电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成及其动态演进研究
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摘要
电子政务对政府产生的重大影响之一就是改变了政府的组织结构，催生了协同管理模式。本文运用关系——网络分析方法，研究了电子政务型政府协同管理所赖以实现的多主体网络关系的形成和进化的问题。以此为基础，提出了推进电子政务型政府协同管理网络建设的政策建议。
本文认为，所谓电子政务型政府协同管理网络，是指政府部门为了进一步实现和增进公共利益，在依托电子政务实行管理和提供社会服务的过程中与社会其他管理主体建立起来的相互协调和合作的关系结构。它具有集成性、动态平衡性、自适应性与进化性、主体平等性、松散性等特征。根据管理主体以及电子政务的内容不同，电子政务型政府协同管理网络可分为单网和混合网、服务网和治理网等类型。电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成需要特定的物质技术基础、环境与文化以及组织结构的保证。电子政务型政府协同管理网络的效用表现为，提供和接受更好的公共服务、建立多元协商的合作关系、降低交易费用等。
电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成，本质上是各网络主体在是否采用电子政务进行政府协同管理这个问题上的策略博弈，是政府和社会对政治生态环境发展的适应性进化。因此，本文构建了政府组织和社会公众之间进行电子政务与传统政务策略选择的进化博弈模型。运用复制动态方程对该模型进行求解，并通过雅可比矩阵方法确定进化过程的稳定策略，证明选择电子政务策略的历史必然性和合理性。进一步的分析表明，在电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成过程中，政府组织和社会公众可以形成互惠共生关系、植入源关系和战略关系等基本关系类型。一方面，制度信任和政务规则是电子政务型政府协同管理网络中政府组织和社会公众间的关系建立和发展的基础；另一方面，各网络主体间的互动关系又增进了制度信任，并且创新了政务规则。这样，既符合政务规则，又具有信任基础的电子政务型政府协同管理网络就步入到一个良性的发展过程中。
本文认为，电子政务型政府协同管理网络的进化，是指其初始形成之后的从一种结构形态向另一种结构形态的转变，即协同网络的渐进发展以及由此导致的一系列变化过程。这一复杂过程从量上表现为网络主体的增长，从质上表现为网络关系的增强，故而可以从网络主体和网络关系两个方面来确定其进化的标度。由此，电子政务型政府协同管理网络的进化机制也可以分为两大类：其一是网络主体进化机制，包括聚集机制、结果驱动与行动选择的互动；其二是网络关系进化机制，包括共生能量的推动、电子政务系统升级的驱动。
基于对电子政务型政府协同管理网络的理论研究，结合电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成与进化机制，并借鉴先进国家的有关经验，本文提出了关于推进电子政务型政府协同管理网络建设的政策建议。其要点是：以关系为导向推进电子政务；政府行政体制改革和公民社会培育的共同推进；提升政府组织和社会公众的电子化互动能力；加强政府推销电子政务服务的能力；构建以信任和规则为基础的电子政务治理模式；以网络演进规律指导电子政务型政府协同管理。
One of the impacting e-government on the government is changing the officialorganiztion to come up the synergetic management modle. Therefore, thisdissertation uses the network analysis method to examine the subject relations andtheir dynamic evolution process, to show the realization of the e-governmentsynergetic management, and to give the better political suggestion.
The dissertation gives the defination of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government. It menas that for relaizing and enhancing the co-benefit, government and society bulid coherent and coperating relation by e-government and service process.It has the features of collection, dynamic equal,adaptiveness and evolution, subjective equal and so on. According to differnece ofthe subjects and E-government contents, synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government is divided by singal network, hydrid network,service network and governance network.. Synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government need substantial bases, environment and culture andorganization structure. Effectiveness of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government supplys and accpt good services, constuct multi-neogiation and decrese slaing fees.
Formation of synergetic management network for government on E-government focuss on strategy game of subject using synergetic management forgovernment on E-government, which is adaptive evolution of government andsociety in the political environment. Therefore, it constructs the evolving gamemodel of government organization and society selection in E-government andtraditional government. Using dynamic coping equation and Matrix analysis provethe historical and rational feature of E-governement. And in synergeticmanagement network for government on E-government shows the mutual-benefitand accration relations, putting-in resouse and accretaion of governmetn and socialpeople. In one hand, rule belief and government rules are the foundation ofconstructing and interacting in synergetic management network for government onE-government. On the other hand, subjective interaction enhances rule beliaf andcreate the governance rules.
The dissertation believes that evolution of synergetic management network for government on E-government means transmit from on structure to anotherstructure after the beginning structure, which is the serial process of synergeticmanagement network development. This complex process is shown by incresingsubjects in the quantity and by relation stress in the quality. So the evoluting indexincludes subjects and relations. Mechanism of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government are two: one is subjective evolution includingcollective mechnism, result-driven and behavior selection; two is network relationevolution including symbiotic energy pushing and system upgrade drive of E-government.
Based on theoratical research of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government, coherneing formation and evoluting mechanismsynergetic management network for government on E-government, the dissertationgives the policy suggestion with the western nations experience. The key pointsare pushing E-government construction duided by relation, co-pushinggovernment adiministrative reform and citizen society, updating government andpublic E-interaction, streesing government sale E-government, constructing E-government model based on belief and rule,synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government guided by network.
本文认为，所谓电子政务型政府协同管理网络，是指政府部门为了进一步实现和增进公共利益，在依托电子政务实行管理和提供社会服务的过程中与社会其他管理主体建立起来的相互协调和合作的关系结构。它具有集成性、动态平衡性、自适应性与进化性、主体平等性、松散性等特征。根据管理主体以及电子政务的内容不同，电子政务型政府协同管理网络可分为单网和混合网、服务网和治理网等类型。电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成需要特定的物质技术基础、环境与文化以及组织结构的保证。电子政务型政府协同管理网络的效用表现为，提供和接受更好的公共服务、建立多元协商的合作关系、降低交易费用等。
电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成，本质上是各网络主体在是否采用电子政务进行政府协同管理这个问题上的策略博弈，是政府和社会对政治生态环境发展的适应性进化。因此，本文构建了政府组织和社会公众之间进行电子政务与传统政务策略选择的进化博弈模型。运用复制动态方程对该模型进行求解，并通过雅可比矩阵方法确定进化过程的稳定策略，证明选择电子政务策略的历史必然性和合理性。进一步的分析表明，在电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成过程中，政府组织和社会公众可以形成互惠共生关系、植入源关系和战略关系等基本关系类型。一方面，制度信任和政务规则是电子政务型政府协同管理网络中政府组织和社会公众间的关系建立和发展的基础；另一方面，各网络主体间的互动关系又增进了制度信任，并且创新了政务规则。这样，既符合政务规则，又具有信任基础的电子政务型政府协同管理网络就步入到一个良性的发展过程中。
本文认为，电子政务型政府协同管理网络的进化，是指其初始形成之后的从一种结构形态向另一种结构形态的转变，即协同网络的渐进发展以及由此导致的一系列变化过程。这一复杂过程从量上表现为网络主体的增长，从质上表现为网络关系的增强，故而可以从网络主体和网络关系两个方面来确定其进化的标度。由此，电子政务型政府协同管理网络的进化机制也可以分为两大类：其一是网络主体进化机制，包括聚集机制、结果驱动与行动选择的互动；其二是网络关系进化机制，包括共生能量的推动、电子政务系统升级的驱动。
基于对电子政务型政府协同管理网络的理论研究，结合电子政务型政府协同管理网络的形成与进化机制，并借鉴先进国家的有关经验，本文提出了关于推进电子政务型政府协同管理网络建设的政策建议。其要点是：以关系为导向推进电子政务；政府行政体制改革和公民社会培育的共同推进；提升政府组织和社会公众的电子化互动能力；加强政府推销电子政务服务的能力；构建以信任和规则为基础的电子政务治理模式；以网络演进规律指导电子政务型政府协同管理。
One of the impacting e-government on the government is changing the officialorganiztion to come up the synergetic management modle. Therefore, thisdissertation uses the network analysis method to examine the subject relations andtheir dynamic evolution process, to show the realization of the e-governmentsynergetic management, and to give the better political suggestion.
The dissertation gives the defination of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government. It menas that for relaizing and enhancing the co-benefit, government and society bulid coherent and coperating relation by e-government and service process.It has the features of collection, dynamic equal,adaptiveness and evolution, subjective equal and so on. According to differnece ofthe subjects and E-government contents, synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government is divided by singal network, hydrid network,service network and governance network.. Synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government need substantial bases, environment and culture andorganization structure. Effectiveness of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government supplys and accpt good services, constuct multi-neogiation and decrese slaing fees.
Formation of synergetic management network for government on E-government focuss on strategy game of subject using synergetic management forgovernment on E-government, which is adaptive evolution of government andsociety in the political environment. Therefore, it constructs the evolving gamemodel of government organization and society selection in E-government andtraditional government. Using dynamic coping equation and Matrix analysis provethe historical and rational feature of E-governement. And in synergeticmanagement network for government on E-government shows the mutual-benefitand accration relations, putting-in resouse and accretaion of governmetn and socialpeople. In one hand, rule belief and government rules are the foundation ofconstructing and interacting in synergetic management network for government onE-government. On the other hand, subjective interaction enhances rule beliaf andcreate the governance rules.
The dissertation believes that evolution of synergetic management network for government on E-government means transmit from on structure to anotherstructure after the beginning structure, which is the serial process of synergeticmanagement network development. This complex process is shown by incresingsubjects in the quantity and by relation stress in the quality. So the evoluting indexincludes subjects and relations. Mechanism of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government are two: one is subjective evolution includingcollective mechnism, result-driven and behavior selection; two is network relationevolution including symbiotic energy pushing and system upgrade drive of E-government.
Based on theoratical research of synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government, coherneing formation and evoluting mechanismsynergetic management network for government on E-government, the dissertationgives the policy suggestion with the western nations experience. The key pointsare pushing E-government construction duided by relation, co-pushinggovernment adiministrative reform and citizen society, updating government andpublic E-interaction, streesing government sale E-government, constructing E-government model based on belief and rule,synergetic management network forgovernment on E-government guided by network.
引文
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84W. E. Ebbers, W. J. Pieterson, H. N. Noordman. Electronic Government:Rethinking Channel Management Strategies, Government InformationQuarterly,2007(4):237-259
85张成福.信息时代政府治理:理解电子化政府的实质意涵.中国行政管理.2003,(1)
86K. D. Edemiston. State and locale-government: Prospects and Challenges.American Review of Public Administration.2002,33(1):20~45
87Christopher G. Reddick. Citizen Interaction with E-government: From theStreets to Servers. Government Information Quaterly.2005,(22):38~57
88胡广伟.电子公共服务战略管理方法及其应用研究.东南大学博士学位论文.2005
89Donna Evans, David C. Yen, E-Government: Evolving Relationship of Citizensand Government, Domestic, and International Development, GovernmentInformation Quarterly.2006,(23):207–235
90I. Snellen. Electronic Governance: Implications for Citizens, Politicians, andPublic Servants. International Review of Administrative Sciences.2002,68(2):183–198
91L. Berger. The Capitalist Revolution, New York: Basic Books,1999:436
92Joshua Cohen, Joel Rogers. Secondary Associations and DemocraticGovernance. Politics and Socitey.1992,(20):393-372
93Ake Gronlund. E-Democracy: in Search of Tools and Methods for EeffectiveParticipation. Journal of Multi-criteria Decision Analysis.2003,(12):93-100
94郑谦.公共物品供给的交易费用多维度分析.公共管理学报.2007,(4):38-45
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100H. P. Young. Individual Learning and Social Rationality. European EconomicReview.1998,52:651-663
101邓崧,白庆华,彭艳.从成本角度分析电子政务服务集成模型管理科学.2005,(4):58-61
102Shin-Yuan Hung, Chia-Ming Chang, Ting-JingYu. Determinants of UserAcceptance of the E-Government Services: The Case of Online Tax Filing andPayment System. Government Information Quarterly.2006,(23):97–122
103D. Fudenberg, C. Harris. Evolutionary Dynamics with Aggregate Shocks.Journal of Economics Theory.1992,57:420-441
104Friedman D. Evolutionary Games in Economics. Econometrica,1991,(59):637-666
105Chee Wee Tan and Shan I. Pan. Managing E-transformation in the PublicSector: an E-government Study of the Inland Revenue Authority of SingaporeIRAS. European Journal of Information Systems.2003,(12):269
106Christopher G. Reddick, Howard A. Frank. The Perceived Impacts of E-government on U. S. Cities: A Survey of Florida and Texas City Managers,Government Informa-tion Quarterly.2007,(24):576-594
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120K. D. Edmiston. State and local e-government: Prospects and Challenges.American Review of Public Administration.2003,33(1):20-45
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100H. P. Young. Individual Learning and Social Rationality. European EconomicReview.1998,52:651-663
101邓崧,白庆华,彭艳.从成本角度分析电子政务服务集成模型管理科学.2005,(4):58-61
102Shin-Yuan Hung, Chia-Ming Chang, Ting-JingYu. Determinants of UserAcceptance of the E-Government Services: The Case of Online Tax Filing andPayment System. Government Information Quarterly.2006,(23):97–122
103D. Fudenberg, C. Harris. Evolutionary Dynamics with Aggregate Shocks.Journal of Economics Theory.1992,57:420-441
104Friedman D. Evolutionary Games in Economics. Econometrica,1991,(59):637-666
105Chee Wee Tan and Shan I. Pan. Managing E-transformation in the PublicSector: an E-government Study of the Inland Revenue Authority of SingaporeIRAS. European Journal of Information Systems.2003,(12):269
106Christopher G. Reddick, Howard A. Frank. The Perceived Impacts of E-government on U. S. Cities: A Survey of Florida and Texas City Managers,Government Informa-tion Quarterly.2007,(24):576-594
107P. T. Jaeger, K. M. Thompson. E-Government Around the World: Lessons,Challenges, and Future Directions. Government Information Quarterly.2003,(20):389-394
108R. Morgan, S. D. Hunt. The Commitment-trust Theory of RelationshipMarketing.Journal of Marketing.1994:20-38
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111France Be′langer. Lemuria Carter. Trust and Risk in E-government Adoption.Strategic Information Systems.2008(2):1-15
112M. J. Moon. Can IT Help Government to Restore Public Trust?: DecliningPublic Trust and Potential Prospects of IT in the Public Sector. Proceedings ofthe36thAnnual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences2003:1
113D. H. McKnight, N. L. Chervany. What Trust Means in E-commerceCustomer Relatio-nships: Aninter disciplinary Conceptual Typology.International Journal of Electronic Commerce.2002,6(2):35–59
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116M. S. Feldman. Organizatioanl Routines as Sources of Connection andUnderstanding. Journal of Management Studies.2002,39(7):309-331
117李春.治理视角:电子政务的另一种解读.电子政务.2005,(3):51-55
118洪军.网络组织动态博弈分析与复杂性定性仿真研究.东南大学博士学位论文.2005
119M. J. Moon. The Evolution of E-government among Municipalities: Rhetoricor Reality? Public Administration Review.2002,62(4):424-433
120K. D. Edmiston. State and local e-government: Prospects and Challenges.American Review of Public Administration.2003,33(1):20-45
121M. A. Wimmer, A European Perspective towards Online One-stopGovernment: the E-GOV Project. Electronic Research and Applications2002,(1):92–103
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123H. Cleveland. The Twilight of Hierarchy: Speculations on the GlobalInformation Society. Public Administration Review.1985,(45):185
124J. P. Watkins. Towards a Reconsideration of Social Evolution: Symbiosis andIts Implications for Economics. Journal of Economic Issues.1998,(1):87-105
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