respectively. The interface area increases with the decrease in the diameter of the W fiber, which results in the difference in properties of the BMGCs. Under quasi-static compressive load, the compressive strength and the plastic strain increase with the decrease of the fiber diameter at the same strain rate, indicating that more interface area is beneficial to the improvement of the compressive properties for the BMGCs. Furthermore, to some extent, the improvement in properties of the BMGCs is attributed to the size effect of the MG matrix. The dynamic compressive experiment results show that the BMGCs possess higher compressive strength under higher strain rate. The dynamic compressive strength of the BMGC with a fiber diameter of500μm is the highest among the four W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs. Under quasi-static and dynamic compressive load, the BMGCs all fail by longitudinal splitting.
Fiber volume fraction is a very important influence on the mechanical properties and the failure modes of the BMGCs. In this work, four kinds of W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs containing different volume fraction of W fiber were prepared. The variation of the compression properties and failure modes with fiber volume fraction was investigated. The results show that the yield strength of the composites increase with the increase of the fiber volume fraction, while the plastic strain first increase and then decrease with the increase of the fiber volume fraction. The failure modes of the BMGCs change from shear fracture to longitudinal splitting with the increase of the fiber volume fraction. The relationship of the fracture mode and the fiber volume fraction was discussed in detail based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion.
Under compressive and tensile loading, the anisotropic deformation behaviors of the W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs were investigated systematically by changing the angle (θf) between fiber directions and loading axis. The θf are0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°and90°, respectively. The results show that the BMGCs display asymmetric properties between tensile and compressive deformation. At θf=0°, the BMGC possesses the best compressive properties. The BMGCs with45°and90°tungsten fiber orientations own relatively poor compressive strength and plasticity. There are three fracture modes for the BMGCs under compressive loading. At θf=0°, the BMGC fails by longitudinal splitting. At0°<θf<45°, the composites fail by in-plane sliding and the fracture modes are the matrix shearing and interface debonding. At45°<θf<90°, the composites fail by out-of-plane sliding and the cracks propagate along the mutual contacted fibers or by connecting the cracks in fibers to the shear bands in matrix under shear stress, resulting in shear fracture of the composites. Under tensile loading, the strength of the BMGCs decreases with the increase of the θf, while the plasticity of the BMGCs is not improved. The composites fail along the maximum normal stress surface at θf=0°/15°, while the composites fail along the direction of θf when θf is bigger than or equal to30°.
At the end of this work, the isotropic ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs with millimetre-scale W powder sinter balls closely packing in the amorphous matrix were prepared. The results of compressive experiments show that the compressive plasticity is improved but the compressive strength decreases because of the introduction of W balls. The composite displays the higher strength and larger plasticity at the higher strain rate under compressive loading. However, the tensile strength of the composite is only422MPa. The composite fails directly after the elastic deformation without plastic deformation.
本论文工作首先制备了单根W杆/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料。压缩测试结果表明W杆的引入可以有效地阻止剪切带的扩展并促使多剪切带的形成,改善复合材料的室温塑性。W杆的引入改变了复合材料界面附近区域的受力状态,变形过程中,W杆先于非晶屈服,W纤维中的裂纹先于非晶基体中的剪切带产生。复合材料在整个变形过程中都没有发现明显的界面开裂现象,说明W杆与非晶基体之间的界面结合良好。
通过向ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金中分别引入1000μm、700μm、500μm和200μm四种不同直径的W纤维,进而研究W纤维直径对复合材料性能和变形行为的影响规律。W纤维直径的改变使得复合材料中的界面面积发生明显的改变,进而导致W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料性能上的差异。在准静态压缩载荷下,应变速率相同时,随着W纤维直径的减小,W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的面体率增大,压缩断裂强度和塑性应变也随之增大,间接说明单位体积基体中界面面积的增大,可以有效的抑制非晶合金基体中剪切带的扩展,进而改善复合材料的静态压缩性能。此外,性能的改善,一定程度上也归因于非晶合金的尺寸效应。W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的动态压缩实验结果表明,在高应变速率下,复合材料具有更高的强度,具有明显的应变速率敏感性,这主要归因于W增强相的存在。W纤维直径为500gm时,复合材料的动态抗压强度最大,可达3698MPa。在准静态和动态加载条件下,W/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料都以劈裂的方式发生破坏。
研究W纤维体积分数对W/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料性能和失效方式的影响发现,复合材料的屈服强度随纤维体积分数的增大而单调增大,而塑性应变先是随纤维体积分数的增大而增大,当体积分数为66%时达到最大值,接着随纤维体积分数的进一步增大而减小。依据Mohr-Coulomb准则可以发现,随着纤维体积分数的增加,复合材料临界剪切断裂应力增大,复合材料难以发生剪切断裂。因而,复合材料的失效方式随纤维体积分数的增大由剪切断裂向纵向劈裂转变。
通过调节纤维与载荷之间的夹角(θf),研究w纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的各向异性和变形行为,复合材料在压缩和拉伸载荷下具有明显的拉压不对称性。压缩载荷下,θf为0°时,复合材料具有最高的抗压强度以及塑性应变；θf为45°以及90°时,复合材料的抗压强度和塑性应变相对较低；复合材料随θf的变化表现出三种破坏模式：当θf为0°时,复合材料发生纵向劈裂：0°<θf≤45°时,材料以面内滑移的方式发生破坏,表现为非晶基体的剪切破坏以及界面脱粘的混合模式；45°<θf≤90°时,复合材料以外离面滑移的方式发生破坏,表现为沿w纤维密排面的破坏或者通过连接非晶基体中的剪切带和W纤维中的裂纹发生破坏。拉伸载荷下,W纤维/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料的抗拉强度随θf的增大而减小,θf为90°时,其抗压强度仅为253MPa,无拉伸塑性。失效方式有两种：当θf为0°和15°时,复合材料发生近似90°正断,θf大于等于30°时,复合材料沿θf方向发生破坏。
制备出各向同性、分布均匀的毫米级W球/ZrTiNiCuBe非晶合金复合材料,室温压缩及拉伸实验结果表明,w球的引入有效地改善了Zr基非晶合金的室温压缩塑性,但是降低了复合材料的抗压强度。复合材料在高应变速率下表现出更为优异的压缩性能。该复合材料的抗拉强度仅为422MPa,弹性变形后直接发生破坏,没有塑性变形。
The W/Zr-based bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) have attracted extensive interest because of their high strength and good plastic deformation ability. For these composites, a preliminary study on systhesis and deformation behaviors was carried out, but systematic study about these materials needs to be improved. In this work, W/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs with different structure and morphology of W were prepared. The effects of size, volume fraction and direction of W fiber on mechanical properties, deformation and fracture behaviors were investigated systematically, which will provide basis for the application of these materials.
Firstly, the single W stick/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGC was prepared. The results of compressive experiments show that the W stick can effectively restrict shear band propagation, resulting in the improvement in plasticity of the composite. The introduction of W stick changes the stress state near the interface. During deformation, the W stick yields prior to the MG matrix and the cracks in W stick forms prior to the formation of shear bands in MG matrix. The interface remains intact during deformation process, which indicates that the interface between W stick and MG matrix is good bonding.
Secondly, the effect of fiber diameter on mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs was investigated. The diameters of the W fibers are1000μm,700μm,500μm and200μm, respectively. The interface area increases with the decrease in the diameter of the W fiber, which results in the difference in properties of the BMGCs. Under quasi-static compressive load, the compressive strength and the plastic strain increase with the decrease of the fiber diameter at the same strain rate, indicating that more interface area is beneficial to the improvement of the compressive properties for the BMGCs. Furthermore, to some extent, the improvement in properties of the BMGCs is attributed to the size effect of the MG matrix. The dynamic compressive experiment results show that the BMGCs possess higher compressive strength under higher strain rate. The dynamic compressive strength of the BMGC with a fiber diameter of500μm is the highest among the four W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs. Under quasi-static and dynamic compressive load, the BMGCs all fail by longitudinal splitting.
Fiber volume fraction is a very important influence on the mechanical properties and the failure modes of the BMGCs. In this work, four kinds of W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs containing different volume fraction of W fiber were prepared. The variation of the compression properties and failure modes with fiber volume fraction was investigated. The results show that the yield strength of the composites increase with the increase of the fiber volume fraction, while the plastic strain first increase and then decrease with the increase of the fiber volume fraction. The failure modes of the BMGCs change from shear fracture to longitudinal splitting with the increase of the fiber volume fraction. The relationship of the fracture mode and the fiber volume fraction was discussed in detail based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion.
Under compressive and tensile loading, the anisotropic deformation behaviors of the W fiber/ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs were investigated systematically by changing the angle (θf) between fiber directions and loading axis. The θf are0°,15°,30°,45°,60°,75°and90°, respectively. The results show that the BMGCs display asymmetric properties between tensile and compressive deformation. At θf=0°, the BMGC possesses the best compressive properties. The BMGCs with45°and90°tungsten fiber orientations own relatively poor compressive strength and plasticity. There are three fracture modes for the BMGCs under compressive loading. At θf=0°, the BMGC fails by longitudinal splitting. At0°<θf<45°, the composites fail by in-plane sliding and the fracture modes are the matrix shearing and interface debonding. At45°<θf<90°, the composites fail by out-of-plane sliding and the cracks propagate along the mutual contacted fibers or by connecting the cracks in fibers to the shear bands in matrix under shear stress, resulting in shear fracture of the composites. Under tensile loading, the strength of the BMGCs decreases with the increase of the θf, while the plasticity of the BMGCs is not improved. The composites fail along the maximum normal stress surface at θf=0°/15°, while the composites fail along the direction of θf when θf is bigger than or equal to30°.
At the end of this work, the isotropic ZrTiNiCuBe BMGCs with millimetre-scale W powder sinter balls closely packing in the amorphous matrix were prepared. The results of compressive experiments show that the compressive plasticity is improved but the compressive strength decreases because of the introduction of W balls. The composite displays the higher strength and larger plasticity at the higher strain rate under compressive loading. However, the tensile strength of the composite is only422MPa. The composite fails directly after the elastic deformation without plastic deformation.
引文
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