城市绿地对降雨径流及其污染物削减研究
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摘要
随着城市化进程日益深化，城区不透水面积高速增长，雨水径流引发的内涝灾害已成为阻碍城市经济社会发展的关键问题。同时，城市降雨地表径流造成的非点源污染也成为城市水环境污染和生态退化的重要因素，是河流与湖泊的主要污染源。城市绿地作为削减降雨径流及其污染物的主要手段，引起了广泛的重视，已成为城市建设重要的研究课题。
在广泛查阅国内外有关研究成果的基础上，利用室内模拟土柱实验和野外现场实验，研究了城市绿地对降雨径流及其污染物削减的机理和程度，建立了基于HYDRUS-1D模型的雨水径流及其污染物在绿地土壤中的运移模型，在模型验证后，利用模型进行了径流与污染物削减预测，主要结论如下：
1、对L9(34)正交实验数据进行极差和方差分析，可知降雨强度、降雨历时、草地类型以及植被覆盖度对绿地径流量的影响均极显著，强弱顺序依次为：降雨强度>草地类型>降雨历时>植被覆盖度。运用L9(34)正交实验数据和数量化理论，建立了绿地雨水径流量预测模型，利用水平效应和工程平均估计及野外现场实验数据验证了模型的可靠性；
2、对标准粒子群算法进行改进，应用于天津城市绿地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗模型评价。Van Genuchten模型与天津中心城区绿地土壤水分特征曲线符合最好，而Horton模型与天津中心城区绿地土壤入渗特性符合最佳。HYDRUS-1D模型能较好地描述裸地和绿地雨水垂直入渗过程，准确预测径流量；
3、在低、中和高3种雨水径流污染物浓度水平（CODcr为68、137、550mg/L；TN是3.01、7.51、30.06mg/L；TP为0.29、0.69、2.73mg/L；NH4+是0.44、1.61、2.19mg/L），水力负荷为3.5、3.0和2.5cm/h，持续进水1h条件下，城市绿地具有良好且稳定的污染削减能力，对CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+的综合平均削减率分别达到75.30%、44.36%、83.14%、67.25%；
4、建立了雨水径流污染物CODcr在土壤中运移的数学模型，与室内土柱实验数据相对比，均方根误差RMSE小于9.50mg/L。在土壤容量范围内，城市绿地对径流污染物CODcr削减率与其浓度无关。随着水力负荷的增加，绿地对径流污染物削减率降低。进水时间间隔的增加，绿地对径流污染物削减率升高。绿地下凹深度对径流污染物削减的程度与水力负荷密切相关。随着水力负荷增大，下凹绿地对污染物的削减率随着下凹深度的增加而降低。
With urbanization deepened, the rapid growth of urban impervious areas, thewaterlog disaster caused by urban runoff has become a critical issue hindering urbaneconomic and social development in China. Besides, the non-point source pollutioncaused by urban stormwater runoff has become an important factor of urban waterenvironment pollution and ecological degradation. It is the third pollution source ofrivers and lakes. The urban green space is a major method to reduce stormwaterrunoff and pollutants, which is paid extensive attention and an important researchsubject of urban construction.
On the basis of widely consulting domestic and overseas relevant study results,The simulated soil-column experiment and field experiment were used to explore thereduction of urban green space on stormwater runoff and pollutants. The migrationmodel of rainwater and pollutants in the greenbelt was established based onHYDRUS-1D. The main conclusions are as the follows:
First, according to the range analysis and variance analysis of the L9(34)orthogonal experiment data, the impacts of factors such as rainfall intensity, grasstype, rainfall duration and vegetation coverage on the stormwater runoff are extremelysignificant. The sequence of four factors on the produce of stormwater runoff israinfall intensity> grass type> rainfall duration> vegetation coverage. Theprediction equation of stormwater runoff was established by the quantitative theorywith the L9(34) orthogonal experiment data. It was validated by the level effect,engineering average estimation and field experiments.
Second, the standard particle swarm optimization was improved and used toevaluate the model of soil moisture characteristic curve and soil infiltration model.The Van Genuchten model is the best model described the soil water characteristiccurve of urban green space of Tianjin. The Horton model is an optimum modeldescribed the soil infiltration characteristics of greenbelt in the center of Tianjin. TheHYDRUS-1D can better describe the vertical infiltration process of rainwater in thebare land and green land, and predict the runoff volume accurately. The reduction rateof stormwater runoff by green space and rainfall intensity are significant relation ofpower function. With the sunken depth deepened, the rainwater detention storage ofgreen belt is enhanced.
Third, the green land has a good and stable ability to reduce three stormwater runoff pollution concentrations, which CODcrare68,137and550mg/L, TN are3.01,7.51and30.06mg/L, TP are0.29,0.69and2.73mg/L, and NH4+are0.44,1.61and2.19mg/L respectively, with3.5,3.0and2.5cm/h hydraulic loading rate respectivelyand continuous inflow1h. The pollution reduction rates of CODcr, TN, TP and NH4+by green space reach to41.52%,78.96%and84.68%,50.21%,70.23%and60.91%,73.18%,95.88%and94.99%, and62.72%,55.16%and69.98%respectively.
Finally, the migration model of pollutants was established and the simulated testof soil column was utilized to verify the model, the root mean square error is less than9.50mg/L. In the range of soil capacity, the CODcrreduction rate of green space isindependent on the rainfall-runoff pollution concentration. With the hydraulic loadingincreased, the CODcrreduction rate of green space decreases, however, it shows agradually increasing trend with the time interval increased. The effect of concavedepth on the CODcrreduction rate of green space is highly depended on the hydraulicloading. With the hydraulic loading increased, the CODcrreduction rate of greenspace decreases with the concave depth deepened.
在广泛查阅国内外有关研究成果的基础上，利用室内模拟土柱实验和野外现场实验，研究了城市绿地对降雨径流及其污染物削减的机理和程度，建立了基于HYDRUS-1D模型的雨水径流及其污染物在绿地土壤中的运移模型，在模型验证后，利用模型进行了径流与污染物削减预测，主要结论如下：
1、对L9(34)正交实验数据进行极差和方差分析，可知降雨强度、降雨历时、草地类型以及植被覆盖度对绿地径流量的影响均极显著，强弱顺序依次为：降雨强度>草地类型>降雨历时>植被覆盖度。运用L9(34)正交实验数据和数量化理论，建立了绿地雨水径流量预测模型，利用水平效应和工程平均估计及野外现场实验数据验证了模型的可靠性；
2、对标准粒子群算法进行改进，应用于天津城市绿地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗模型评价。Van Genuchten模型与天津中心城区绿地土壤水分特征曲线符合最好，而Horton模型与天津中心城区绿地土壤入渗特性符合最佳。HYDRUS-1D模型能较好地描述裸地和绿地雨水垂直入渗过程，准确预测径流量；
3、在低、中和高3种雨水径流污染物浓度水平（CODcr为68、137、550mg/L；TN是3.01、7.51、30.06mg/L；TP为0.29、0.69、2.73mg/L；NH4+是0.44、1.61、2.19mg/L），水力负荷为3.5、3.0和2.5cm/h，持续进水1h条件下，城市绿地具有良好且稳定的污染削减能力，对CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+的综合平均削减率分别达到75.30%、44.36%、83.14%、67.25%；
4、建立了雨水径流污染物CODcr在土壤中运移的数学模型，与室内土柱实验数据相对比，均方根误差RMSE小于9.50mg/L。在土壤容量范围内，城市绿地对径流污染物CODcr削减率与其浓度无关。随着水力负荷的增加，绿地对径流污染物削减率降低。进水时间间隔的增加，绿地对径流污染物削减率升高。绿地下凹深度对径流污染物削减的程度与水力负荷密切相关。随着水力负荷增大，下凹绿地对污染物的削减率随着下凹深度的增加而降低。
With urbanization deepened, the rapid growth of urban impervious areas, thewaterlog disaster caused by urban runoff has become a critical issue hindering urbaneconomic and social development in China. Besides, the non-point source pollutioncaused by urban stormwater runoff has become an important factor of urban waterenvironment pollution and ecological degradation. It is the third pollution source ofrivers and lakes. The urban green space is a major method to reduce stormwaterrunoff and pollutants, which is paid extensive attention and an important researchsubject of urban construction.
On the basis of widely consulting domestic and overseas relevant study results,The simulated soil-column experiment and field experiment were used to explore thereduction of urban green space on stormwater runoff and pollutants. The migrationmodel of rainwater and pollutants in the greenbelt was established based onHYDRUS-1D. The main conclusions are as the follows:
First, according to the range analysis and variance analysis of the L9(34)orthogonal experiment data, the impacts of factors such as rainfall intensity, grasstype, rainfall duration and vegetation coverage on the stormwater runoff are extremelysignificant. The sequence of four factors on the produce of stormwater runoff israinfall intensity> grass type> rainfall duration> vegetation coverage. Theprediction equation of stormwater runoff was established by the quantitative theorywith the L9(34) orthogonal experiment data. It was validated by the level effect,engineering average estimation and field experiments.
Second, the standard particle swarm optimization was improved and used toevaluate the model of soil moisture characteristic curve and soil infiltration model.The Van Genuchten model is the best model described the soil water characteristiccurve of urban green space of Tianjin. The Horton model is an optimum modeldescribed the soil infiltration characteristics of greenbelt in the center of Tianjin. TheHYDRUS-1D can better describe the vertical infiltration process of rainwater in thebare land and green land, and predict the runoff volume accurately. The reduction rateof stormwater runoff by green space and rainfall intensity are significant relation ofpower function. With the sunken depth deepened, the rainwater detention storage ofgreen belt is enhanced.
Third, the green land has a good and stable ability to reduce three stormwater runoff pollution concentrations, which CODcrare68,137and550mg/L, TN are3.01,7.51and30.06mg/L, TP are0.29,0.69and2.73mg/L, and NH4+are0.44,1.61and2.19mg/L respectively, with3.5,3.0and2.5cm/h hydraulic loading rate respectivelyand continuous inflow1h. The pollution reduction rates of CODcr, TN, TP and NH4+by green space reach to41.52%,78.96%and84.68%,50.21%,70.23%and60.91%,73.18%,95.88%and94.99%, and62.72%,55.16%and69.98%respectively.
Finally, the migration model of pollutants was established and the simulated testof soil column was utilized to verify the model, the root mean square error is less than9.50mg/L. In the range of soil capacity, the CODcrreduction rate of green space isindependent on the rainfall-runoff pollution concentration. With the hydraulic loadingincreased, the CODcrreduction rate of green space decreases, however, it shows agradually increasing trend with the time interval increased. The effect of concavedepth on the CODcrreduction rate of green space is highly depended on the hydraulicloading. With the hydraulic loading increased, the CODcrreduction rate of greenspace decreases with the concave depth deepened.
引文
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