修剪对葡萄液流和光合同化物运输分配特性的扰动
|
摘要
修剪是葡萄栽培管理中必不可少的一项措施，但是修剪等机械伤害会在剪口处形成楔形死组织以及在剪口导管内形成侵填体，影响导管和筛管的运输性能。合理的修剪可以提高葡萄群体与环境的适应性，提高葡萄品质。但是修剪对葡萄生理，尤其是水分和光合同化物的运输分配特性研究不够，本论文以酿酒葡萄为试材对此进行了系统研究，结果如下：
1.当薄壁组织细胞的直径小于导管射线间纹孔口的直径时，修剪诱导次生木质部导管腔内侵填体的产生，而且越靠近主干部位的新梢诱导产生的侵填体越多，进程发展越快。在新梢剪口次生木质部约87%导管腔内发现侵填体，其中40%的导管被侵填体完全堵塞。而修剪后1a的多年生部分含有侵填体和被侵填体完全堵塞的导管分别为64%和30%。
侵填体在功能性导管中的产生降低了其水分输送性能，最大可降低液流速率21.10%。导管被侵填体部分或完全堵塞后，次生木质部不断分化，产生新的导管，以维持植株的水分输送。
2.多年生部分长度与新梢液流成反比，而且液流速率随时间变化明显。
受气孔导度下降的影响，各新梢叶片光合速率日变化明显且具有光合“午休”现象。光合速率日变化和浆果糖分卸载量均呈双峰曲线，且次峰值均小于首峰值。随着水分运输距离的延长，各新梢间光合速率和糖分卸载量无显著差异。随着多年生部分的延长，各新梢间光合速率差异不显著，但糖分卸载量显著降低（P<0.05）。
修剪后，新梢导管中侵填体的产生与发展要比多年生枝迅速。侵填体发展稳定期新梢木质部中含有侵填体的导管达65%，完全堵塞的导管达到30%，而多年生枝分别为80%和35%。
结合以上分析和研究，我们提出了葡萄整形修剪管理的“最小修剪”原则：对葡萄进行整形修剪时，在不妨碍葡萄正常生产的情况下，应该尽量减少剪口数，尽量减少多年生部分，防止多年生部分伸长。
3.随着水分运输距离的延长，不同生育期新梢叶片生长速度和生长量均有降低的趋势，各新梢叶片在果实膨大期生长速度和生长量最大。浆果进入转色期前叶片不断生长发育，叶绿素含量稳步增加，在转色期叶片的叶绿素含量最高，而后随叶片的衰老逐渐降低。媚丽葡萄叶片含水量、自由水含量、叶干物质含量以及水分饱和亏缺可塑性小，各新梢上叶片差异不显著。但水势、束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水、叶面积和比叶面积可塑性大，随着水分运输距离的延长逐渐增加且达到显著性差异。新梢比叶重和气孔密度逐渐增大，气孔长度逐渐减小，其中各新梢间叶片气孔密度和气孔长度具有显著性差异，而各新梢叶片厚度和气孔宽度之间无明显差异。
葡萄浆果横径生长呈典型的双S曲线，不同新梢浆果横径没有显著差异。随着水分运输距离延长，葡萄浆果糖分卸载量和成熟单粒果实鲜重逐渐下降。但这一趋势在第1和第4，第4和第7新梢上的浆果间并不明显，但第1新梢上的浆果糖分卸载速度明显高于第7个，浆果单粒鲜重达到显著差异水平，而干重之间无显著差异。
水分运输距离与枝条成熟度、生长势和木质部宽度成反比，与导管密度和导管长度成正比。第1、第4和第7个新梢木质部导管相对疏导率逐渐增加，分别为3.12、3.40和6.72。导管密度、管腔直径、木质部宽度和导管相对疏导率变化显著。
4.研究发现，不同部位新梢液流和浆果糖分卸载成双峰变化趋势，光合速率变化呈“午休”现象，且三者的变化并不同步。
随着坐果高度的增加，单干双臂栽培的葡萄各新梢液流速率和浆果糖分卸载普遍低于爬地龙，而光合速率无此变化趋势。随着水分运输距离的增加，单干双臂的葡萄光合速率、液流速率和浆果糖分卸载均逐渐减小。而爬地龙栽培的葡萄由于贴地多年生龙蔓生有大量不定根，各新梢及浆果生长状况基本一致，光合速率、新梢液流和糖分卸载量也一致。
5.爬地龙整形方式避免了冬季下架和春季上架，更适合葡萄园机械化操作，与多主蔓扇形和龙干形相比，从葡萄冬季修剪到春季出土单个工人亩劳动时间分别降低了37.50%和27.08%。不同整形方式间葡萄的可溶性固形物、还原糖和滴定酸没有显著差异，而爬地龙方式的稳产性能显著高于其他两种方式。爬地龙整形的葡萄感染炭疽病、白腐病和灰霉病的病穗率高于多主蔓扇形和龙干形，但病果率显著低于后两者。
在合理的管理措施下，爬地龙整形方式可以有效控制病虫害的发生，为干旱半干旱埋土防寒区提供了一种合理的整形方式，为实现葡萄优质、稳产、长寿、美观的发展目标奠定了基础。
In cultivated grapevines, pruning at different locations along the shoot is a normal part ofviticulture, but it may lead to wedge-shaped organization and tylose formation in vessels nearcuts. These physical damages can profoundly affect the transportation capacity of vessel andsieve tube. Reasonable pruning can improve the adaptability of grapevines to environmentand grape quality. However, research of pruning effects on physiological activities of vine isquite few. We have conducted a systematical research on transport and distribution of water,as well as photosynthate during pruning period, using wine grape varieties.
1. The results showed that tyloses at the nodes closest to the trunk developed rapidly; andtylose development initiated at the time when the size of vessel-ray pit was longer than that ofparenchyma cell. In current-year shoots, tyloses were formed in up to87%of vessels and40%of the vessels were completely blocked by tyloses. In wound-induced perennial shoots,the percentage was64%and30%, respectively.
Tylose formation in functional vessels limited the water transport efficiency (the largestwas21.1%). When vessels were blocked partly or completely by tyloses, new onesdifferentiate to restore the water transport efficiency.
2. Perennial cordon length is inversely proportional to sap flow of shoot, so the width ofsap flow is linear to time, that is to say, sap flow has a quick change with time. Induced by thedecrease in stomatal conductance, the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic rate (Pn) wasobvious ‘midday depression of photosynthesis’. The diurnal change of Pn or sugar unloadingis a typical bimodal curve, and the first peak was much higher than that of the second. Therewas no obvious difference among Pn or sugar unloadings of shoots with increasing watertransport distance. With the perennial cordon was longer, there was no obvious differenceamong Pn of different shoots, but the sugar unloadings significantly decreased (P<0.05).
After pruning, the emergence and development of tylose in current-year shoot was morerapidly than the perennial cordon. Finally, the partly and completely blocked vessels by tylosein the current-year shoots was65%and30%, respectively, those were80%and35%in theperennial cordon.
Based on above analysis and research, we propose a grape pruning management,"minimal pruning principle": when pruning, without influence to the normal production case of grape, the number of cuts and perennial section should be reduced as much as possible toprevent the perennnial section elongation.
3. Growth rate and increment of current-year shoot were gradually decreased withincreasing the distance of water transport in development stage. Leaf was continuously grewand developed before veraison stage, chlorophyll content was continuously increasing inleaves of different shoots, while the chlorophyll content was continuously decreasing with theleaf senescence. The contents of total water, free water and dry matter, and the plasticity ofwater saturation deficit of leaf were small, and there was no significant difference amongleaves of different shoots. While, the plasticity of water potential, bound water content,bound/free water, leaf area and specific leaf area was large, and they were continuouslyincreasing with the increase of water transport distance, and even showed statisticallysignificant differences in different treatments. For different shoots, specific leaf weight andstomatal density increased gradually, but stomatal length decreased gradually. The differencebetween stomatal density and stomatal length were significant, but it was not significantbetween leaf thickness and stomtal width.
The fruit growth curve of length was ‘double-S’ curve, there was no significantdifference. Sugar unloading and fruit fresh weight were both decreased gradually with theincrease of water transport distance. But the trend of berry in current-year shoot1,4and7was not obvious; the sugar unloading rate of berry in current-year shoot1was significantlylarger than that of current-year shoot7. Results showed significant difference for single fruitfresh weight, but not for the single fruit fry weight.
Water transport distance was inversely proportional to shoot maturity, growth vigor andxylem width; and proportional to vessel density and vessel length. The relative grooming rateof vessel was continuously increasing in current-year shoot1,4and7, and the values were3.12,3.40and6.72, respectively. The results showed that vessel density, vessel width, xylemwidth and relative grooming rate of vessel was significantly different.
4. The results showed that, the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic rate (Pn) sugarunloading rate is a typical bimodal curve, the diurnal variation of (Pn) demonstrated obvious‘midday depression’, meanwhile, they did not synchronize.
With the rise of fruit setting position, sap flow rate and sugar phloem unloading ofdifferent shoots from the Guyot training system were both lower than that of Crawled CordonTraining (CCT), while the Pn has not the trend. With the increase of water transport distance,the Pn, sap flow and sugar phloem unloading of different shoot of the Guyot training systemgradually decreased. The perennial cordon of CCT grew many fibrous roots, and the growthand development of grape berry were uniform in different shoots, the trend of Pn, sap flowand sugar unloading was also uniform when compared with those in grape berries of different shoots.
5. CCT shaping method avoided the unmounting in winter and mounting in spring, as aresult it was found easy for mechanized operations. Compared with Multiple main vinefan-training (MVF) and Cordon-training (CT), single worker’s labour time per667.7m2fromwinter pruning to spring unearthing in CCT was decreased37.50%and27.08%, respectively.The contents of soluble solid, reducing sugar and titratable acid in grape of the three shapingmethods had no significant difference. The stable ability of yield in CCT was significantlyhigher than MVF and CT. Moreover, the clusters’ infection rate of grape anthracnose, whiterot and grey mould were higher than those of the other two methods, but the berries’ infectionrate was significantly lower.
Under the rational management measures, CCT shaping method can effectively controlpests and diseases, and could be a reasonable viticulture model with the objectives of highquality, stable yield, long-lived and artistic vine production in soil-burying over-winteringzone of arid and semiarid areas.
1.当薄壁组织细胞的直径小于导管射线间纹孔口的直径时，修剪诱导次生木质部导管腔内侵填体的产生，而且越靠近主干部位的新梢诱导产生的侵填体越多，进程发展越快。在新梢剪口次生木质部约87%导管腔内发现侵填体，其中40%的导管被侵填体完全堵塞。而修剪后1a的多年生部分含有侵填体和被侵填体完全堵塞的导管分别为64%和30%。
侵填体在功能性导管中的产生降低了其水分输送性能，最大可降低液流速率21.10%。导管被侵填体部分或完全堵塞后，次生木质部不断分化，产生新的导管，以维持植株的水分输送。
2.多年生部分长度与新梢液流成反比，而且液流速率随时间变化明显。
受气孔导度下降的影响，各新梢叶片光合速率日变化明显且具有光合“午休”现象。光合速率日变化和浆果糖分卸载量均呈双峰曲线，且次峰值均小于首峰值。随着水分运输距离的延长，各新梢间光合速率和糖分卸载量无显著差异。随着多年生部分的延长，各新梢间光合速率差异不显著，但糖分卸载量显著降低（P<0.05）。
修剪后，新梢导管中侵填体的产生与发展要比多年生枝迅速。侵填体发展稳定期新梢木质部中含有侵填体的导管达65%，完全堵塞的导管达到30%，而多年生枝分别为80%和35%。
结合以上分析和研究，我们提出了葡萄整形修剪管理的“最小修剪”原则：对葡萄进行整形修剪时，在不妨碍葡萄正常生产的情况下，应该尽量减少剪口数，尽量减少多年生部分，防止多年生部分伸长。
3.随着水分运输距离的延长，不同生育期新梢叶片生长速度和生长量均有降低的趋势，各新梢叶片在果实膨大期生长速度和生长量最大。浆果进入转色期前叶片不断生长发育，叶绿素含量稳步增加，在转色期叶片的叶绿素含量最高，而后随叶片的衰老逐渐降低。媚丽葡萄叶片含水量、自由水含量、叶干物质含量以及水分饱和亏缺可塑性小，各新梢上叶片差异不显著。但水势、束缚水含量、束缚水/自由水、叶面积和比叶面积可塑性大，随着水分运输距离的延长逐渐增加且达到显著性差异。新梢比叶重和气孔密度逐渐增大，气孔长度逐渐减小，其中各新梢间叶片气孔密度和气孔长度具有显著性差异，而各新梢叶片厚度和气孔宽度之间无明显差异。
葡萄浆果横径生长呈典型的双S曲线，不同新梢浆果横径没有显著差异。随着水分运输距离延长，葡萄浆果糖分卸载量和成熟单粒果实鲜重逐渐下降。但这一趋势在第1和第4，第4和第7新梢上的浆果间并不明显，但第1新梢上的浆果糖分卸载速度明显高于第7个，浆果单粒鲜重达到显著差异水平，而干重之间无显著差异。
水分运输距离与枝条成熟度、生长势和木质部宽度成反比，与导管密度和导管长度成正比。第1、第4和第7个新梢木质部导管相对疏导率逐渐增加，分别为3.12、3.40和6.72。导管密度、管腔直径、木质部宽度和导管相对疏导率变化显著。
4.研究发现，不同部位新梢液流和浆果糖分卸载成双峰变化趋势，光合速率变化呈“午休”现象，且三者的变化并不同步。
随着坐果高度的增加，单干双臂栽培的葡萄各新梢液流速率和浆果糖分卸载普遍低于爬地龙，而光合速率无此变化趋势。随着水分运输距离的增加，单干双臂的葡萄光合速率、液流速率和浆果糖分卸载均逐渐减小。而爬地龙栽培的葡萄由于贴地多年生龙蔓生有大量不定根，各新梢及浆果生长状况基本一致，光合速率、新梢液流和糖分卸载量也一致。
5.爬地龙整形方式避免了冬季下架和春季上架，更适合葡萄园机械化操作，与多主蔓扇形和龙干形相比，从葡萄冬季修剪到春季出土单个工人亩劳动时间分别降低了37.50%和27.08%。不同整形方式间葡萄的可溶性固形物、还原糖和滴定酸没有显著差异，而爬地龙方式的稳产性能显著高于其他两种方式。爬地龙整形的葡萄感染炭疽病、白腐病和灰霉病的病穗率高于多主蔓扇形和龙干形，但病果率显著低于后两者。
在合理的管理措施下，爬地龙整形方式可以有效控制病虫害的发生，为干旱半干旱埋土防寒区提供了一种合理的整形方式，为实现葡萄优质、稳产、长寿、美观的发展目标奠定了基础。
In cultivated grapevines, pruning at different locations along the shoot is a normal part ofviticulture, but it may lead to wedge-shaped organization and tylose formation in vessels nearcuts. These physical damages can profoundly affect the transportation capacity of vessel andsieve tube. Reasonable pruning can improve the adaptability of grapevines to environmentand grape quality. However, research of pruning effects on physiological activities of vine isquite few. We have conducted a systematical research on transport and distribution of water,as well as photosynthate during pruning period, using wine grape varieties.
1. The results showed that tyloses at the nodes closest to the trunk developed rapidly; andtylose development initiated at the time when the size of vessel-ray pit was longer than that ofparenchyma cell. In current-year shoots, tyloses were formed in up to87%of vessels and40%of the vessels were completely blocked by tyloses. In wound-induced perennial shoots,the percentage was64%and30%, respectively.
Tylose formation in functional vessels limited the water transport efficiency (the largestwas21.1%). When vessels were blocked partly or completely by tyloses, new onesdifferentiate to restore the water transport efficiency.
2. Perennial cordon length is inversely proportional to sap flow of shoot, so the width ofsap flow is linear to time, that is to say, sap flow has a quick change with time. Induced by thedecrease in stomatal conductance, the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic rate (Pn) wasobvious ‘midday depression of photosynthesis’. The diurnal change of Pn or sugar unloadingis a typical bimodal curve, and the first peak was much higher than that of the second. Therewas no obvious difference among Pn or sugar unloadings of shoots with increasing watertransport distance. With the perennial cordon was longer, there was no obvious differenceamong Pn of different shoots, but the sugar unloadings significantly decreased (P<0.05).
After pruning, the emergence and development of tylose in current-year shoot was morerapidly than the perennial cordon. Finally, the partly and completely blocked vessels by tylosein the current-year shoots was65%and30%, respectively, those were80%and35%in theperennial cordon.
Based on above analysis and research, we propose a grape pruning management,"minimal pruning principle": when pruning, without influence to the normal production case of grape, the number of cuts and perennial section should be reduced as much as possible toprevent the perennnial section elongation.
3. Growth rate and increment of current-year shoot were gradually decreased withincreasing the distance of water transport in development stage. Leaf was continuously grewand developed before veraison stage, chlorophyll content was continuously increasing inleaves of different shoots, while the chlorophyll content was continuously decreasing with theleaf senescence. The contents of total water, free water and dry matter, and the plasticity ofwater saturation deficit of leaf were small, and there was no significant difference amongleaves of different shoots. While, the plasticity of water potential, bound water content,bound/free water, leaf area and specific leaf area was large, and they were continuouslyincreasing with the increase of water transport distance, and even showed statisticallysignificant differences in different treatments. For different shoots, specific leaf weight andstomatal density increased gradually, but stomatal length decreased gradually. The differencebetween stomatal density and stomatal length were significant, but it was not significantbetween leaf thickness and stomtal width.
The fruit growth curve of length was ‘double-S’ curve, there was no significantdifference. Sugar unloading and fruit fresh weight were both decreased gradually with theincrease of water transport distance. But the trend of berry in current-year shoot1,4and7was not obvious; the sugar unloading rate of berry in current-year shoot1was significantlylarger than that of current-year shoot7. Results showed significant difference for single fruitfresh weight, but not for the single fruit fry weight.
Water transport distance was inversely proportional to shoot maturity, growth vigor andxylem width; and proportional to vessel density and vessel length. The relative grooming rateof vessel was continuously increasing in current-year shoot1,4and7, and the values were3.12,3.40and6.72, respectively. The results showed that vessel density, vessel width, xylemwidth and relative grooming rate of vessel was significantly different.
4. The results showed that, the diurnal variation of the photosynthetic rate (Pn) sugarunloading rate is a typical bimodal curve, the diurnal variation of (Pn) demonstrated obvious‘midday depression’, meanwhile, they did not synchronize.
With the rise of fruit setting position, sap flow rate and sugar phloem unloading ofdifferent shoots from the Guyot training system were both lower than that of Crawled CordonTraining (CCT), while the Pn has not the trend. With the increase of water transport distance,the Pn, sap flow and sugar phloem unloading of different shoot of the Guyot training systemgradually decreased. The perennial cordon of CCT grew many fibrous roots, and the growthand development of grape berry were uniform in different shoots, the trend of Pn, sap flowand sugar unloading was also uniform when compared with those in grape berries of different shoots.
5. CCT shaping method avoided the unmounting in winter and mounting in spring, as aresult it was found easy for mechanized operations. Compared with Multiple main vinefan-training (MVF) and Cordon-training (CT), single worker’s labour time per667.7m2fromwinter pruning to spring unearthing in CCT was decreased37.50%and27.08%, respectively.The contents of soluble solid, reducing sugar and titratable acid in grape of the three shapingmethods had no significant difference. The stable ability of yield in CCT was significantlyhigher than MVF and CT. Moreover, the clusters’ infection rate of grape anthracnose, whiterot and grey mould were higher than those of the other two methods, but the berries’ infectionrate was significantly lower.
Under the rational management measures, CCT shaping method can effectively controlpests and diseases, and could be a reasonable viticulture model with the objectives of highquality, stable yield, long-lived and artistic vine production in soil-burying over-winteringzone of arid and semiarid areas.
引文
北京造纸研究所.1975.造纸工业化学分析.北京:轻工业出版社.
别之龙,刘佩瑛.1998.弱光对辣椒落花和光合作用的影响.核农学报,12(5):314~316.
曹慧,周磊.2007.水分胁迫下非气孔因素对葡萄叶片光合作用的影响.潍坊学院学报,7(2):56~59.
曹文强,韩海荣,马钦彦,等.2004.山西太岳山辽东栎夏季树干液流通量研究.林业科学,40(2):742~746.
曹文强.2003.山西太岳山主要树种树干液流研究.北京林业大学硕士论文.
崔莉凤,王微.2003.气相色谱法测定芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖.色谱,21(1):88~90.
单守明,平吉成,王振平,等.2010.不同架势对设施葡萄光合特性及果实品质的影响.山地农业生物学报.29(2):107~111.
邓西民,韩振海,李绍华,等.1999.果树生物学.北京:高等教育出版社.
杜太生,康绍忠,夏桂敏,等.2005.滴灌条件下不同根区交替湿润对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响.农业工程学报,21(11):43~47.
樊小林,曹新华,郭立彬,等.1996.根系提水作用的土壤水分变异及养分有效性关Ⅱ.黄土性土攘水肥交互和根系提水作用与作物生长效应.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,2:71~76.
范爽,高东升,朝红霞.2006a.设施栽培中桃树14C同化物分配特性的研究.园艺学报,33(5):1067~1070.
范爽,高东升,赵海亮.2006b.设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性.核农学报,20(3):241~244.
房玉林,惠竹梅,陈洁,何建林,张振文.2006.水分胁迫对葡萄光合特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,24(2):135~138.
费松林,方精云,樊拥军,等.1999.贵州梵净山亮叶水青冈叶片和木材的解剖学特征及其与生态因子的关系.植物学报,41(9):1002~1009
高峻,吴斌,孟平.2010.杏树蒸腾与降水和冠层微气象因子的关系.北京林业大学学报,32(3):14~20.
高岩,刘静,张汝民,等.2001.应用热脉冲技术对小美旱杨耗水量的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,22(1):44~48.
高俊凤.2000.植物生理学实验技术.西安:世界图书出版公司.
高小锋,王进鑫,张波,等.2010.不同生长期干旱胁迫对刺槐幼树干物质分配的影响.生态学杂志,29(6):1103~1108.
葛才林,骆剑峰,刘冲,等.2005.重金属对水稻光合作用和同化物输配的影响.核农学报,19(3):214~218.
郭太君,焦培娟,等.2004.山葡萄14C同化产物运转分配规律的研究.园艺学报,31(6):797~799.
郭正兵,戴金平,赵静,等.2009.不同架式栽培对3个葡萄品种生长发育的影响.江西农业学报,21(6):61~63.
何春霞,李吉跃,郭明.2007.树木树液上升机理研究进展.生态学报,27(1):329~337.
贺普超.1999.葡萄学.北京:中国农业出版社.
胡志超,田立佳,彭宝良,等.2005.国内外葡萄生产机械化的研究与应用.农业机械化,9:62~63.
黄明斌,张富仓,康绍忠.1999.瞬变条件下土壤-植物系统中的水容效应及其应用研究.干旱地区农业研究,17(1):45~49.
黄卫东,张平,李文清.2002.6-BA对葡萄果实生长及碳、氮同化物运输的影响.园艺学报,29(4):303~306.
惠竹梅,张振文,马新丽,等.2010.行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒含氮化合物的影响.中国农业科学,43(19):4045~4052.
贾秀领.2006.小麦木质部导管气栓塞发生特性及节水抗旱生理基础研究.山东农业大学博士学位论文.
姜笑梅,张立飞,周鉴.1995.国产阔叶树材导管中侵填体和树胶的研究.林业科学,31(2):155~159.
金红喜,徐先英,唐进年,等.2006.花棒液流变化规律及其对环境因子的响应.西北植物学报,26(2):354~361.
景士西,吴录平.1986.用ABC法度量果树大小年结果习性.沈阳农业大学学报,17(2):68~70.
刘超,李有春,张劲松等.2011.秋季大叶女贞树干液流径向变化特征.安徽农业科学,39(13):7753~7756.
李华,房玉林.2005.论葡萄产业可持续发展模式的目标—优质、稳产、长寿、美观.科技导报,23(9):20~22.
李华,王华.2010.中国葡萄酒.西北农林科技大学出版社.
李华,王艳君,孟军,等.2009.气候变化对中国酿酒葡萄气候区划的影响.园艺学报,36(3):313~320.
李华.2001.葡萄集约化栽培手册.西安:西安地图出版社.
李华.1991. DESAYMARD分级法在鉴定葡萄霜霉病抗性中的应用.四川农业大学学报,9(2):303~307
李佳,闫田力,赵新节.2004.三种无核葡萄根系分布特点及与早期丰产性能关系的研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,6:15~17.
李唯,倪郁,胡自治,等.2003.植物根系提水作用研究评述.西北植物学报,23(6):1056~1062.
李妍，李俊凤，郐作真.2007.葡萄腐烂病的防治方法.果农之友,6:21~23
李英,喻景权.2001. CPPU处理瓠瓜子房对叶片光合作用和14C-同化物分配的影响.核农学报,15(6):355~359.
李广德,贾黎明,富丰珍,等.2010a.三倍体毛白杨不同方位树干边材液流特性研究.西北植物学报,30(6):1209~1218.
李广德,王晓辉,贾黎明,等.2010b.国槐枝叶水分特征及其对树干边材液流的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,30(1):23~28.
李荣春.2000. Cd、Pb及其复合污染对烤烟叶片生理生化及细胞亚显微结构的影响.植物生态学报,24(2):238~242.
李少春,支乾坤,李京创.2008.葡萄白腐病综合防治技术.河北林业,4:33～34
李绍长,王荣栋.1998.作物源库理论的发展及其在生产中的应用.作物杂志,1:9~12.
李树华,许兴,米海莉,等.2003.干旱胁迫对牛心朴子植株生长及渗透调节物质积累的影响.西北植物学报,23(4):592~596.
李玉鼎,张光弟,马金萍.2006.埋土防寒区篱架酿酒葡萄斜于水平式新树形.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,6:25~27.
李正立.1996.植物组织制片技术.北京:北京大学出版社.
林平,李吉跃,马达.2006.北京山区油松林蒸腾耗水特性研究.北京林业大学学报,28(Sl1):47~50.
刘俊,李敬川,王世军,等.2009.不同材料对葡萄防寒效果的研究.河北林业科技,12(6):1~3.
刘玲,雷小明,张军贤,等.2010.不同高度结果部位对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响.北方园艺,24:21~24.
刘新,葛才林,罗石时,等.1998.韧皮部同化物运输与木质部的关系研究.西南农业大学学报,20(6):588~592.
刘德良,李吉跃,马达.2008.侧柏树干边材液流空间变化规律.生态学杂志,27(8):1262~1268.
鲁如坤.1999.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社.
罗国光.2010.中国葡萄产业面临的历史任务:加快由数量型向质量型转变.果树学报,27(3):431~435.
骆强伟,孙峰,李玉玲,等.2010.葡萄覆盖防寒和埋土防寒越冬比较试验.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,1:37~40,42.
马玲,饶兴权,赵平,等.2007.马占相思整树蒸腾的日变化和季节变化特征.北京林业大学学报,29(1):67~73.
马玲,赵平,饶兴权,等.2005.乔木蒸腾作用的主要测定方法.生态学杂志,24(1):88~96.
马履一,王华田,林平.2003.北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究.北京林业大学学报,25(2):2~7.
潘娈.2007.基于近红外光谱技术的土壤有机质测定仪的开发.北京:中国农业大学.
聂立水,李吉跃.2004.应用TDP技术研究油松树干液流速率.北京林业大学学报,26(6):49~56.
秦永权,张铁林.2008.新疆伊犁地区葡萄主要病害的综合防治技术.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,4:40~41
屈会娟,李金才,沈学善,等.2009.行距对大穗型小麦兰考矮早八同化物质生产及产量的影响.作物学报,35(1):124~131
任万军,杨文钰.2003.始穗后弱光对水稻干物质积累与产量的影响.四川农业大学学报,21(4):292~296.
阮成江,李代琼.2002.黄土丘陵区沙棘林几个水分生理生态特征研究.林业科学研究,15(1):47~53
阮宏华,郑阿宝,钟育谦,等.1999.次生栎树林蒸腾强度与蒸腾量的研究.南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）,23(6):157~167.
桑建荣,李疆.2003.干旱荒漠区核果类果树叶片水分生理特性初步研究.新疆农业大学学报,26(4):52~54
尚念科.2011.树木体内水分长距离运输的负压传递机制.山东林业科技,3:90–92.
施国新,杜开和,等.2000.汞、镉污染对黑藻叶细胞伤害的超微结构研究.植物学报,42(4):373~378.
孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.2004.应用热技术研究树干液流进展.应用生态学报,15(6):1074~1078.
孙龙.2006.东北东部山区主要林型树木边材液流通量研究.东北林业大学博士论文.
孙守家,古润泽,丛日晨,等.2006.银杏树干茎流变化及其对抑制蒸腾措施的响应.林业科学,42(5):22~28.
孙宪芝,郑成淑,王秀峰.2007.木本植物抗旱机理研究进展.西北植物学报,27(3):629~634.
孙永林,沈繁宜.2008.3种树木节和节间导管接触角的研究.安徽农业科学,36(17):7131~7132
汤亮,朱艳,鞠昌华,等.2007.油菜地上部干物质分配与产量形成模拟模型.应用生态学报,18(3):526~530.
汪强,樊小林.2010.水稻旱作灌浆前组藏同化物的再分配.中国农学通报,26(3):117~120.
王华.2004.葡萄酒分析检测.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社.
王华,赵平,蔡锡安,等.2007.马占相思夜间树干液流的分配及其对整树蒸腾估算的影响.植物生态学报,31(5):777~786.
王淼,代力民,姬兰柱.2001.长白山阔叶红松林主要树种对干旱胁迫的生态反应及生物量分配的初步研究.应用生态学报,12(4):496~500.
王瑞,刘国顺,倪国仕,等.2009.种植密度对烤烟不同部位叶片光合特性及其同化物积累的影响.作物学报,35(12):2288~2295.
王翠玲,曾峰,狄方坤,等.2009.苹果树水分指标日变化及水分利用效率的研究.山东农业科学,4:45~48.
王福均.1989.农学中同位素示踪技术.北京:农业出版社.
王华田.2002.北京市水源保护林区主要树种耗水性的研究.北京:北京林业大学学位论文.
王华田,马履一.2002.利用热扩式边材液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究.植物生态学报,26(6):661~667
王华田,赵文飞,马履一.2006.侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子.林业科学,42(7):21~27
王利军,李家永,战吉成,等.2003.水杨酸对受高温胁迫的葡萄幼苗光合作用和同化物分配的影响.植物生理学通讯,39(3):215~216.
王瑞辉,马履一,奚如春,等.2006.元宝枫生长旺季树干液流动态及影响因素.生态学杂志,25(3):231~237.
王兴银,张福墁.2000.弱光对日光温室黄瓜光合产物分配的影响.中国农业大学学报,5(5):36~41.
王秀芹,黄卫东.2003.弱光对三年生油桃源叶韧皮组织超微结构的影响.植物学报,45(6):688~697.
王秀芹,黄卫东.2004.水杨酸对弱光下‘大久保’桃果实库强的影响.中国农学通报,20(3):169~172,178.
王永章,张大鹏.2000.乙烯对成熟期新红星苹果果实碳水化合物代谢的调控.园艺学报,27(6):391~395.
吴吉林,李永华,叶庆生.2005.美丽异木棉光合特性的研究.园艺学报,32(6):1061~1064.
吴月燕.2004.两个不同葡萄种对高湿弱光气候的表现.生态学报,24(1):156~161.
奚强.2007.最少修剪对酿酒葡萄树体和果实品质的影响.银川:宁夏大学.
奚如春,马履一,王瑞辉,等.2006.林木耗水调控机理研究进展.生态学杂志,25(6):692~697.
夏国海,张大鹏,贾文锁.2000. IAA、GA和ABA对葡萄果实14C蔗糖输入与代谢的调控.园艺学报,27(1):6~10.
熊伟,王彦辉,徐德应.2003.宁南山区华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应.林业科学,39(2):1~7.
夏宜平,郑慧俊,黄春辉,等.2006.东方百合鳞茎更新发育的碳同化物积累与分配.核农学报,20(5):417~422.
谢兆森.2010.根域限制对葡萄果实发育、源库器官及其疏导组织结构的影响.上海交通大学博士论文.
徐飞,杨凤亭,王辉民等.2012.树干液流径向分布格局研究进展.植物生态学报,36(9):1004~1014.
徐济春,林钊沐,罗微,等.2007.矿质营养对光合作用影响的研究进展.安徽农学通报,13(7):23~25.
徐先英,孙保平,丁国栋,等.2008.干旱荒漠区典型固沙灌木液流动态变化及其对环境因子的响应.生态学报,28(3):895~905.
闫文德,田大伦,项文化.2004.樟树林冠层生态因子及其对蒸腾速率的影响.林业科学,40(3):170~173.
严昌荣, Alec Downey,韩兴国,等.1999.北京山区落叶阔叶林中核桃楸在生长中期的树干液流研究.生态学报,19(6):793~797.
战吉成,黄卫东,王利军.2003.植物弱光逆境生理研究综述.植物学通报,20(1):43~50.
战吉成，黄卫东，王秀芹,等.2005.弱光下生长的葡萄叶片蒸腾速率和气孔结构的变化.植物生态学报,29(1):26~31.
张雷,孙鹏森,刘世荣.2009.树干液流对环境变化响应研究进展.生态学报,29(10):5600~5610.
张刚华,陈步峰,聂洁珠,等.2007.热带山地雨林尖峰栲边材液流及其与环境因子的关系.应用生态学报,18(4):742~748.
张谷雄,胡国谦.1987.柑桔矮生和矮化效应预选指标的研究.南京农业大学学报,10(3):37~42.
张劲松,孟平,王鹤松,等.2007.华北石质山区苹果树蒸腾规律及水分供求关系.辽宁工程技术大学学报,26(5):783~786.
张军贤,张振文.2010.架式与新梢留量对赤霞珠葡萄酒中单体酚的影响.中国农业科学,43(18):3784~3790.
张宁南,徐大平, JimMorris,等.2003.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究.林业科学研究,16(6):661~667.
张永丽,肖凯,李雁鸣.2005.种植密度对杂种小麦C6-38/Py85-1旗叶光合特性和产量的调控效应及其生理机制.作物学报,31(4):498~505.
张振文,华玉波,张军贤.2010.不同整形方式对赤霞珠霜霉病和炭疽病的影响.西北农业学报,19(9):61~65.
张振文,张军贤,华玉波.2009.胶东半岛葡萄栽培与病害的研究.第六届国际葡萄与葡萄酒学术研讨会论文集,50~60.
张志良,瞿伟菁.2002.植物生理实验指导（第三版）.北京:高等教育出版社,
张志山,张小由,谭会娟,等.2007.热平衡技术与气孔计法测定沙生植物蒸腾.北京林业大学学报,29(1):60~66.
赵大中,罗先实,鲁俊良,等.1995.柑桔砧木矮化预选指标的解剖学研究.果树科学,12(4):219~223.
赵文飞,王华田,亓立云,等.2007.春季麻栎树干边材木质部液流垂直变化及其滞后效应.植物生态学报,31(2):320~325.
赵志磊.2003.不同时期套袋对长富2苹果品质及果实发育的影响.河北农业大学.
赵中华.2008.新疆葡萄农业机械应用现状及发展方向.农业开发研究,2:47~48.
周贤军,吴定尧,黄辉白,等.1996.不同环剥形式对“糯米糍”荔枝产量及果实品质的影响.广东农业科学,2:17~19.
周贤军,吴定尧,黄辉白.1998.螺旋环剥对荔枝14C光合产物转运及分配的影响.核农学报,12(6):365~368.
Adiku S G K, Renger M, Wessolek G, et al.2001. Simulation of the drymatter production and seed yield ofcommon beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agr Water Manage,47:55~68.
Anonymous.1990. O.I.V. International analysis methods of wines and must. Organisation Internationale dela Vigne et du Vin, Paris.
Arneth A, Kelliher F M, Bauer G, et al.1996. Environmental regulation of xylem sap flow and totalconductance of Larix gmelinii trees in eastern Siberia. Tree Physiol,4:5~9.
Ashton P, Olander L P, Berlyn G P, et al.1998. Changes in leaf structure in relation to crown position andtree size of Betula papyrifera within fire-origin stands of interior cedar-hemlock. Can J Bot,76:1180~1187.
Atia M M M, Aly Z, Tohamy M R A, et al.2003. Histopathological studies on grapevine Die-back. Am JBot,110:131~142.
Bancal P, Soltani F.2002. Source sink partitioning. Do we need Munch? J Exp Bot,53(376):1919~1928.
Barry K M, Pearce R B, Evans S D, et al.2001. Initial defense responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens(Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol,58:63~72.
Baryla A, Carrier P, et al.2001. Leaf chlorosis in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) grown oncadmium-polluted soil: causes and consequences for photosynthesis and growth. Planta,212(5~6):696~709.
Basak M, Sharma M, Chakraborty U.2001. Biochemical responses of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kunt ze toheavy metal stress. J Environ Biol,22(1):37~41.
Becker P.1996. Sap flow in Bornean heath and dipterocarp forest trees duringwet and dry periods. TreePhysiol,16:295~299.
Beckman C.1987. The nature of wilt diseases of plants. APS Press.
Paul S T, Beckman C H, Talboys P W,1981. Anatomy of resistance. In: Mace ME, Bell AA, Beckman, C.H.,(eds) Fungal wilt diseases of plants. Academic Press, New York,487~521.
Bergqvist J, Dokoozlian N, Ebisuad N.2001. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growthand composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the central San Joaquin Valley of California.Am J Enol Viticult,52(1):1~7.
Bertamini M, Muthuchelian K, Nedunchez hian N.2002. Iron deficiency induced changes on the donorside of PS II in field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.cv. Pinot noir) leaves. Plant Sci,162:599~605.
Bidel L P R, Pagès L, Rivirère L M, et al.2000. Mass Flow Dyn I: A carbon transport and partitioningmodel for root system architecture. Ann Bot,85:869~886.
Bissing D.R.1982. Variation in qualitative anatomical features of the xylem of selected dicotyledonouswoods in relation to water availability. B Torrey Bot Club,109:371~384.
Biswas A K, Mondal S K.1986. Regulation by kinetin and abscisic acid of correlative senescence inrelation to grain maturation, source-sink relationship and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant GrowthRegul,4:239~245.
Bonsen K J M, Kucera L J.1990. Vessel occlusion in plants: morphological functional and evolutionaryaspects. IAWA Bull,11:393~399.
Brown G E, Kirkham T, Lancaster R.1995. The pruning of trees, shrubs and conifers. Portland, Oregon,USA: Timber.
Burgess S S O.2006. Measuring transpiration responses to summer precipitation in aMediterranean climate:a simple screening tool for identifying plant water-use strategies. Physiol Plantarum,127:404~412.
Buttrose M S, Hale C R, Kliewer W M.1971. Effect of temperature on the composition of “CabernetSauvignon” berries. Am J Enol Viticult,22:71~75.
Caldwell M M, Richards J H.1989. Hydraulic lift: water efflux from upper roots improves effectiveness ofwater uptake by deep roots. Oecologia,79:1~5.
Canny M J.1997. Tyloses and the maintenance of transpiration. Ann Bot,80:565~570.
Carlquist S.1988. Comparative Wood Anatomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,41~81.
Carlquist S J.1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. California. University of California Press.
Cermák J, K cera J, Nadezhdina N.2004. Sap flowmeasurementswith some thermodynamicmethods, flowintegration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands.Trees,18:529~546.
Cochard H, Coll Le, Roux XL, et al.2002. Unraveling the effects of plant hudraulics on stomatal closureduring water stress in walnut. Plant Physiol,128,282~290.
Cochard H, Tyree M T.1990. Xylem dysfunction in Quercus vessel sizes tyloses cavitation and seasonalchanges in embolism. Tree Physiol,6:393~408.
Cohen S, Naor A.2002. The effectof three rootstocksonwateruse, canopy conductance and hydraulicparametersofapple trees and predicting canopy from hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Environ,25:17~28.
Cohen S D, Tarara J M, Kennedy J A.2008. Assessing the impact of temperature on grape phenolicmetabolism. Anal Chim Acta,621(1):57~67.
Cohen Y, Cohen S, CantuariasA T, et al.2007. Variations in the radialgradientofsap velocity in trunks offorestand fruit trees. Plant Soi,305:49~59.
Collins B R, Parke J L, Lachenbruch B, et al.2009. The effects of Phytophthora ramorum infection on thehydraulic conductivity and tylosis formation in tanoak sapwood. Can J Forest Res,39:1766–1776.
Cook M G, Evans L T.1983. The roles of sink size and location in the partitioning of assimilates in wheatears. Func Plant Biol,10:313~327.
Corelli G L, Lakso A N, Flore J A.1994. Early season patterns of carbohydrate partitioning in exposed andshaded apple branches. J Am Soc Hortic Sci,119(3):596~603.
Corelli G L, Ravaglia G, Asirelli A.1996. Shoot type and light exposure influnce carbon partitioning inpeach cv. Elegant Lady. J Hortic Sci,71(4):533~543.
Cowan I R.1978. Stomatal behavior and environment. Adv Bot Res,4:117~228
De Schepper V, Steppe K, van Labeke M C, et al.2010. Detailed analysis of double girdling effects on stemdiameter variations and sap flow in young oak trees. Environ Exp Bot,68:149~156.
Delzon S, Loustau D.2005. Age-related decline in stand water use: sap flow and transpiration in a pineforest chronosequence. Agr Forest Meteorol,129:105~119.
Demmig-Adams B, Adams W W III.1996. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform responseto excess direc sunlight among higher plant species. Planta,198:460~470.
Devitt D, Sala A, Mace K A, et al.1997. The effect of applied water on the water use of saltcedar in adesert riparian Environment. J Hydrol,192(1/4):223~246.
Dogu S, Dinc M, Pinar N M.2012. Anatomical and micromorphological differentiation in the genusMoltkia Lehm in Turkey. Pak J Bot,44(3):1083~1090.
Dokoozlian N K, Kliewer W M.1996. Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition variesduring fruit development. J Am Soc Hort Sci,121:869~874.
Eamus D.1991. The interaction of rising CO2and temperatureswithwater-use efficiency. Plant CellEnviron,14:843~852.
Esau K.1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. New York: John Wiley&Sons.351~372
Falc o L D, Chaves E S, Burin V M, et al.2008. Maturity of Cabernet Sauvignon berries from grapevinesgrown with two different training systems in a new grape growing region in Brazil. Ciencia eInvestigación Agraria,35(3):271~282.
Farquhar G D, Sharkey T D.1982. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Ann Rcv Plant Physiol,33:317~345.
Farrar J F, Jones D L.2000. The control of carbon acquisition by roots. New Phytol,147:43~53.
Ferreira R B, Shaw N M.1989. Effect of osmotic stress on protcinturnover in Lemna minorfrond. Planta,179:456~465.
Fishler M, Goldschmidt E E, Monselise S P.1983. Leaf area and fruit size on girdled grape fruit branches. JAmer Soc Hort Sci,108:218~221.
Ford C R, Mcguire M A, Mitchell R J, et al.2004. Assessing variation in the radial profile of sap fluxdensity in Pinus species and its effect on daily water use. Tree Physiol,24:241~249.
Ford R J.2007. The effect of shading and crop load on flavour and aroma compounds in Sauvignon Blancgrapes and wine. Canterbury Lincoln University.
Foster A S, Gifford E M.1983. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Beijing: Science.
Foster RC.1967. Fine structure of tyloses in three species of the Myrtaceae. Aust J Bot,15:25~34.
Galel P.2000. General viticulture. Oenoplurimé dia sal Cháteau de Chaintré, Chaintré, France.
Gamage H K, Ashton M S, Singhakumara BM P.2003. Leaf structure of Syzygium spp (Myrtaceae) inrelation to site affinity within a tropical rain forest. Bot J Linn Soc,141:365~377.
Genty B, Briantais J M, Baker N R.1989. The relationship between quantum yield of photosyntheticelectron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,990:87~92.
Ghafoor K, Al-Juhaimi F, Choi Y H.2011. Effects of grape (vitis Labrusca B.) peel and seed extracts onphenolics, antioxidants and anthocyanins in grape juice. Pak J Bot,43(3):1581~1586.
Girard B, Fukumoto L, Mazza G, et al.2002. Volatile terpene constituents on maturing Gewürztraminergrapes from British Columbia. Am J Enol Viticult,53(2):99~109.
Graham I A, Martin T.2000. Control of photosynthesis, allocation and partitioning by sugar regulatedgene expression. In: Richard C L, Thomas D S, Susanne v C, eds. Photosynthesis: physiology andmetabolism. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers,233~248.
Granier A.1987. Evaluation of transportation in a douglas-firstand by means of sap flow meansurements.Tree Physiol,3:309~320.
Granier A, Anfodillo T, Sabatti M, et al.1995. Axial and radial water flow in the trunks of oak tree: aquantitative and qualitative analysis.Tree physiol,14:1381~1396.
Granier A, Huc R, Barigah S T.1996. Transpiration of natural rain forest and its dependence on climaticfactors. Agri For Meteorol,78:19~29.
Green S R, Clothier B E, McLeod D J.1997. The response of sap flow in apple roots to localised irrigation.Agr Water Manage,33:63~78.
Greven M, Neal S, Green S, et al.2009. The effects of drought on the water use, fruit development and oilyield from young olive trees. Agr Water Manage,96:1525~1531.
Grime J P, Thompson K, Hunt R, et al.1997. Integrated screening validates primary axes of specializationin plants. Oikos,79:259~281
Gullo M A L, Noval L C, Salleo S, et al.2004. Hydraulic Architecture of Plants of Helianthus Annuus L.cv.Margot: Evidence for Plant Segmentation in Herbs. J Exp Bot,55:1549~1556.
Halis Y, Djehichi S, Senoussi M M.2012. Vessel development and the importance of lateral flow in watertransport within developing bundles of current-year shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Trees,26:705~714.
Hansen P.1967.14C-studies on apple trees.(The effect of the fruit on the translocation and distribution ofphotosynthates. Physiol Plant,20:382~391.
Herzog K M, Thum R, Kronfub R, et al.1998. Pattern andmechanisms of transpiration in a largesubalpineNorway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Ecol Res,13:105~116.
Hinckley T M, Brooks J R, Cermak J, et al.1994. Water flux in a hybrid poplar stand. Tree Physiol,14:1005~1018.
Ho L C.1988. Metabolism, compartmentation of imported sugars in sink organs in relation to sink strength.Ann Rev Plant Physoil,39:355~378.
Holt H E, Francis I L, Field J, et al.2008. Relationships between berry size, berry phenolic compositionand wine quality scores for Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) from different pruning treatmentsand different vintages. Aust J Grape Wine R,14:191~202.
Howell G S.2001. Sustainable grape productivity and the growth-yield relationship: A review. Am J EnolViticult,52(3):165~174.
Infante J M, Mauchamp A, Fernandez A, et al.2001. Within tree variation in transpiration in isolatedevergreen oak trees, evidence in support of the pipe model theory. Tree Physiology,21(6):409~414.
International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) Committee.1989. IAWA List of MicroscopicFeatures for Hardwood Identification. IAWA Bull,10:219~332.
Jedrzejuk A, Zakrzewski J.2009. Xylem occlusions in the stems of common lilac during postharvest life.Acta Physiol Plant,31:1147~1153.
Jennifer R, Gottwald, Patrick J, et al.2000. Genetic evidence for the in planta role of phloem-specificplasma membrane sucrose transporters. PNAS,25:13979~13984.
Jones G V, Davis R E.2000. Climate Influences on Grapevine Phenology, Grape Composition, and WineProduction and Quality for Bordeaux, France. Am J Enol Viticult,51(3):249~261.
Kage H, Kochler M, Stützel H.2004. Root growth and dry matter partitioning of cauliflower under droughtstress conditions: measurement and simulation. Eur J Agron,20:379~394.
Kang S Z, Hu X T, Du T S, et al.2003. Transpiration coefficient and ratio of transpiration toevapotranspiration of pear tree (Pyrus communis L.) under alternative partial root-zone dryingconditions. Hydrol Process,17:1165~1176.
Kaps M L, Cahoon G A.1992. Growth and Fruiting of Container-Grown Seyval blanc GrapevinesModified by Changes in Crop Level, Leaf Number and Position, and Light Exposure. Am J EnolViticult,43(2):191~199.
Kelliher F M, Kostner B M, Hollinger DY, et al.1992. Transpiration, xylem sap flow, and tree traspirationin a New Zealand broadleaved forest. Agric For Meteorol,62:53~73.
Kemaniana A R, Stocklea C O, Hugginsb D R.2005. Transpiration-use efficiency of barley. Agr ForestMeteorol,130(1,2):1~11.
Kennedy J A, Matthews M A, Waterhouse A L.2002. Effect of maturity and vine water status on grape skinand wine flavonoids. Am J Enol Viticult,53(4):268~274.
Kinet J M, Leonard M.1983. The role of cytokinins and gibberellins in cont roll ing inflorescencedevelopment in tomato. Acta Horti,134:117~124.
King R W, Zeevaart J A D.1974. Enhancement of phloem exudation from cutpetioles by chelating agents.Plant Physiol,53:96~103.
Kitin P B, Fujii T, Abe H, et al.2004. Anatomy of the vessel network within and between tree rings ofFraxinus lanuginose (Oleaceae). Am J Bot,91:779~788.
Kumagai T, Aoki S, Nagasawa H, et al.2005. Effects of tree-to-tree and radial variations on sap flowestimates of transpiration in Japanese cedar. Agr Forest Meteorol,135:110~116.
Kummuang N, Smith B J, Diehl S V, et al.1996. Muscadine grape berry rot diseases in Mississippi: diseaseidentification and incidence. Plant Dis,80:238~243.
Leuzinger S T, Krner C.2007. Water savings inmature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO2. GlobalChange Biol,13:1~11.
Li S H, Gênard M, Bussi C, et al.2001. Fruit quality and leaf photosynthesis in response tomicroenvironment modification around individual fruit by covering the fruitwith p lastic in nectarineand peach trees. J Hortic Sci Biotech,76:61~69.
Liang J, Zhang J.1997. Collection of xylem sap at flow rate similar to in vivo transpiration flux. Plant CellPhysiol,38(12):1375~1381.
Lim P T, Leaw C P, Kobiyama A, et al.2010. Growth and toxin production of tropical Alexandriumminutum Halim (Dinophyceae) under various Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios. J Appl Phycol,22(2):203~210.
Lindorf H.1997. Wood and leaf anatomy in Sessea corymbiflora from an ecological perspective. IAWA J,18:157~168.
Liu F, Stützel H.2004. Biomass partitioning, specific leaf area, and water use efficiency of vegetableamaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in response to drought stress. Scienta Hortic,102:15~27.
Liu X Z, Kang S Z, Li F S.2009. Simulation of artificial neural network model for trunk sap flow of Pyruspyrifolia and its comparison with multiple-linear regression. Agr Water Manage,96:939~945.
Lo G M A, Castri N L, Salleo S, et al.2004. Hydraulic architecture of plants of Helianthus annuusL.cv.Margot:evidence for plant segmentation in herbs. J Exp Bot,55:1549~1556.
Lu P, Biron P, Bread N, et al.1995. Water realtions of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) under droughtin the Vosges Mountains: Water potential, stomatal conductance and traspirantion. Ann Sci For,52:117~129.
Lu P, Muller W J, Chacko E K.2000. Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk oforchard_grown, mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions. Tree Physiol,20(10):683~692.
Mabrouk H, Sinoquet H.1998. Indices of light microclimate and canopy structure of grapevinesdetermined by3D digitizing and image analysis, and their relationship to grape quality. Austral JGrape Wine Res,4:2~13.
Macaulay L E, Morris J R.1993. Influence of cluster exposure and winemaking processes on monoterpenesand wine quality of Golden Muscat. P.3rd Int. Sympo. Cool Climate Viticult Enol,44:187~190.
Macdonald S E, Chinnappa C C.1989. Population differentiation for phenotypic plasticity in the Stellarialongipes complex. Am J Bot,76:1627~1637.
Maier C A, Clinton B D.2006. Relationship between stem CO2efflux, stem sap velocity and xylem CO2concentration in young loblolly pine trees. Plant Cell Environ,29:1471~1483.
Mandal K J, Sinha A C.2004. Nutrient management effects on light interception, photosynthesis, growth,dry-matter production and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J Agron Crop Sci,190:119~129.
Marcelis L F M.1996. Sink strength as a determinant of dry matter partitioning in the whole plant. J ExpBot,47:1281~1291.
Marcelis L F M.1993. Fruit growth and biomass allocation to the fruits in cucumber.1. Effect of fruit loadand temperature. Sci Horti,54:107~121.
Marchetti R, Guerzoni M E, Gentile M.1984. Research on the etiology of a new disease of grapes: Sour rot.Vitis,23:55~65.
Martin T A, Brown K J, Cermak J, et al.1997. Crown conductance and tree and stand transpiration in asecond-growth Abies amabilis forest. Can J For Res,27:797~808.
Martin T A.2000. Winter season tree sap flow and stand transpiration in an intensively-managed loblollyand slash pine plantation. J Sustainable For,10(1/2):155~163.
Mattew J P, Christine H F.2001. Sink regulation of photosynthesis. J Exp Bot,52(360):1383~1400.
McElrone A J, Grant J A, Kluepfel D A.2010. The role of tyloses in crown hydraulic failure of maturewalnut trees afflicted by apoplexy disorder. Tree Physiol,30:761~772.
Meuser J, Frensch J.1998. Hydraulic properties of living late metaxylem and interactions betweentranspiration and xylem pressure in maize. J Exp Bot,49:69~77.
Minchin P E H, Thorpe M R, Farrar J F.1993. A simple mechanistic model of phloem transport whichexplains sink priority. J Exp Bot,44:947~955.
Mitchell P J, Veneklaas E, Lambers H, et al.2009. Partitioning of evapotranspiration in a semi-arideucalypt woodland in south-western Australia. Agr Forest Meteorol,149:25~37.
Mollenhauer H H, Hopkins D L.1976. Xylem morphology of Pierce’s disease infected grapevines withdifferent levels of tolerance. Physiol Plant Pathol,9:95–100.
Moreno F, Fernandez J E, Clothier B E, et al.1996. Transpiration and root water uptake by olive trees.Plant Soil,184:85~96.
Morton L.2000. Viticulture and grapevine declines: lessons of black goo. Phytopathol Mediterr,39:59–67.
Mott K A, Gibson A G, O’Leary J W.1982. The adaptive significance of amphistomatic leaves. Plant CellEnviron,9:455~460
Muhammad A F, Sattle R.1982. Vessel structure of Gnetum and the origin of angiosperms. Am J Bot,69:1004–1021.
Mundy D C, Manning M A.2011. Physiological response of grapevines to vascular pathogens: a review.New Zealand Plant Prot,64:7~16.
Munné-Bosch S, Nogués S, Alegre L.1999. Diurnal of variations of photosynthesis and dew absorption byleaves in two evergreen shrubs growing in Mediterranean field conditions. New Phytol,144:109~119.
Munoz C, Sepulveda G, Garcia-Huidobro J, et al.1986. Determining thermal time required for fruitdevelopment in low-chilling peaches. HortSci,21:520~5221.
Nadezhdina N, ermák J.2003. Instrumental methods for studies of structure and function of root systemsin large trees. J Exp B,54:1511~1521.
Nadezhdina N, ermák J, Ceulemans R.2002. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant andunderstory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensensors. Tree Physiol,22:907~918.
Nadezhdina N, Nadezhdin V, Ferreira M I, et al.2007. Variability with xylem depth in sap flow in trunksand branches ofmature olive trees.Tree Physiol,27:105~113.
Nonnecke G R.1980. The influence of cluster-thinning and shoot-tip removal on'Seyval'grapevines. OhioState University.
O.I.V.2013. Statistical report on world vitiviniculture.
Oren R, Phillips N, Ewers B E, et al.1999. Sap-flux-scaled transpiration response to light,vapor pressuredeficit,and leaf area reduction in a flooded Taxodium distichum forest. Tree Physiol,19:337~347.
Ouzounidou G.1996. The use of photoacoustic spect roscopy in assessing leaf photosynthesis under copperstress: Correlation of energy storage to photosystem fluorescence paramet ers and redox change ofP700. Plant Sci,113:229~237.
Pallardy S G.1989. Hydraulic architecture and conductivity: an overview. In: Kreeb K H, Richter H,Hinckley T M, et al. Structural and functionl response to environment stresses. Netherlands, Hague:Academic Publishing,3~19.
Palmqvist K, Sundberg B.2000. Light use efficiency of dry matter gain in five macro-lichens: Relativeimpact if microclimate conditions and species-specific traits. Plant Cell Environ,23:1~14.
Palomo M J, Díaz-Espejo A, Fernández J E, et al.1998. Using sap flowmeasurements to quantifywaterconsumption in the olive tree. In: L S Pereira and JW E Gowing. Eds [C].Water Environ. London,205~212.
Parameswaran N, Knigge H, Liese W.1985. Electron microscopic demonstration of a suberised layer in thetylosis wall of beech and oak. IAWA Bull,6:269–271.
Parke J L, Oh E, Voelker S, et al.2007. Phytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associatedwith reduced stem water transport. Am Phytopath Society,97:1558–1567.
Pataki D E, Huxman TE, Jordan D N, et al.2000. Wateruse of two Mojave Desert shrubs under elevatedCO2. Global Change Biol,6:889~897.
Pataki D E, Oren R, Tissue D T.1998. Elevated carbon dioxide doesnotaffectaverage canopy stomatalconductance of Pinus taeda L. Oecologia,117:47~52.
Pataki D E, Oren R.2003. Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in amature bottomland deciduous forest. Adv Water Resour,26:1267~1278.
Paul J, Schulte J, Renee Brooks.2003. Branch junctions and the flow of water through xylem inDouglas-fir and ponderosa pine stems. J Exp Bot,54:1597~1605.
Penfound W T.1931. Plant anatomy as conditioned by light intensity and soil moisture. Am J Bot,18:558~572.
Perveen A, Qaiser M.2012. Pollen flora of Parkistan-LXX: Chenopodiaceae. Pak J Bot,44(4):1219~1224.
Pharr O, Huber S C, Sox H N.1985. Leaf carbohydrat e status and enzymes of t ranslocate synthesis infruiting and vegetative plants of Cucumis sativus L. Plant Physiol,77:104~108.
Phillips N, Bond B J, Mcdowell N G, et al.2003. Leaf area compounds height-related hydraulic costs ofwater transport in Oregon White Oak trees. Funct Ecol,17:832~840.
Poorter H, de Jong R A.1999. A comparison of specific leaf area, chemical composition and leafconstruction costs of field plants from15habitats differing in productivity. New Phytol,143:163~176.
Possingham J V.1994. New concepts in pruning grapevines. Horic Rev,16:235~254.
Poyatos R, ermák J, Llorens P.2007. Variation in the radial patterns of sap flux density in pubescent oak(Quercus pubescens) and its implications for tree and stand transpiration measurements. Tree Physiol,27:537~548.
Quartacci M F, Pinzino C, Cristina L M.2000. Growth in excess copper induces changes in the lipidcomposition and fluidity of PSII-enriched membranes in wheat. Physiol Plantarum,108:87~93.
Rance S J, Myers R J K, Cameron D M.2009. Dynamics of uptake, distribution and utilization of nitrogenapplied at different times after planting in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation. Plant Soil,324:241~252.
Ranjani K, Krishnamurthy K V.1988. Tyloses of the root wood of Cassia fistula L. Feddes Repert,99:147~149.
Recas G, Barros CF, Scarano FR.1997. Leaf anatomy plasticity of A lchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiaceae)under distinct light regimes in a Brazilian montane Atlantic rain forest. Trees Struct Funct,11:469~473.
Rigoberto R S, JosuéK S, Jorge A A G, et al.2004. Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield indrought-stressed common bean cultivars. Field Crops Research,85:203~211.
Ristic R, Downey M, Iland P G, et al.2007. Exclusion of sunlight from Shiraz grapes alters wine colour,tannin and sensory properties. Aus J Grape Wine Res,13(2):53~65.
Ruzin S E.1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University. Press, New York, NY, pp322.
Saitoh T, Ohtani J, Fukazawa K.1993. The occurrence and morphology of tyloses and gums in the vesselsof Japanese hard woods. IAWA J,14:359~371.
Sakuratani T.1981. A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. J AgrMeteorol,37:9–17.
Salleo, Nordin A,Tyree M T, et al.2000. Xylem cavitation and hyd raulic control of stom atal conductanceinlaurel (Laurus nobilis L.). Plant Cell Environ,23:71~79.
Saveyn A, Steppe K, McGuire M A, et al.2008. Stem respiration and carbon dioxide efflux of youngPopulus deltoids trees in relation to temperature and xylem carbon dioxide concentration. Oecologia,154:637~649.
Schepper V D, Steppe K, Labeke M C V, et al.2010. Detailed analysis of double girdling effects on stemdiameter variations and sap flow in young oak trees. Environ Exp Bot,68:149~156.
Schiller G, Cohen S, Ungar E D, et al.2007. Estimating water use of sclerophyllous species underEast-Mediterranean climate Ⅲ. Taboroak forestsap flow distribution and transpiration. Forest EcolManage,238:147~155.
Schmitt U, Liese W.1993. Response of xylem parenchyma by suberization in some hardwoods aftermechanical injury. Trees,8:23~30.
Schulte P J, Brooks R.2003. Renee Brooks. Branch junctions and the flow of water through xylem inDouglas-fir and ponderosa pine stems. J Exp Bot,54:1597~1605.
Schultz H R, Matthews M A.1993. Growth, osmotic adjustment and cell-wallmechanics of expandinggrape leaves during water deficits. Crop Sci,33(1):287~294.
Scott P C, Miller L W, Webster B D, et al.1967. Structural changes during bean leaf abscission. Am J Bot,54:730~734.
Sellami M H, Sifaoui M S.2003. Estimating transpiration in an intercropping system: measuring sap flowinside the oasis. Agr Water Manage,59:191~204.
Sepúlveda G. Kliewer W M.1986. Effect of High Temperature on Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). II.Distribution of Soluble Sugars. Am J Enol Viticult,37(1):20~25.
Souza R P, Valio I F M.1999. Carbon translocation as affected by shade in saplings of shade tolerant andintolerant species. Biol Plantarum,42(4):631~636.
Spayd S E, Tarara J M, Mee D L, et al.2002. Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on thecomposition of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot berries. Am J Enol Viticult,53(3):171~182.
Sperry J S.1997. Freezing-induced xylem cavitation and the northern limit of larrea tridentate.Oecologia,109:19~27.
Sperry J S.2003. Evolution of water transport and xylem structure. Int J Plant Sci,164:S115~S127.
Stevenson J F, Matthews M A, Greve L C, et al.2004. Grapevine susceptibility to Pierce’s disease. II.Progression of anatomical symptoms. Am J Enol Viticult,55:238~245.
Stoev K, Slavtcheva T.1982. Net photosynthesis in the vine (Vitis vinifera L.) and ecological factors.Connaissance de la Vigne et du Vin,16(3):171~185.
Stratton L, Goldstein G, Meinzer F C.2000. Stem water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport:their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest. Plant Cell Environ,23:99~106.
Sultan S E, Bazzaz F A.1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria III. The evolution ofecological breadth for nutrient environment. Evol,47:1050~1071
Sun Q, Rost T L, Matthews M A.2006a. Pruning-induced tylose development in stems of current-yearshoots of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae). Am J Bot,93:1567~1576.
Sun Q, Rost T L, Reid M S, et al.2007. Ethylene and not embolism is required for wound-induced tylosedevelopment in stems of grapevines. Plant Physiol,145:1629~1636.
Sun Q, Rost T R, Matthews M A.2008. Wound-induced vascular occlusions in Vitis Vinifear (Vitaceae):Tyloses in summer and gels in winter. Am J Bot,95:1498~1505.
Sun Q, Sun Y L, Walker M A, et al.2013. Vascular occlusions in grapevines with Pierce’s disease makedisease symptom development worse. Plant Physio,161:1529~1541.
Sylvain D, Denis L.2005. Age-related decline in stand water use: sap flow and transpiration in a pine forestchronosequence. Agr Forest Meteorol,129:105~119
Tanaka A, Fujita K.1974. Nutriophsiological studies on the tomato plant. IV. Source sink relationships andthe structure of the source sink unit. Soil Sci Plant Nutr,20:305~315.
Taneda H, Tateno M.2007. Effects of transverse movement of water in xylem on patterns of watertransport within current-year shoots of kudzu vine, Pueraria lobata. Funct Ecol,21:226~234.
Tardaguila J, Petrie P R, Poni S, et al.2008. Effect of mechanical thinning on yield and fruit compositon ofTempranillo and Grenache grapes trained to a vertical shoot-positioned canopy. Am J Enol Viticult,59(4):412~417.
Teskey R O, Sheriff D W.1996. Water use by Pinus radiata trees in a plantation. Tree physiol,16:273~279.
Tian R R, Pan Q H, Zhan J C, et al.2009. Comparison of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols during winefermentation of grapes with different harvest times. Molecules,14:827~838
Tognetti R, Longobucco A, Miglietta F M, et al.1998. Transpiration and stomatal behaviour of Quercusilex plants during the summer in aMediterranean carbon dioxide spring. Plant Cell Environ,21:613~622.
Tzyy J C, Daniel R.1998. Bush.Sucrose is a signal molecule in assimilate partitioning. Plant Biol,95:4784~4788.
Uribe E G, Stark B.1982. Inhibition of photosynthetic energy conversion by cupricion. Evidence forCu2+-coupling factor I interaction. Plant Physiol,69:1040~1045.
Vanden Ende W, Roover J D, Laere A V.1999. Effect of nitrogen concentration on fructan metabolizingenzymes in young chicory plants (Cichorium intybus). Physiol Plant,105:2~8.
Vandermolen G E, Beckman C H, Rodehorst E.1987. The ultrastructure of tylose formation in resistantbanana following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol,31:185~200.
Wang X Q, Huang W D.2003. Effects of Weak Light on the Ultrastructural Variations of Phloem Tissues inSource Leaves of Three-Year-Old Nectarine Trees (Prunus persica L. var. nectarina Ait.). Acta Bot Sin,45(6):688~697.
Wang Z L, Fu J M, He M R, et al.1997. Planting density effects on assimilation and partitioning ofphotosynthates during grain filling in the late-sown. Photosynthetica,33:199~204.
Wang Z P, Deloire A, Carbonneau A, et al.2003. An in vivo experimental system to study sugar phloemunloading in ripening grape berries during water deficiency stress. Ann Bot,92:523~528.
Wardlaw I F.1990. The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytol,116:341~381.
Webster B D.1973. Anatomical and histochemical changes in leaf abscission. In Kozlowski, T. T.[ed.],Shedding of plant parts, Academic Press, New York, USA, pp45~83.
Weyand K M, Schultz H R.2006a. Light interception, gas exchange and carbon balance of different canopyzones of minimally and cane-pruned field-grown Riesling grapevines. Vitis,45:105~114.
Weyand K M, Schultz H R.2006b. Long-term dynamics of nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves in woodyparts of minimally and severely pruned Riesling vines in a cool climate. Am J Enol Viticult,57:172~182.
Whirehead D, Sheriff D W, Greer D H.1983. The relationship between stomatal conductance, transpirationrate and tracheid structure in Pinus radiata clones grown at different water vapour saturation deficits.Plant Cell Environ,6:703~710.
Williams J H H, Minchin P E H, Farrar J F.1991. Carbon partitioning in split root systems of barley: theeffect of osmotica. J Exp Bot,42:453~460.
Wilson K B, Hanson P J, Mulholland P J, et al.2001. A comparison of methods for determining forestevapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchmentwater balance. Agr Forest Meteorol,106:153~168.
Wullschleger S D, Gunderson C A, Hanson P J, et al.2002. Sensitivity of stomatal and canopy conductanceto elevated CO2concentration-interacting variables and perspectives of scale. New Phytol,153:485~496.
Wullschleger S D, King A W.2000. Radial variation in sap velocity as a function of stem diameter andsapwoodthickness in yellow poplar trees. Tree Physiol,20:511~518.
Wullschleger S D, Norby R J.2001. Sap velocity and canopy transpiration in a sweetgum stand exposed tofree-air CO2enrichment (FACE). New Phytol,150:489~498.
Wullschleger S D, King A W.2000. Radial variation in sap velocity as a function of stem diameter andsapwood thickness in a yellow-poplar tree. Tree Physiol,20:511~518.
Xia G H, Zhang D P, Jia W S.2010. Effects of IAA, GA and ABA on14C-sucrose Import and Metabolismin Grape Berries. Acta Hortic Sin,27(1):6~10.
Yokotsuka K, Nagao A, Nakazawa K, et al.1999. Changes in anthocyanins in berry skins of Merlot andCabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in two soils modified with limestone or oyster shell versus a nativesoil over two years. Am J Enol Viticult,50(1):1~12.
Yu J Q.1999. Parthenocarpy induced by N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylure (CPPU) prevents flowerabortion in Chinese white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria leucantha). Envir Exper Bot,42:112~119.
Yunusa I A M, Walker R R, Loveys B R, et al.2000. Determination of transpiration in irrigated grapevines:comparison of the heat-pulse technique with gravimetric and micrometeorological methods. Irrig Sci,20:1~8.
Zhao X H, Li C X, Nan L J, et al.2013. A new grape shaping method in the soil-bury over-wintering zoneof arid and semiarid areas. Pak J Bot,45(4):1307~1314.
Zimmermann M H.1979. The discovery of tylose formation by a Viennese Lady in1845. IAWA Bull,3:51~56.
Zimmermann M H.2002. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Berlin, Germany.
Zimmermann M H.1982. Functional xylem anatomy of angiosperms. New Persp Wood Anat,1:59~70.
别之龙,刘佩瑛.1998.弱光对辣椒落花和光合作用的影响.核农学报,12(5):314~316.
曹慧,周磊.2007.水分胁迫下非气孔因素对葡萄叶片光合作用的影响.潍坊学院学报,7(2):56~59.
曹文强,韩海荣,马钦彦,等.2004.山西太岳山辽东栎夏季树干液流通量研究.林业科学,40(2):742~746.
曹文强.2003.山西太岳山主要树种树干液流研究.北京林业大学硕士论文.
崔莉凤,王微.2003.气相色谱法测定芦荟及芦荟干粉中的多糖.色谱,21(1):88~90.
单守明,平吉成,王振平,等.2010.不同架势对设施葡萄光合特性及果实品质的影响.山地农业生物学报.29(2):107~111.
邓西民,韩振海,李绍华,等.1999.果树生物学.北京:高等教育出版社.
杜太生,康绍忠,夏桂敏,等.2005.滴灌条件下不同根区交替湿润对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响.农业工程学报,21(11):43~47.
樊小林,曹新华,郭立彬,等.1996.根系提水作用的土壤水分变异及养分有效性关Ⅱ.黄土性土攘水肥交互和根系提水作用与作物生长效应.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,2:71~76.
范爽,高东升,朝红霞.2006a.设施栽培中桃树14C同化物分配特性的研究.园艺学报,33(5):1067~1070.
范爽,高东升,赵海亮.2006b.设施栽培条件下桃树果实不同发育时期14C-同化物的运转及分配特性.核农学报,20(3):241~244.
房玉林,惠竹梅,陈洁,何建林,张振文.2006.水分胁迫对葡萄光合特性的影响.干旱地区农业研究,24(2):135~138.
费松林,方精云,樊拥军,等.1999.贵州梵净山亮叶水青冈叶片和木材的解剖学特征及其与生态因子的关系.植物学报,41(9):1002~1009
高峻,吴斌,孟平.2010.杏树蒸腾与降水和冠层微气象因子的关系.北京林业大学学报,32(3):14~20.
高岩,刘静,张汝民,等.2001.应用热脉冲技术对小美旱杨耗水量的研究.内蒙古农业大学学报,22(1):44~48.
高俊凤.2000.植物生理学实验技术.西安:世界图书出版公司.
高小锋,王进鑫,张波,等.2010.不同生长期干旱胁迫对刺槐幼树干物质分配的影响.生态学杂志,29(6):1103~1108.
葛才林,骆剑峰,刘冲,等.2005.重金属对水稻光合作用和同化物输配的影响.核农学报,19(3):214~218.
郭太君,焦培娟,等.2004.山葡萄14C同化产物运转分配规律的研究.园艺学报,31(6):797~799.
郭正兵,戴金平,赵静,等.2009.不同架式栽培对3个葡萄品种生长发育的影响.江西农业学报,21(6):61~63.
何春霞,李吉跃,郭明.2007.树木树液上升机理研究进展.生态学报,27(1):329~337.
贺普超.1999.葡萄学.北京:中国农业出版社.
胡志超,田立佳,彭宝良,等.2005.国内外葡萄生产机械化的研究与应用.农业机械化,9:62~63.
黄明斌,张富仓,康绍忠.1999.瞬变条件下土壤-植物系统中的水容效应及其应用研究.干旱地区农业研究,17(1):45~49.
黄卫东,张平,李文清.2002.6-BA对葡萄果实生长及碳、氮同化物运输的影响.园艺学报,29(4):303~306.
惠竹梅,张振文,马新丽,等.2010.行间生草对赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒含氮化合物的影响.中国农业科学,43(19):4045~4052.
贾秀领.2006.小麦木质部导管气栓塞发生特性及节水抗旱生理基础研究.山东农业大学博士学位论文.
姜笑梅,张立飞,周鉴.1995.国产阔叶树材导管中侵填体和树胶的研究.林业科学,31(2):155~159.
金红喜,徐先英,唐进年,等.2006.花棒液流变化规律及其对环境因子的响应.西北植物学报,26(2):354~361.
景士西,吴录平.1986.用ABC法度量果树大小年结果习性.沈阳农业大学学报,17(2):68~70.
刘超,李有春,张劲松等.2011.秋季大叶女贞树干液流径向变化特征.安徽农业科学,39(13):7753~7756.
李华,房玉林.2005.论葡萄产业可持续发展模式的目标—优质、稳产、长寿、美观.科技导报,23(9):20~22.
李华,王华.2010.中国葡萄酒.西北农林科技大学出版社.
李华,王艳君,孟军,等.2009.气候变化对中国酿酒葡萄气候区划的影响.园艺学报,36(3):313~320.
李华.2001.葡萄集约化栽培手册.西安:西安地图出版社.
李华.1991. DESAYMARD分级法在鉴定葡萄霜霉病抗性中的应用.四川农业大学学报,9(2):303~307
李佳,闫田力,赵新节.2004.三种无核葡萄根系分布特点及与早期丰产性能关系的研究.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,6:15~17.
李唯,倪郁,胡自治,等.2003.植物根系提水作用研究评述.西北植物学报,23(6):1056~1062.
李妍，李俊凤，郐作真.2007.葡萄腐烂病的防治方法.果农之友,6:21~23
李英,喻景权.2001. CPPU处理瓠瓜子房对叶片光合作用和14C-同化物分配的影响.核农学报,15(6):355~359.
李广德,贾黎明,富丰珍,等.2010a.三倍体毛白杨不同方位树干边材液流特性研究.西北植物学报,30(6):1209~1218.
李广德,王晓辉,贾黎明,等.2010b.国槐枝叶水分特征及其对树干边材液流的影响.中南林业科技大学学报,30(1):23~28.
李荣春.2000. Cd、Pb及其复合污染对烤烟叶片生理生化及细胞亚显微结构的影响.植物生态学报,24(2):238~242.
李少春,支乾坤,李京创.2008.葡萄白腐病综合防治技术.河北林业,4:33～34
李绍长,王荣栋.1998.作物源库理论的发展及其在生产中的应用.作物杂志,1:9~12.
李树华,许兴,米海莉,等.2003.干旱胁迫对牛心朴子植株生长及渗透调节物质积累的影响.西北植物学报,23(4):592~596.
李玉鼎,张光弟,马金萍.2006.埋土防寒区篱架酿酒葡萄斜于水平式新树形.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,6:25~27.
李正立.1996.植物组织制片技术.北京:北京大学出版社.
林平,李吉跃,马达.2006.北京山区油松林蒸腾耗水特性研究.北京林业大学学报,28(Sl1):47~50.
刘俊,李敬川,王世军,等.2009.不同材料对葡萄防寒效果的研究.河北林业科技,12(6):1~3.
刘玲,雷小明,张军贤,等.2010.不同高度结果部位对酿酒葡萄果实品质的影响.北方园艺,24:21~24.
刘新,葛才林,罗石时,等.1998.韧皮部同化物运输与木质部的关系研究.西南农业大学学报,20(6):588~592.
刘德良,李吉跃,马达.2008.侧柏树干边材液流空间变化规律.生态学杂志,27(8):1262~1268.
鲁如坤.1999.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社.
罗国光.2010.中国葡萄产业面临的历史任务:加快由数量型向质量型转变.果树学报,27(3):431~435.
骆强伟,孙峰,李玉玲,等.2010.葡萄覆盖防寒和埋土防寒越冬比较试验.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,1:37~40,42.
马玲,饶兴权,赵平,等.2007.马占相思整树蒸腾的日变化和季节变化特征.北京林业大学学报,29(1):67~73.
马玲,赵平,饶兴权,等.2005.乔木蒸腾作用的主要测定方法.生态学杂志,24(1):88~96.
马履一,王华田,林平.2003.北京地区几个造林树种耗水性比较研究.北京林业大学学报,25(2):2~7.
潘娈.2007.基于近红外光谱技术的土壤有机质测定仪的开发.北京:中国农业大学.
聂立水,李吉跃.2004.应用TDP技术研究油松树干液流速率.北京林业大学学报,26(6):49~56.
秦永权,张铁林.2008.新疆伊犁地区葡萄主要病害的综合防治技术.中外葡萄与葡萄酒,4:40~41
屈会娟,李金才,沈学善,等.2009.行距对大穗型小麦兰考矮早八同化物质生产及产量的影响.作物学报,35(1):124~131
任万军,杨文钰.2003.始穗后弱光对水稻干物质积累与产量的影响.四川农业大学学报,21(4):292~296.
阮成江,李代琼.2002.黄土丘陵区沙棘林几个水分生理生态特征研究.林业科学研究,15(1):47~53
阮宏华,郑阿宝,钟育谦,等.1999.次生栎树林蒸腾强度与蒸腾量的研究.南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）,23(6):157~167.
桑建荣,李疆.2003.干旱荒漠区核果类果树叶片水分生理特性初步研究.新疆农业大学学报,26(4):52~54
尚念科.2011.树木体内水分长距离运输的负压传递机制.山东林业科技,3:90–92.
施国新,杜开和,等.2000.汞、镉污染对黑藻叶细胞伤害的超微结构研究.植物学报,42(4):373~378.
孙慧珍,周晓峰,康绍忠.2004.应用热技术研究树干液流进展.应用生态学报,15(6):1074~1078.
孙龙.2006.东北东部山区主要林型树木边材液流通量研究.东北林业大学博士论文.
孙守家,古润泽,丛日晨,等.2006.银杏树干茎流变化及其对抑制蒸腾措施的响应.林业科学,42(5):22~28.
孙宪芝,郑成淑,王秀峰.2007.木本植物抗旱机理研究进展.西北植物学报,27(3):629~634.
孙永林,沈繁宜.2008.3种树木节和节间导管接触角的研究.安徽农业科学,36(17):7131~7132
汤亮,朱艳,鞠昌华,等.2007.油菜地上部干物质分配与产量形成模拟模型.应用生态学报,18(3):526~530.
汪强,樊小林.2010.水稻旱作灌浆前组藏同化物的再分配.中国农学通报,26(3):117~120.
王华.2004.葡萄酒分析检测.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社.
王华,赵平,蔡锡安,等.2007.马占相思夜间树干液流的分配及其对整树蒸腾估算的影响.植物生态学报,31(5):777~786.
王淼,代力民,姬兰柱.2001.长白山阔叶红松林主要树种对干旱胁迫的生态反应及生物量分配的初步研究.应用生态学报,12(4):496~500.
王瑞,刘国顺,倪国仕,等.2009.种植密度对烤烟不同部位叶片光合特性及其同化物积累的影响.作物学报,35(12):2288~2295.
王翠玲,曾峰,狄方坤,等.2009.苹果树水分指标日变化及水分利用效率的研究.山东农业科学,4:45~48.
王福均.1989.农学中同位素示踪技术.北京:农业出版社.
王华田.2002.北京市水源保护林区主要树种耗水性的研究.北京:北京林业大学学位论文.
王华田,马履一.2002.利用热扩式边材液流探针(TDP)测定树木整株蒸腾耗水量的研究.植物生态学报,26(6):661~667
王华田,赵文飞,马履一.2006.侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子.林业科学,42(7):21~27
王利军,李家永,战吉成,等.2003.水杨酸对受高温胁迫的葡萄幼苗光合作用和同化物分配的影响.植物生理学通讯,39(3):215~216.
王瑞辉,马履一,奚如春,等.2006.元宝枫生长旺季树干液流动态及影响因素.生态学杂志,25(3):231~237.
王兴银,张福墁.2000.弱光对日光温室黄瓜光合产物分配的影响.中国农业大学学报,5(5):36~41.
王秀芹,黄卫东.2003.弱光对三年生油桃源叶韧皮组织超微结构的影响.植物学报,45(6):688~697.
王秀芹,黄卫东.2004.水杨酸对弱光下‘大久保’桃果实库强的影响.中国农学通报,20(3):169~172,178.
王永章,张大鹏.2000.乙烯对成熟期新红星苹果果实碳水化合物代谢的调控.园艺学报,27(6):391~395.
吴吉林,李永华,叶庆生.2005.美丽异木棉光合特性的研究.园艺学报,32(6):1061~1064.
吴月燕.2004.两个不同葡萄种对高湿弱光气候的表现.生态学报,24(1):156~161.
奚强.2007.最少修剪对酿酒葡萄树体和果实品质的影响.银川:宁夏大学.
奚如春,马履一,王瑞辉,等.2006.林木耗水调控机理研究进展.生态学杂志,25(6):692~697.
夏国海,张大鹏,贾文锁.2000. IAA、GA和ABA对葡萄果实14C蔗糖输入与代谢的调控.园艺学报,27(1):6~10.
熊伟,王彦辉,徐德应.2003.宁南山区华北落叶松人工林蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应.林业科学,39(2):1~7.
夏宜平,郑慧俊,黄春辉,等.2006.东方百合鳞茎更新发育的碳同化物积累与分配.核农学报,20(5):417~422.
谢兆森.2010.根域限制对葡萄果实发育、源库器官及其疏导组织结构的影响.上海交通大学博士论文.
徐飞,杨凤亭,王辉民等.2012.树干液流径向分布格局研究进展.植物生态学报,36(9):1004~1014.
徐济春,林钊沐,罗微,等.2007.矿质营养对光合作用影响的研究进展.安徽农学通报,13(7):23~25.
徐先英,孙保平,丁国栋,等.2008.干旱荒漠区典型固沙灌木液流动态变化及其对环境因子的响应.生态学报,28(3):895~905.
闫文德,田大伦,项文化.2004.樟树林冠层生态因子及其对蒸腾速率的影响.林业科学,40(3):170~173.
严昌荣, Alec Downey,韩兴国,等.1999.北京山区落叶阔叶林中核桃楸在生长中期的树干液流研究.生态学报,19(6):793~797.
战吉成,黄卫东,王利军.2003.植物弱光逆境生理研究综述.植物学通报,20(1):43~50.
战吉成，黄卫东，王秀芹,等.2005.弱光下生长的葡萄叶片蒸腾速率和气孔结构的变化.植物生态学报,29(1):26~31.
张雷,孙鹏森,刘世荣.2009.树干液流对环境变化响应研究进展.生态学报,29(10):5600~5610.
张刚华,陈步峰,聂洁珠,等.2007.热带山地雨林尖峰栲边材液流及其与环境因子的关系.应用生态学报,18(4):742~748.
张谷雄,胡国谦.1987.柑桔矮生和矮化效应预选指标的研究.南京农业大学学报,10(3):37~42.
张劲松,孟平,王鹤松,等.2007.华北石质山区苹果树蒸腾规律及水分供求关系.辽宁工程技术大学学报,26(5):783~786.
张军贤,张振文.2010.架式与新梢留量对赤霞珠葡萄酒中单体酚的影响.中国农业科学,43(18):3784~3790.
张宁南,徐大平, JimMorris,等.2003.雷州半岛尾叶桉人工林树液茎流特征的研究.林业科学研究,16(6):661~667.
张永丽,肖凯,李雁鸣.2005.种植密度对杂种小麦C6-38/Py85-1旗叶光合特性和产量的调控效应及其生理机制.作物学报,31(4):498~505.
张振文,华玉波,张军贤.2010.不同整形方式对赤霞珠霜霉病和炭疽病的影响.西北农业学报,19(9):61~65.
张振文,张军贤,华玉波.2009.胶东半岛葡萄栽培与病害的研究.第六届国际葡萄与葡萄酒学术研讨会论文集,50~60.
张志良,瞿伟菁.2002.植物生理实验指导（第三版）.北京:高等教育出版社,
张志山,张小由,谭会娟,等.2007.热平衡技术与气孔计法测定沙生植物蒸腾.北京林业大学学报,29(1):60~66.
赵大中,罗先实,鲁俊良,等.1995.柑桔砧木矮化预选指标的解剖学研究.果树科学,12(4):219~223.
赵文飞,王华田,亓立云,等.2007.春季麻栎树干边材木质部液流垂直变化及其滞后效应.植物生态学报,31(2):320~325.
赵志磊.2003.不同时期套袋对长富2苹果品质及果实发育的影响.河北农业大学.
赵中华.2008.新疆葡萄农业机械应用现状及发展方向.农业开发研究,2:47~48.
周贤军,吴定尧,黄辉白,等.1996.不同环剥形式对“糯米糍”荔枝产量及果实品质的影响.广东农业科学,2:17~19.
周贤军,吴定尧,黄辉白.1998.螺旋环剥对荔枝14C光合产物转运及分配的影响.核农学报,12(6):365~368.
Adiku S G K, Renger M, Wessolek G, et al.2001. Simulation of the drymatter production and seed yield ofcommon beans under varying soil water and salinity conditions. Agr Water Manage,47:55~68.
Anonymous.1990. O.I.V. International analysis methods of wines and must. Organisation Internationale dela Vigne et du Vin, Paris.
Arneth A, Kelliher F M, Bauer G, et al.1996. Environmental regulation of xylem sap flow and totalconductance of Larix gmelinii trees in eastern Siberia. Tree Physiol,4:5~9.
Ashton P, Olander L P, Berlyn G P, et al.1998. Changes in leaf structure in relation to crown position andtree size of Betula papyrifera within fire-origin stands of interior cedar-hemlock. Can J Bot,76:1180~1187.
Atia M M M, Aly Z, Tohamy M R A, et al.2003. Histopathological studies on grapevine Die-back. Am JBot,110:131~142.
Bancal P, Soltani F.2002. Source sink partitioning. Do we need Munch? J Exp Bot,53(376):1919~1928.
Barry K M, Pearce R B, Evans S D, et al.2001. Initial defense responses in sapwood of Eucalyptus nitens(Maiden) following wounding and fungal inoculation. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol,58:63~72.
Baryla A, Carrier P, et al.2001. Leaf chlorosis in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) grown oncadmium-polluted soil: causes and consequences for photosynthesis and growth. Planta,212(5~6):696~709.
Basak M, Sharma M, Chakraborty U.2001. Biochemical responses of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kunt ze toheavy metal stress. J Environ Biol,22(1):37~41.
Becker P.1996. Sap flow in Bornean heath and dipterocarp forest trees duringwet and dry periods. TreePhysiol,16:295~299.
Beckman C.1987. The nature of wilt diseases of plants. APS Press.
Paul S T, Beckman C H, Talboys P W,1981. Anatomy of resistance. In: Mace ME, Bell AA, Beckman, C.H.,(eds) Fungal wilt diseases of plants. Academic Press, New York,487~521.
Bergqvist J, Dokoozlian N, Ebisuad N.2001. Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growthand composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the central San Joaquin Valley of California.Am J Enol Viticult,52(1):1~7.
Bertamini M, Muthuchelian K, Nedunchez hian N.2002. Iron deficiency induced changes on the donorside of PS II in field grown grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.cv. Pinot noir) leaves. Plant Sci,162:599~605.
Bidel L P R, Pagès L, Rivirère L M, et al.2000. Mass Flow Dyn I: A carbon transport and partitioningmodel for root system architecture. Ann Bot,85:869~886.
Bissing D.R.1982. Variation in qualitative anatomical features of the xylem of selected dicotyledonouswoods in relation to water availability. B Torrey Bot Club,109:371~384.
Biswas A K, Mondal S K.1986. Regulation by kinetin and abscisic acid of correlative senescence inrelation to grain maturation, source-sink relationship and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant GrowthRegul,4:239~245.
Bonsen K J M, Kucera L J.1990. Vessel occlusion in plants: morphological functional and evolutionaryaspects. IAWA Bull,11:393~399.
Brown G E, Kirkham T, Lancaster R.1995. The pruning of trees, shrubs and conifers. Portland, Oregon,USA: Timber.
Burgess S S O.2006. Measuring transpiration responses to summer precipitation in aMediterranean climate:a simple screening tool for identifying plant water-use strategies. Physiol Plantarum,127:404~412.
Buttrose M S, Hale C R, Kliewer W M.1971. Effect of temperature on the composition of “CabernetSauvignon” berries. Am J Enol Viticult,22:71~75.
Caldwell M M, Richards J H.1989. Hydraulic lift: water efflux from upper roots improves effectiveness ofwater uptake by deep roots. Oecologia,79:1~5.
Canny M J.1997. Tyloses and the maintenance of transpiration. Ann Bot,80:565~570.
Carlquist S.1988. Comparative Wood Anatomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,41~81.
Carlquist S J.1975. Ecological strategies of xylem evolution. California. University of California Press.
Cermák J, K cera J, Nadezhdina N.2004. Sap flowmeasurementswith some thermodynamicmethods, flowintegration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands.Trees,18:529~546.
Cochard H, Coll Le, Roux XL, et al.2002. Unraveling the effects of plant hudraulics on stomatal closureduring water stress in walnut. Plant Physiol,128,282~290.
Cochard H, Tyree M T.1990. Xylem dysfunction in Quercus vessel sizes tyloses cavitation and seasonalchanges in embolism. Tree Physiol,6:393~408.
Cohen S, Naor A.2002. The effectof three rootstocksonwateruse, canopy conductance and hydraulicparametersofapple trees and predicting canopy from hydraulic conductance. Plant Cell Environ,25:17~28.
Cohen S D, Tarara J M, Kennedy J A.2008. Assessing the impact of temperature on grape phenolicmetabolism. Anal Chim Acta,621(1):57~67.
Cohen Y, Cohen S, CantuariasA T, et al.2007. Variations in the radialgradientofsap velocity in trunks offorestand fruit trees. Plant Soi,305:49~59.
Collins B R, Parke J L, Lachenbruch B, et al.2009. The effects of Phytophthora ramorum infection on thehydraulic conductivity and tylosis formation in tanoak sapwood. Can J Forest Res,39:1766–1776.
Cook M G, Evans L T.1983. The roles of sink size and location in the partitioning of assimilates in wheatears. Func Plant Biol,10:313~327.
Corelli G L, Lakso A N, Flore J A.1994. Early season patterns of carbohydrate partitioning in exposed andshaded apple branches. J Am Soc Hortic Sci,119(3):596~603.
Corelli G L, Ravaglia G, Asirelli A.1996. Shoot type and light exposure influnce carbon partitioning inpeach cv. Elegant Lady. J Hortic Sci,71(4):533~543.
Cowan I R.1978. Stomatal behavior and environment. Adv Bot Res,4:117~228
De Schepper V, Steppe K, van Labeke M C, et al.2010. Detailed analysis of double girdling effects on stemdiameter variations and sap flow in young oak trees. Environ Exp Bot,68:149~156.
Delzon S, Loustau D.2005. Age-related decline in stand water use: sap flow and transpiration in a pineforest chronosequence. Agr Forest Meteorol,129:105~119.
Demmig-Adams B, Adams W W III.1996. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform responseto excess direc sunlight among higher plant species. Planta,198:460~470.
Devitt D, Sala A, Mace K A, et al.1997. The effect of applied water on the water use of saltcedar in adesert riparian Environment. J Hydrol,192(1/4):223~246.
Dogu S, Dinc M, Pinar N M.2012. Anatomical and micromorphological differentiation in the genusMoltkia Lehm in Turkey. Pak J Bot,44(3):1083~1090.
Dokoozlian N K, Kliewer W M.1996. Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition variesduring fruit development. J Am Soc Hort Sci,121:869~874.
Eamus D.1991. The interaction of rising CO2and temperatureswithwater-use efficiency. Plant CellEnviron,14:843~852.
Esau K.1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. New York: John Wiley&Sons.351~372
Falc o L D, Chaves E S, Burin V M, et al.2008. Maturity of Cabernet Sauvignon berries from grapevinesgrown with two different training systems in a new grape growing region in Brazil. Ciencia eInvestigación Agraria,35(3):271~282.
Farquhar G D, Sharkey T D.1982. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Ann Rcv Plant Physiol,33:317~345.
Farrar J F, Jones D L.2000. The control of carbon acquisition by roots. New Phytol,147:43~53.
Ferreira R B, Shaw N M.1989. Effect of osmotic stress on protcinturnover in Lemna minorfrond. Planta,179:456~465.
Fishler M, Goldschmidt E E, Monselise S P.1983. Leaf area and fruit size on girdled grape fruit branches. JAmer Soc Hort Sci,108:218~221.
Ford C R, Mcguire M A, Mitchell R J, et al.2004. Assessing variation in the radial profile of sap fluxdensity in Pinus species and its effect on daily water use. Tree Physiol,24:241~249.
Ford R J.2007. The effect of shading and crop load on flavour and aroma compounds in Sauvignon Blancgrapes and wine. Canterbury Lincoln University.
Foster A S, Gifford E M.1983. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Beijing: Science.
Foster RC.1967. Fine structure of tyloses in three species of the Myrtaceae. Aust J Bot,15:25~34.
Galel P.2000. General viticulture. Oenoplurimé dia sal Cháteau de Chaintré, Chaintré, France.
Gamage H K, Ashton M S, Singhakumara BM P.2003. Leaf structure of Syzygium spp (Myrtaceae) inrelation to site affinity within a tropical rain forest. Bot J Linn Soc,141:365~377.
Genty B, Briantais J M, Baker N R.1989. The relationship between quantum yield of photosyntheticelectron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,990:87~92.
Ghafoor K, Al-Juhaimi F, Choi Y H.2011. Effects of grape (vitis Labrusca B.) peel and seed extracts onphenolics, antioxidants and anthocyanins in grape juice. Pak J Bot,43(3):1581~1586.
Girard B, Fukumoto L, Mazza G, et al.2002. Volatile terpene constituents on maturing Gewürztraminergrapes from British Columbia. Am J Enol Viticult,53(2):99~109.
Graham I A, Martin T.2000. Control of photosynthesis, allocation and partitioning by sugar regulatedgene expression. In: Richard C L, Thomas D S, Susanne v C, eds. Photosynthesis: physiology andmetabolism. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers,233~248.
Granier A.1987. Evaluation of transportation in a douglas-firstand by means of sap flow meansurements.Tree Physiol,3:309~320.
Granier A, Anfodillo T, Sabatti M, et al.1995. Axial and radial water flow in the trunks of oak tree: aquantitative and qualitative analysis.Tree physiol,14:1381~1396.
Granier A, Huc R, Barigah S T.1996. Transpiration of natural rain forest and its dependence on climaticfactors. Agri For Meteorol,78:19~29.
Green S R, Clothier B E, McLeod D J.1997. The response of sap flow in apple roots to localised irrigation.Agr Water Manage,33:63~78.
Greven M, Neal S, Green S, et al.2009. The effects of drought on the water use, fruit development and oilyield from young olive trees. Agr Water Manage,96:1525~1531.
Grime J P, Thompson K, Hunt R, et al.1997. Integrated screening validates primary axes of specializationin plants. Oikos,79:259~281
Gullo M A L, Noval L C, Salleo S, et al.2004. Hydraulic Architecture of Plants of Helianthus Annuus L.cv.Margot: Evidence for Plant Segmentation in Herbs. J Exp Bot,55:1549~1556.
Halis Y, Djehichi S, Senoussi M M.2012. Vessel development and the importance of lateral flow in watertransport within developing bundles of current-year shoots of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Trees,26:705~714.
Hansen P.1967.14C-studies on apple trees.(The effect of the fruit on the translocation and distribution ofphotosynthates. Physiol Plant,20:382~391.
Herzog K M, Thum R, Kronfub R, et al.1998. Pattern andmechanisms of transpiration in a largesubalpineNorway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Ecol Res,13:105~116.
Hinckley T M, Brooks J R, Cermak J, et al.1994. Water flux in a hybrid poplar stand. Tree Physiol,14:1005~1018.
Ho L C.1988. Metabolism, compartmentation of imported sugars in sink organs in relation to sink strength.Ann Rev Plant Physoil,39:355~378.
Holt H E, Francis I L, Field J, et al.2008. Relationships between berry size, berry phenolic compositionand wine quality scores for Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) from different pruning treatmentsand different vintages. Aust J Grape Wine R,14:191~202.
Howell G S.2001. Sustainable grape productivity and the growth-yield relationship: A review. Am J EnolViticult,52(3):165~174.
Infante J M, Mauchamp A, Fernandez A, et al.2001. Within tree variation in transpiration in isolatedevergreen oak trees, evidence in support of the pipe model theory. Tree Physiology,21(6):409~414.
International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) Committee.1989. IAWA List of MicroscopicFeatures for Hardwood Identification. IAWA Bull,10:219~332.
Jedrzejuk A, Zakrzewski J.2009. Xylem occlusions in the stems of common lilac during postharvest life.Acta Physiol Plant,31:1147~1153.
Jennifer R, Gottwald, Patrick J, et al.2000. Genetic evidence for the in planta role of phloem-specificplasma membrane sucrose transporters. PNAS,25:13979~13984.
Jones G V, Davis R E.2000. Climate Influences on Grapevine Phenology, Grape Composition, and WineProduction and Quality for Bordeaux, France. Am J Enol Viticult,51(3):249~261.
Kage H, Kochler M, Stützel H.2004. Root growth and dry matter partitioning of cauliflower under droughtstress conditions: measurement and simulation. Eur J Agron,20:379~394.
Kang S Z, Hu X T, Du T S, et al.2003. Transpiration coefficient and ratio of transpiration toevapotranspiration of pear tree (Pyrus communis L.) under alternative partial root-zone dryingconditions. Hydrol Process,17:1165~1176.
Kaps M L, Cahoon G A.1992. Growth and Fruiting of Container-Grown Seyval blanc GrapevinesModified by Changes in Crop Level, Leaf Number and Position, and Light Exposure. Am J EnolViticult,43(2):191~199.
Kelliher F M, Kostner B M, Hollinger DY, et al.1992. Transpiration, xylem sap flow, and tree traspirationin a New Zealand broadleaved forest. Agric For Meteorol,62:53~73.
Kemaniana A R, Stocklea C O, Hugginsb D R.2005. Transpiration-use efficiency of barley. Agr ForestMeteorol,130(1,2):1~11.
Kennedy J A, Matthews M A, Waterhouse A L.2002. Effect of maturity and vine water status on grape skinand wine flavonoids. Am J Enol Viticult,53(4):268~274.
Kinet J M, Leonard M.1983. The role of cytokinins and gibberellins in cont roll ing inflorescencedevelopment in tomato. Acta Horti,134:117~124.
King R W, Zeevaart J A D.1974. Enhancement of phloem exudation from cutpetioles by chelating agents.Plant Physiol,53:96~103.
Kitin P B, Fujii T, Abe H, et al.2004. Anatomy of the vessel network within and between tree rings ofFraxinus lanuginose (Oleaceae). Am J Bot,91:779~788.
Kumagai T, Aoki S, Nagasawa H, et al.2005. Effects of tree-to-tree and radial variations on sap flowestimates of transpiration in Japanese cedar. Agr Forest Meteorol,135:110~116.
Kummuang N, Smith B J, Diehl S V, et al.1996. Muscadine grape berry rot diseases in Mississippi: diseaseidentification and incidence. Plant Dis,80:238~243.
Leuzinger S T, Krner C.2007. Water savings inmature deciduous forest trees under elevated CO2. GlobalChange Biol,13:1~11.
Li S H, Gênard M, Bussi C, et al.2001. Fruit quality and leaf photosynthesis in response tomicroenvironment modification around individual fruit by covering the fruitwith p lastic in nectarineand peach trees. J Hortic Sci Biotech,76:61~69.
Liang J, Zhang J.1997. Collection of xylem sap at flow rate similar to in vivo transpiration flux. Plant CellPhysiol,38(12):1375~1381.
Lim P T, Leaw C P, Kobiyama A, et al.2010. Growth and toxin production of tropical Alexandriumminutum Halim (Dinophyceae) under various Nitrogen to phosphorus ratios. J Appl Phycol,22(2):203~210.
Lindorf H.1997. Wood and leaf anatomy in Sessea corymbiflora from an ecological perspective. IAWA J,18:157~168.
Liu F, Stützel H.2004. Biomass partitioning, specific leaf area, and water use efficiency of vegetableamaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in response to drought stress. Scienta Hortic,102:15~27.
Liu X Z, Kang S Z, Li F S.2009. Simulation of artificial neural network model for trunk sap flow of Pyruspyrifolia and its comparison with multiple-linear regression. Agr Water Manage,96:939~945.
Lo G M A, Castri N L, Salleo S, et al.2004. Hydraulic architecture of plants of Helianthus annuusL.cv.Margot:evidence for plant segmentation in herbs. J Exp Bot,55:1549~1556.
Lu P, Biron P, Bread N, et al.1995. Water realtions of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) under droughtin the Vosges Mountains: Water potential, stomatal conductance and traspirantion. Ann Sci For,52:117~129.
Lu P, Muller W J, Chacko E K.2000. Spatial variations in xylem sap flux density in the trunk oforchard_grown, mature mango trees under changing soil water conditions. Tree Physiol,20(10):683~692.
Mabrouk H, Sinoquet H.1998. Indices of light microclimate and canopy structure of grapevinesdetermined by3D digitizing and image analysis, and their relationship to grape quality. Austral JGrape Wine Res,4:2~13.
Macaulay L E, Morris J R.1993. Influence of cluster exposure and winemaking processes on monoterpenesand wine quality of Golden Muscat. P.3rd Int. Sympo. Cool Climate Viticult Enol,44:187~190.
Macdonald S E, Chinnappa C C.1989. Population differentiation for phenotypic plasticity in the Stellarialongipes complex. Am J Bot,76:1627~1637.
Maier C A, Clinton B D.2006. Relationship between stem CO2efflux, stem sap velocity and xylem CO2concentration in young loblolly pine trees. Plant Cell Environ,29:1471~1483.
Mandal K J, Sinha A C.2004. Nutrient management effects on light interception, photosynthesis, growth,dry-matter production and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). J Agron Crop Sci,190:119~129.
Marcelis L F M.1996. Sink strength as a determinant of dry matter partitioning in the whole plant. J ExpBot,47:1281~1291.
Marcelis L F M.1993. Fruit growth and biomass allocation to the fruits in cucumber.1. Effect of fruit loadand temperature. Sci Horti,54:107~121.
Marchetti R, Guerzoni M E, Gentile M.1984. Research on the etiology of a new disease of grapes: Sour rot.Vitis,23:55~65.
Martin T A, Brown K J, Cermak J, et al.1997. Crown conductance and tree and stand transpiration in asecond-growth Abies amabilis forest. Can J For Res,27:797~808.
Martin T A.2000. Winter season tree sap flow and stand transpiration in an intensively-managed loblollyand slash pine plantation. J Sustainable For,10(1/2):155~163.
Mattew J P, Christine H F.2001. Sink regulation of photosynthesis. J Exp Bot,52(360):1383~1400.
McElrone A J, Grant J A, Kluepfel D A.2010. The role of tyloses in crown hydraulic failure of maturewalnut trees afflicted by apoplexy disorder. Tree Physiol,30:761~772.
Meuser J, Frensch J.1998. Hydraulic properties of living late metaxylem and interactions betweentranspiration and xylem pressure in maize. J Exp Bot,49:69~77.
Minchin P E H, Thorpe M R, Farrar J F.1993. A simple mechanistic model of phloem transport whichexplains sink priority. J Exp Bot,44:947~955.
Mitchell P J, Veneklaas E, Lambers H, et al.2009. Partitioning of evapotranspiration in a semi-arideucalypt woodland in south-western Australia. Agr Forest Meteorol,149:25~37.
Mollenhauer H H, Hopkins D L.1976. Xylem morphology of Pierce’s disease infected grapevines withdifferent levels of tolerance. Physiol Plant Pathol,9:95–100.
Moreno F, Fernandez J E, Clothier B E, et al.1996. Transpiration and root water uptake by olive trees.Plant Soil,184:85~96.
Morton L.2000. Viticulture and grapevine declines: lessons of black goo. Phytopathol Mediterr,39:59–67.
Mott K A, Gibson A G, O’Leary J W.1982. The adaptive significance of amphistomatic leaves. Plant CellEnviron,9:455~460
Muhammad A F, Sattle R.1982. Vessel structure of Gnetum and the origin of angiosperms. Am J Bot,69:1004–1021.
Mundy D C, Manning M A.2011. Physiological response of grapevines to vascular pathogens: a review.New Zealand Plant Prot,64:7~16.
Munné-Bosch S, Nogués S, Alegre L.1999. Diurnal of variations of photosynthesis and dew absorption byleaves in two evergreen shrubs growing in Mediterranean field conditions. New Phytol,144:109~119.
Munoz C, Sepulveda G, Garcia-Huidobro J, et al.1986. Determining thermal time required for fruitdevelopment in low-chilling peaches. HortSci,21:520~5221.
Nadezhdina N, ermák J.2003. Instrumental methods for studies of structure and function of root systemsin large trees. J Exp B,54:1511~1521.
Nadezhdina N, ermák J, Ceulemans R.2002. Radial patterns of sap flow in woody stems of dominant andunderstory species: scaling errors associated with positioning of sensensors. Tree Physiol,22:907~918.
Nadezhdina N, Nadezhdin V, Ferreira M I, et al.2007. Variability with xylem depth in sap flow in trunksand branches ofmature olive trees.Tree Physiol,27:105~113.
Nonnecke G R.1980. The influence of cluster-thinning and shoot-tip removal on'Seyval'grapevines. OhioState University.
O.I.V.2013. Statistical report on world vitiviniculture.
Oren R, Phillips N, Ewers B E, et al.1999. Sap-flux-scaled transpiration response to light,vapor pressuredeficit,and leaf area reduction in a flooded Taxodium distichum forest. Tree Physiol,19:337~347.
Ouzounidou G.1996. The use of photoacoustic spect roscopy in assessing leaf photosynthesis under copperstress: Correlation of energy storage to photosystem fluorescence paramet ers and redox change ofP700. Plant Sci,113:229~237.
Pallardy S G.1989. Hydraulic architecture and conductivity: an overview. In: Kreeb K H, Richter H,Hinckley T M, et al. Structural and functionl response to environment stresses. Netherlands, Hague:Academic Publishing,3~19.
Palmqvist K, Sundberg B.2000. Light use efficiency of dry matter gain in five macro-lichens: Relativeimpact if microclimate conditions and species-specific traits. Plant Cell Environ,23:1~14.
Palomo M J, Díaz-Espejo A, Fernández J E, et al.1998. Using sap flowmeasurements to quantifywaterconsumption in the olive tree. In: L S Pereira and JW E Gowing. Eds [C].Water Environ. London,205~212.
Parameswaran N, Knigge H, Liese W.1985. Electron microscopic demonstration of a suberised layer in thetylosis wall of beech and oak. IAWA Bull,6:269–271.
Parke J L, Oh E, Voelker S, et al.2007. Phytophthora ramorum colonizes tanoak xylem and is associatedwith reduced stem water transport. Am Phytopath Society,97:1558–1567.
Pataki D E, Huxman TE, Jordan D N, et al.2000. Wateruse of two Mojave Desert shrubs under elevatedCO2. Global Change Biol,6:889~897.
Pataki D E, Oren R, Tissue D T.1998. Elevated carbon dioxide doesnotaffectaverage canopy stomatalconductance of Pinus taeda L. Oecologia,117:47~52.
Pataki D E, Oren R.2003. Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in amature bottomland deciduous forest. Adv Water Resour,26:1267~1278.
Paul J, Schulte J, Renee Brooks.2003. Branch junctions and the flow of water through xylem inDouglas-fir and ponderosa pine stems. J Exp Bot,54:1597~1605.
Penfound W T.1931. Plant anatomy as conditioned by light intensity and soil moisture. Am J Bot,18:558~572.
Perveen A, Qaiser M.2012. Pollen flora of Parkistan-LXX: Chenopodiaceae. Pak J Bot,44(4):1219~1224.
Pharr O, Huber S C, Sox H N.1985. Leaf carbohydrat e status and enzymes of t ranslocate synthesis infruiting and vegetative plants of Cucumis sativus L. Plant Physiol,77:104~108.
Phillips N, Bond B J, Mcdowell N G, et al.2003. Leaf area compounds height-related hydraulic costs ofwater transport in Oregon White Oak trees. Funct Ecol,17:832~840.
Poorter H, de Jong R A.1999. A comparison of specific leaf area, chemical composition and leafconstruction costs of field plants from15habitats differing in productivity. New Phytol,143:163~176.
Possingham J V.1994. New concepts in pruning grapevines. Horic Rev,16:235~254.
Poyatos R, ermák J, Llorens P.2007. Variation in the radial patterns of sap flux density in pubescent oak(Quercus pubescens) and its implications for tree and stand transpiration measurements. Tree Physiol,27:537~548.
Quartacci M F, Pinzino C, Cristina L M.2000. Growth in excess copper induces changes in the lipidcomposition and fluidity of PSII-enriched membranes in wheat. Physiol Plantarum,108:87~93.
Rance S J, Myers R J K, Cameron D M.2009. Dynamics of uptake, distribution and utilization of nitrogenapplied at different times after planting in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation. Plant Soil,324:241~252.
Ranjani K, Krishnamurthy K V.1988. Tyloses of the root wood of Cassia fistula L. Feddes Repert,99:147~149.
Recas G, Barros CF, Scarano FR.1997. Leaf anatomy plasticity of A lchornea triplinervia (Euphorbiaceae)under distinct light regimes in a Brazilian montane Atlantic rain forest. Trees Struct Funct,11:469~473.
Rigoberto R S, JosuéK S, Jorge A A G, et al.2004. Biomass distribution, maturity acceleration and yield indrought-stressed common bean cultivars. Field Crops Research,85:203~211.
Ristic R, Downey M, Iland P G, et al.2007. Exclusion of sunlight from Shiraz grapes alters wine colour,tannin and sensory properties. Aus J Grape Wine Res,13(2):53~65.
Ruzin S E.1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University. Press, New York, NY, pp322.
Saitoh T, Ohtani J, Fukazawa K.1993. The occurrence and morphology of tyloses and gums in the vesselsof Japanese hard woods. IAWA J,14:359~371.
Sakuratani T.1981. A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants. J AgrMeteorol,37:9–17.
Salleo, Nordin A,Tyree M T, et al.2000. Xylem cavitation and hyd raulic control of stom atal conductanceinlaurel (Laurus nobilis L.). Plant Cell Environ,23:71~79.
Saveyn A, Steppe K, McGuire M A, et al.2008. Stem respiration and carbon dioxide efflux of youngPopulus deltoids trees in relation to temperature and xylem carbon dioxide concentration. Oecologia,154:637~649.
Schepper V D, Steppe K, Labeke M C V, et al.2010. Detailed analysis of double girdling effects on stemdiameter variations and sap flow in young oak trees. Environ Exp Bot,68:149~156.
Schiller G, Cohen S, Ungar E D, et al.2007. Estimating water use of sclerophyllous species underEast-Mediterranean climate Ⅲ. Taboroak forestsap flow distribution and transpiration. Forest EcolManage,238:147~155.
Schmitt U, Liese W.1993. Response of xylem parenchyma by suberization in some hardwoods aftermechanical injury. Trees,8:23~30.
Schulte P J, Brooks R.2003. Renee Brooks. Branch junctions and the flow of water through xylem inDouglas-fir and ponderosa pine stems. J Exp Bot,54:1597~1605.
Schultz H R, Matthews M A.1993. Growth, osmotic adjustment and cell-wallmechanics of expandinggrape leaves during water deficits. Crop Sci,33(1):287~294.
Scott P C, Miller L W, Webster B D, et al.1967. Structural changes during bean leaf abscission. Am J Bot,54:730~734.
Sellami M H, Sifaoui M S.2003. Estimating transpiration in an intercropping system: measuring sap flowinside the oasis. Agr Water Manage,59:191~204.
Sepúlveda G. Kliewer W M.1986. Effect of High Temperature on Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). II.Distribution of Soluble Sugars. Am J Enol Viticult,37(1):20~25.
Souza R P, Valio I F M.1999. Carbon translocation as affected by shade in saplings of shade tolerant andintolerant species. Biol Plantarum,42(4):631~636.
Spayd S E, Tarara J M, Mee D L, et al.2002. Separation of sunlight and temperature effects on thecomposition of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot berries. Am J Enol Viticult,53(3):171~182.
Sperry J S.1997. Freezing-induced xylem cavitation and the northern limit of larrea tridentate.Oecologia,109:19~27.
Sperry J S.2003. Evolution of water transport and xylem structure. Int J Plant Sci,164:S115~S127.
Stevenson J F, Matthews M A, Greve L C, et al.2004. Grapevine susceptibility to Pierce’s disease. II.Progression of anatomical symptoms. Am J Enol Viticult,55:238~245.
Stoev K, Slavtcheva T.1982. Net photosynthesis in the vine (Vitis vinifera L.) and ecological factors.Connaissance de la Vigne et du Vin,16(3):171~185.
Stratton L, Goldstein G, Meinzer F C.2000. Stem water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport:their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest. Plant Cell Environ,23:99~106.
Sultan S E, Bazzaz F A.1993. Phenotypic plasticity in Polygonum persicaria III. The evolution ofecological breadth for nutrient environment. Evol,47:1050~1071
Sun Q, Rost T L, Matthews M A.2006a. Pruning-induced tylose development in stems of current-yearshoots of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae). Am J Bot,93:1567~1576.
Sun Q, Rost T L, Reid M S, et al.2007. Ethylene and not embolism is required for wound-induced tylosedevelopment in stems of grapevines. Plant Physiol,145:1629~1636.
Sun Q, Rost T R, Matthews M A.2008. Wound-induced vascular occlusions in Vitis Vinifear (Vitaceae):Tyloses in summer and gels in winter. Am J Bot,95:1498~1505.
Sun Q, Sun Y L, Walker M A, et al.2013. Vascular occlusions in grapevines with Pierce’s disease makedisease symptom development worse. Plant Physio,161:1529~1541.
Sylvain D, Denis L.2005. Age-related decline in stand water use: sap flow and transpiration in a pine forestchronosequence. Agr Forest Meteorol,129:105~119
Tanaka A, Fujita K.1974. Nutriophsiological studies on the tomato plant. IV. Source sink relationships andthe structure of the source sink unit. Soil Sci Plant Nutr,20:305~315.
Taneda H, Tateno M.2007. Effects of transverse movement of water in xylem on patterns of watertransport within current-year shoots of kudzu vine, Pueraria lobata. Funct Ecol,21:226~234.
Tardaguila J, Petrie P R, Poni S, et al.2008. Effect of mechanical thinning on yield and fruit compositon ofTempranillo and Grenache grapes trained to a vertical shoot-positioned canopy. Am J Enol Viticult,59(4):412~417.
Teskey R O, Sheriff D W.1996. Water use by Pinus radiata trees in a plantation. Tree physiol,16:273~279.
Tian R R, Pan Q H, Zhan J C, et al.2009. Comparison of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols during winefermentation of grapes with different harvest times. Molecules,14:827~838
Tognetti R, Longobucco A, Miglietta F M, et al.1998. Transpiration and stomatal behaviour of Quercusilex plants during the summer in aMediterranean carbon dioxide spring. Plant Cell Environ,21:613~622.
Tzyy J C, Daniel R.1998. Bush.Sucrose is a signal molecule in assimilate partitioning. Plant Biol,95:4784~4788.
Uribe E G, Stark B.1982. Inhibition of photosynthetic energy conversion by cupricion. Evidence forCu2+-coupling factor I interaction. Plant Physiol,69:1040~1045.
Vanden Ende W, Roover J D, Laere A V.1999. Effect of nitrogen concentration on fructan metabolizingenzymes in young chicory plants (Cichorium intybus). Physiol Plant,105:2~8.
Vandermolen G E, Beckman C H, Rodehorst E.1987. The ultrastructure of tylose formation in resistantbanana following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol,31:185~200.
Wang X Q, Huang W D.2003. Effects of Weak Light on the Ultrastructural Variations of Phloem Tissues inSource Leaves of Three-Year-Old Nectarine Trees (Prunus persica L. var. nectarina Ait.). Acta Bot Sin,45(6):688~697.
Wang Z L, Fu J M, He M R, et al.1997. Planting density effects on assimilation and partitioning ofphotosynthates during grain filling in the late-sown. Photosynthetica,33:199~204.
Wang Z P, Deloire A, Carbonneau A, et al.2003. An in vivo experimental system to study sugar phloemunloading in ripening grape berries during water deficiency stress. Ann Bot,92:523~528.
Wardlaw I F.1990. The control of carbon partitioning in plants. New Phytol,116:341~381.
Webster B D.1973. Anatomical and histochemical changes in leaf abscission. In Kozlowski, T. T.[ed.],Shedding of plant parts, Academic Press, New York, USA, pp45~83.
Weyand K M, Schultz H R.2006a. Light interception, gas exchange and carbon balance of different canopyzones of minimally and cane-pruned field-grown Riesling grapevines. Vitis,45:105~114.
Weyand K M, Schultz H R.2006b. Long-term dynamics of nitrogen and carbohydrate reserves in woodyparts of minimally and severely pruned Riesling vines in a cool climate. Am J Enol Viticult,57:172~182.
Whirehead D, Sheriff D W, Greer D H.1983. The relationship between stomatal conductance, transpirationrate and tracheid structure in Pinus radiata clones grown at different water vapour saturation deficits.Plant Cell Environ,6:703~710.
Williams J H H, Minchin P E H, Farrar J F.1991. Carbon partitioning in split root systems of barley: theeffect of osmotica. J Exp Bot,42:453~460.
Wilson K B, Hanson P J, Mulholland P J, et al.2001. A comparison of methods for determining forestevapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchmentwater balance. Agr Forest Meteorol,106:153~168.
Wullschleger S D, Gunderson C A, Hanson P J, et al.2002. Sensitivity of stomatal and canopy conductanceto elevated CO2concentration-interacting variables and perspectives of scale. New Phytol,153:485~496.
Wullschleger S D, King A W.2000. Radial variation in sap velocity as a function of stem diameter andsapwoodthickness in yellow poplar trees. Tree Physiol,20:511~518.
Wullschleger S D, Norby R J.2001. Sap velocity and canopy transpiration in a sweetgum stand exposed tofree-air CO2enrichment (FACE). New Phytol,150:489~498.
Wullschleger S D, King A W.2000. Radial variation in sap velocity as a function of stem diameter andsapwood thickness in a yellow-poplar tree. Tree Physiol,20:511~518.
Xia G H, Zhang D P, Jia W S.2010. Effects of IAA, GA and ABA on14C-sucrose Import and Metabolismin Grape Berries. Acta Hortic Sin,27(1):6~10.
Yokotsuka K, Nagao A, Nakazawa K, et al.1999. Changes in anthocyanins in berry skins of Merlot andCabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in two soils modified with limestone or oyster shell versus a nativesoil over two years. Am J Enol Viticult,50(1):1~12.
Yu J Q.1999. Parthenocarpy induced by N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N’-phenylure (CPPU) prevents flowerabortion in Chinese white-flowered gourd (Lagenaria leucantha). Envir Exper Bot,42:112~119.
Yunusa I A M, Walker R R, Loveys B R, et al.2000. Determination of transpiration in irrigated grapevines:comparison of the heat-pulse technique with gravimetric and micrometeorological methods. Irrig Sci,20:1~8.
Zhao X H, Li C X, Nan L J, et al.2013. A new grape shaping method in the soil-bury over-wintering zoneof arid and semiarid areas. Pak J Bot,45(4):1307~1314.
Zimmermann M H.1979. The discovery of tylose formation by a Viennese Lady in1845. IAWA Bull,3:51~56.
Zimmermann M H.2002. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Berlin, Germany.
Zimmermann M H.1982. Functional xylem anatomy of angiosperms. New Persp Wood Anat,1:59~70.