现代烟草循环农业研究
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摘要
烟草农业是农业的重要组成部分,在整个烟草产业中处于重要的基础地位。在烟叶质量安全受到更大关注、传统生产方式制约烟农种烟收益和对环境产生负面影响的背景下,新的烟草农业生产范式构建迫在眉急。现代烟草循环农业循环利用烟草生产中的有机废弃物,调整优化烟草农业产业结构,有利于烟叶品质提升、烟农收益提高和生态环境保护,是适宜的烟草农业发展范式。毕节地区秀水单元是传统烟区,烟叶收购数量居全国前列,农民收益主要来源于烟叶种植,在全国烟区具有一定的代表意义,通过对该地区现代烟草循环农业两年的调研和运作,构建畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业系统和运行机制,建立现代烟草循环农业综合指标评价体系,以完善现代烟草循环农业理论,形成可复制的现代烟草循环农业模式。
畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业运用系统论的方法,构建以现代烟草循环农业园为主体的小循环系统、以现代烟草循环农业区为主体的中循环系统和涵盖烟草农业生产子系统、加工子系统、居民生活消费子系统的社会大循环系统。各循环系统受生态环境闽值限制,应按照生态学物质和能量转换规律,匹配各子系统间的物质能量,提升生态效益；并遵循经济发展规律,合理配置资源,获得各种要素价值,提高经济效益。
行为主体的参与是畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业系统运行的基础。运用Logistic回归方法对农户行为的分析结果显示,农户素质、收入结构、信息获取和专业服务是农户参与意愿的重要影响因素：企业参与比较收益函数显示,利润因素、技术因素和体制因素影响企业的行为：政府、企业和农户三方博弈模型的混合策略纳什均衡解启示,政府应通过补帖现代烟草循环农业园、建立保险供给制度、提供认证和信息资助等政策规制,引导农户和企业参与现代烟草循环农业;合作社能够有效联结农户、企业和政府,在农户对土地资源依赖性较强的传统烟区,采用“以有特定约定限制的土地使用权”入社的服务型合作社较为适宜。
完备的运行机制是畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业系统有效运转的保障。依据产权理论,设置包括决策机构—园区管委会、经营机构—合作社、管理机构—职业经理团队的组织架构；运用委托代理理论,设计政府、烟草公司与合作社以及合作社与农户之间的激励机制；依据资产产权建立政府、烟草公司和烟农的三级利润分配机制,政府资产产权收益量化到村民,烟草公司资产产权收益量化到烟农,社员资产产权收益和合作社经营权收益量化到社员；合作社与管理团队的分配模型显示,分成制是合意的分配方式。
评价指标体系是对畜沼现代烟草循环农业运行效果的衡量。通过德尔菲法建立包括生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,以传统烟草农业数据为标准,对指标数据进行标准化处理。评价结果显示,畜沼现代烟草循环农业系统优于传统烟草农业系统,是可推广的现代烟草农业模式。
Tobacco agriculture is a main component of agriculture in China. Tobacco agriculture plays a very important basic role in tobacco industry. Under the background that tobacco ecological security may well be of greater concern, the traditional mode of agriculture production restricts farmer return and has a negative impact on the environment, we must construct new tobacco production paradigms. Modern tobacco circular agriculture is a kind of development paradigm suitable for the modern tobacco agriculture that favors tobacco leaf quality improvement, increases farmers'income and protect the ecological environment by recycling organic waste of tobacco production, adjusting and optimizing industrial structure of tobacco agricultural. As a traditional tobacco planting region, there is large of tobacco planting in Xiushui unit of Bijie area. Tobacco planting is the main source of income of the local farmers. To some extent Xiushui unit represents tobacco planting regions in China. This article establishes a new pattern named of "Integration of Animal-Methane-Tobacco" as well as a set of operational mechanism in modern tobacco circular agriculture. It also establishes a set of comprehensive evaluation index system to improve the theory and guiding the practice of modern tobacco circular agriculture.
In this model, modern tobacco agriculture is regarded as a system that includes three level subsystems:small circulatory system composed of modern tobacco circular agriculture park, middling circulatory system composed of modern tobacco circular agriculture demonstration plot and large circulatory system that contains subsystems of tobacco agriculture production, processing industry, consumption and living of resident. Under the limitation of ecological threshold, material and energy of subsystem should be matched in accordance with the conversion rule of material and energy for achieving desirable ecological effect. Resources should be allocated reasonably for improving economic benefit.
Participation of behavioral actors is the basis of the system running. This article analyses the motivation of farmers by using logistic regression. The result shows that farmers' educational level, income structure, information quantity and quality of professional services are the important factors which influence farmers' willingness. Comparative income function shows that profit, technical and institutional are the influence factors of enterprise' behavior. A three party game model between government, enterprise and farmer is structured. Nash mixed strategy equilibrium solution of the model got the following enlightenment:the government should subsidize tobacco circulation agriculture park, establish insurance supply system as well as provide authentication and information assistance to guide farmer and enterprise participating in modern tobacco circulation agriculture. Cooperative can link farmer, enterprise and government effectively. Service cooperative which farmer joins it by "a specific agreement constraints of land use right" is suitable in traditional tobacco painting area.
Operational mechanism can ensure effective running of the system. This article designs a set of operational mechanism include of organizational structure, fund raising mechanism, incentive mechanism, allocation mechanism and risk-control mechanism. Organizational structure includes decision-making department management and administration department. Incentive mechanism is designed by using the principal-agent theory. Three-grade-profit distribution mechanism is established on the basis of property right. Allocation model of cooperation and management team shows that sharecropping is suitable.
Evaluation index system is used to measure the running effect of the system. The evaluation index system is established by the Delphi method and weight coefficient is determined using AHP. The index data is standardized by using traditional tobacco agriculture data as the standard. Evaluation result shows that the modern tobacco agricultural circulating system is superior to the traditional tobacco agriculture system.
畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业运用系统论的方法,构建以现代烟草循环农业园为主体的小循环系统、以现代烟草循环农业区为主体的中循环系统和涵盖烟草农业生产子系统、加工子系统、居民生活消费子系统的社会大循环系统。各循环系统受生态环境闽值限制,应按照生态学物质和能量转换规律,匹配各子系统间的物质能量,提升生态效益；并遵循经济发展规律,合理配置资源,获得各种要素价值,提高经济效益。
行为主体的参与是畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业系统运行的基础。运用Logistic回归方法对农户行为的分析结果显示,农户素质、收入结构、信息获取和专业服务是农户参与意愿的重要影响因素：企业参与比较收益函数显示,利润因素、技术因素和体制因素影响企业的行为：政府、企业和农户三方博弈模型的混合策略纳什均衡解启示,政府应通过补帖现代烟草循环农业园、建立保险供给制度、提供认证和信息资助等政策规制,引导农户和企业参与现代烟草循环农业;合作社能够有效联结农户、企业和政府,在农户对土地资源依赖性较强的传统烟区,采用“以有特定约定限制的土地使用权”入社的服务型合作社较为适宜。
完备的运行机制是畜沼烟现代烟草循环农业系统有效运转的保障。依据产权理论,设置包括决策机构—园区管委会、经营机构—合作社、管理机构—职业经理团队的组织架构；运用委托代理理论,设计政府、烟草公司与合作社以及合作社与农户之间的激励机制；依据资产产权建立政府、烟草公司和烟农的三级利润分配机制,政府资产产权收益量化到村民,烟草公司资产产权收益量化到烟农,社员资产产权收益和合作社经营权收益量化到社员；合作社与管理团队的分配模型显示,分成制是合意的分配方式。
评价指标体系是对畜沼现代烟草循环农业运行效果的衡量。通过德尔菲法建立包括生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,以传统烟草农业数据为标准,对指标数据进行标准化处理。评价结果显示,畜沼现代烟草循环农业系统优于传统烟草农业系统,是可推广的现代烟草农业模式。
Tobacco agriculture is a main component of agriculture in China. Tobacco agriculture plays a very important basic role in tobacco industry. Under the background that tobacco ecological security may well be of greater concern, the traditional mode of agriculture production restricts farmer return and has a negative impact on the environment, we must construct new tobacco production paradigms. Modern tobacco circular agriculture is a kind of development paradigm suitable for the modern tobacco agriculture that favors tobacco leaf quality improvement, increases farmers'income and protect the ecological environment by recycling organic waste of tobacco production, adjusting and optimizing industrial structure of tobacco agricultural. As a traditional tobacco planting region, there is large of tobacco planting in Xiushui unit of Bijie area. Tobacco planting is the main source of income of the local farmers. To some extent Xiushui unit represents tobacco planting regions in China. This article establishes a new pattern named of "Integration of Animal-Methane-Tobacco" as well as a set of operational mechanism in modern tobacco circular agriculture. It also establishes a set of comprehensive evaluation index system to improve the theory and guiding the practice of modern tobacco circular agriculture.
In this model, modern tobacco agriculture is regarded as a system that includes three level subsystems:small circulatory system composed of modern tobacco circular agriculture park, middling circulatory system composed of modern tobacco circular agriculture demonstration plot and large circulatory system that contains subsystems of tobacco agriculture production, processing industry, consumption and living of resident. Under the limitation of ecological threshold, material and energy of subsystem should be matched in accordance with the conversion rule of material and energy for achieving desirable ecological effect. Resources should be allocated reasonably for improving economic benefit.
Participation of behavioral actors is the basis of the system running. This article analyses the motivation of farmers by using logistic regression. The result shows that farmers' educational level, income structure, information quantity and quality of professional services are the important factors which influence farmers' willingness. Comparative income function shows that profit, technical and institutional are the influence factors of enterprise' behavior. A three party game model between government, enterprise and farmer is structured. Nash mixed strategy equilibrium solution of the model got the following enlightenment:the government should subsidize tobacco circulation agriculture park, establish insurance supply system as well as provide authentication and information assistance to guide farmer and enterprise participating in modern tobacco circulation agriculture. Cooperative can link farmer, enterprise and government effectively. Service cooperative which farmer joins it by "a specific agreement constraints of land use right" is suitable in traditional tobacco painting area.
Operational mechanism can ensure effective running of the system. This article designs a set of operational mechanism include of organizational structure, fund raising mechanism, incentive mechanism, allocation mechanism and risk-control mechanism. Organizational structure includes decision-making department management and administration department. Incentive mechanism is designed by using the principal-agent theory. Three-grade-profit distribution mechanism is established on the basis of property right. Allocation model of cooperation and management team shows that sharecropping is suitable.
Evaluation index system is used to measure the running effect of the system. The evaluation index system is established by the Delphi method and weight coefficient is determined using AHP. The index data is standardized by using traditional tobacco agriculture data as the standard. Evaluation result shows that the modern tobacco agricultural circulating system is superior to the traditional tobacco agriculture system.
引文
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