政府供给农村公共品效率研究
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摘要
随着区域之间交流的密切,农民在越来越多地接触到城市较为优越的公共品和公共服务之后,“用脚投票”离开乡村转向享受城市的公共品的趋势较强烈；另一方面近几年政府加大了财政对农村公共品的投入,许多有利于农村和农业发展的政策不断出台,同时伴随着农业税和农村的“三提五统”等行政事业性收费和基金、集资等由农民负担的费用的取消,中央和地方政府的财政分权的改革也产生了各级政府之间财权的层层上收和事权的不断下放的现象,在各种经济和社会要素错综复杂的出现了之后,农村公共品供给的现状到底有没有得到改善,尤其是以政府供给为主要模式的农村公共品的供给效率达到什么样的状态?影响政府供给效率的因素到底有哪些?要进一步改善农村公共品的供给效率应该采取什么样的模式和政策措施?这些问题在现在中央提出统筹城乡、拉动国内内需、处理好政府和市场关系等的思想路线之下显得尤为重要和基础。
重庆作为我国最年轻的直辖市,城乡的发展在我国具有典型性和代表性。而且重庆地处西部区域,是该区域中的重要城市。重庆的农村公共品的发展在西部地区甚至在全国中都有重要意义,因此研究重庆农村公共品供给效率问题能够由此窥探到全国农村公共品的供给,从而对其他地区也具有借鉴意义。本文的主要内容包括以下几方面：
1.探讨政府供给模型、政府供给行为和供给效率的影响因素。
本文认为政府供给农村公共品效率的评价即是当政府投入一定的情况下根据产出的“结果”状况来判断效率的高和低。而产出状况可以从较为宏观和中观的区域经济和社会的发展影响上进行判断,即政府提供的农村公共品对农村经济和社会的促进作用有多大,包括对农村经济的繁荣、农业生产的发展和农户福利的增加等方面：产出状况也应该从微观消费者农民个体的评价上共同进行判断,即农村公共品的供给在多大程度上满足了农户的需求：在政府供给达到均衡时,政府供给农村公共品的大小与政府的公共支出预算、官员谋取私利和城乡居民对公共品的需求意向相关。
2.分析重庆农村公共品的政府供给现状及其供给行为效果。
运用重庆市和各个区县的统计数据从农村公共品供给结构、区域供给差异、政府供给具体实施行为效果等方面对重庆农村公共品的供给进行较为全面地分析。得到以下几点结论：首.先,从政府的支农支出可以看出重庆农村公共品政府供给的规模还偏小,在具体各类农村公共品比如农田水电设施、农村道路和交通、信息和能源供给、农村医疗卫生、农村文化及教育以及农村社会保障方面都还存在较明显的不足。第二,重庆公共品的城乡差异明显,城市公共品的供给明显优于农村公共品的供给,政府在对待城乡公共品的供给上存在着普遍的“重视城市,轻视农村”的差异对待。第三,各区县公共品供给差异也比较显著,在城镇化率比较高、且位于主城区附近并且地区政府得到上级转移支付较多的地区公共品供给水平则较高,反之,公共品供给水平则较低。第四,重庆政府在供给农田水利设施的公共品上,主要采取了直接投入财政资金进行建设、鼓励其他供给主体进行建设和监督管理整个建设过程的行为。虽然重庆的农田水利设施取得了一定的成绩和进展,但是问题也较突出,主要表现为政府财政资金的投入不足,政府对其他供给主体参与的补贴力度不大以及政府管理不到位以及“一事一议”对组织村民供给的作用还很有限等问题。
3.从全国范围的宏观角度测算重庆政府供给农村公共品效率。
借助我国各个地区的统计资料、利用效率常用的评价方法DEA-Malmquist指数分析方法对重庆政府的供给农村公共品效率进行宏观区域层面的评价,并进一步利用Tobit模型对影响我国农村公共品政府供给效率的因素进行了计量分析。
通过对DEA中的技术效率分析和Malmquist指数分析得到了重庆政府在我国各地区政府中的供给效率状况,发现重庆政府供给农村公共品的技术效率值在1998-2010年间的总体水平在全国来比较位于中等偏上,但是技术效率值的大小却在逐渐下降。并且在1998年-2010年期间,重庆农村公共品的供给的全要素生产率TFP也在趋于下降。具体分析原因有两个因素,其一是重庆的政府供给规模效应较低即农村公共品政府供给的总量不足。其二是农村公共品政府供给的技术水平较低,明显拖累了其供给效率。在这两个原因中技术水平是导致技术效率水平低下的主要因素。表明今后要大幅度地提高政府供给农村公共品效率,必须重视供给中技术水平的进步和供给中政府管理的改善。在Tobit回归结果中,发现地区经济实力、地区市场活力、中央财政的支持力度、政府规模等对政府供给农村公共品的技术效率是正向作用,而农户需求者的购买力对公共品的政府供给效率的影响是为负面的影响。而影响农户满意度的有家庭收入、地区经济发展水平和农户的表达通畅与否等因素。其中家庭收入的增加和农户意愿表达的不畅会加深农户与当地落后的公共品供给之间的矛盾,而经济实力和政府财政能力较强的地区,公共品的供给也能更好的满足农户的需求。
4.从个体农户的微观角度进行政府供给公共品效率微观层面的评价。
借助重庆统计资料利用spss软件进行扩展线性支出系统模型分析,并通过实地调查问卷的资料得到农民的消费需求倾向和满意度,并对农户的满意度的影响因素进行了logistic回归分析。得到以下几结论：
从农民对公共品的消费倾向需求来看,重庆农民的交通和通讯消费收入弹性为2.0007,医疗保健消费收入弹性1.5791而这两项的边际消费倾向系数分别为0.0753和0.0637,这说明农民对交通和通讯以及医疗保健的消费存在较强的消费欲望,但是农民受到现实收入的限制,购买力较弱。由于政府公共品的供给不足,农民会更多地从增加的收入中来支付公共品,从而增加了农民的负担。
从问卷调查上分析：首先是乡村道路、教育、饮水设施等公共品。重庆政府这几年对于农村公共品中的乡村道路、教育、饮水设施等项目进行了大力投资建设,成效显著。但是这类公共品尤其是道路和教育成为农民最需要改善的公共品说明政府的供给仍然与农民的期待有一定的距离,还需要加大力供给力度；其次是医疗卫生、信息获得、生活能源。医疗卫生、信息获得、生活能源等公共品虽然也在积极建设,其供给状况有所改善,但是农户的满意度不高。尤其是医疗卫生,是农民认为急需改善的公共品之一,说明了该类公共品的供给距离农户的需求还有相当大的差距；第三是农田水利设施、农业科技及推广、生活环境、文化活动、政府部门公共服务。这一类的公共品带给农民的满意度最低,说明与农民的要求相比还有很大的距离。
5影响重庆政府供给农村公共品效率的现实因素。
探讨重庆政府供给农村公共品的影响因素,从政府自身的供给因素、其他供给主体的发展、农户作为消费者的参与等方面进行探讨。
首先,从政府供给上看。影响重庆政府农村公共品供给效率的因素有利也有弊。政府自身的供给理性和偏好会造成供给效率的“漏出”,尤其是政府在对待城乡公共品的供给上存在着“重视城市,轻视农村”的倾向从而造成公共品供给城乡差距的日益扩大和农村公共品供给的不足；而当前政府在农村公共品供给上的财权上收和事权的下放,造成了基层政府在农村公共品供给上财权与事权的不对等,加重了基层政府供给上的财政困难；但是,近几年重庆政府在得到中央一系列的政策支持和优惠后,财政支出能力增强,因此在农村公共品供给上的财政支出也不断增长。
第二,从其他供给主体的发展来看。不论是在市场供给主体的发展还是农户自我供给的发展上,重庆与东部地区相比都是相对缓慢的。表现在市场经济虽然趋于活跃,市场主体的资本实力虽然逐渐强大,但是与东部地区比起来,市场主体的发展还较为落后；另外在农村,农户由于受到自身收入的制约,再加上时间和体力等因素的影响,在农村公共品建设中表现出来的自我供给意愿并不高。这些因素都会制约重庆政府对农村公共品供给效率的提高。
第三,从农村公共品的需求者来看,重庆农村居民对公共品的收入水平较低、支付能力较弱造成他们在消费农村公共品时购买力不强,容易形成对政府供给的依赖。但是收入低下也导致了他们相对收入较高地区的农村居民来说对公共品的要求更为简单,需求层次也不高,政府的供给也能较容易地达到他们的“满足”,因此他们用向城市转移而采取“用脚投票”的方式比较少,客观上有利于政府供给效率数值的提高。另一方面,农户在对农村公共品需求信息和使用信息的表达和反馈渠道不通畅却制约了政府供给效率的进一步提高。
6.提出政策建议
政策措施。首先加大政府对农村公共品的投入,只有充足的财政支出才能保证政府供给的高效率。第二,各级政府供给应合理分工,事权和财权统一。第三,积极发展和扶持多种供给主体,完善政府的服务和扶持。多种主体的健康发展才能满足农户的多种需求,解决政府供给资金不足的问题。第四,加强基层民主组织建设,让基层组织成为村民表达公共品的需求和意见的有效通道。
保障机制。需要大力完善需求发现机制、决策机制、绩效评价机制、监督机制、信息反馈等机制。
With the regional exchanges between citise, after enjoying better public goods and public services in more and more, farmers "vote with their feet" to leave the country to enjoy the city public goods trend is strong, on the other hand, in recent years the govemment has increased the financial input to rural public goods, many beneficial to the rural and agricultural development policies have been introduced, accompanied by the agricultural tax and rural administrative fees and funds abolished, continuing decentralization reform the phenomenon of central and local government fiscal decentralization has brought financial rights among different levels of governments.After various economic and social factors perplexingappears, the current situation of rural public goods supply is not improved,especially the supply efficiency on rural public goods supply to the government as the main mode of what kind of state? What are the factors affecting the government provision efficiency? To further improve the efficiency of the supply of rural public goods should adopt what kind of pattern and measures? These problems is very important and basic in now the urban and rural, stimulate domestic demand, handle the relations between government and market, under the ideological line.
Chongqing is the youngest municipality directly under the central government, urban and rural development is typical and representative in china.And Chongqing who is located in the western region is an important city in the region. The development of rural public goods in Chongqing in the western region and even in the country n have the important meaning, so the study of Chongqing rural public goods supply efficiency can pry into thesupply of rural public goods, which also has the reference significance for other areas. The main contents of this paper are the following aspects:
1This study discusses on Influence factors of government supply model, governmentbehavior and the efficiency of supply
This study considers the evaluation of government's supply of rural public goods efficiency is according to the output of the "results"when the government put in some cases to judge the efficiency of high and low. And the output conditions can be judged from the influence of development of macro and meso regional economy and society which the government of rural public goods for rural,including the prosperity of rural economy, the development of agricultural production and fanners welfare's increase and so on; output should also be judged from the microconsumer evaluation of individual farmers,namely, How much do the government supply of rural public goods lead to meeting the needs of farmers; in equilibrium, the government supply of public goods in rural areas is related to the government's public expenditure budget, officials seeking demand intention of self-interest and urban and rural residents'demand of public goods.
2.This study analyzes the status quo of government supply of public goods in rural areas of Chongqing.
It uses statistical data of Chongqing city and each county to analyze the supply of Chongqing supply of rural public goods in detail from the supply structure,of rural public goods, differences in supply in urban and rural areas, differences in supply of region, the government supplies behavior effect.lt gets the following conclusions:First of all, it can be judged that the Chongqing rural public goods supply of government scale is too small from the government's expenditure.there are insufficient supplies in some rural public goods such as the farmland hydropower facilities, rural roads and traffic, information and energy supply, rural health,rural culture and education and rural social security. Second, the difference between Chongqing urban and rural areas of public goods is sharp, the supply of public goods in city is obviously better than that of the rural areas; Third, difference of public goods supply of area is obvious, the district which urbanization rate is relatively higher, and which is located in the urban area and which gets more the transfer payment from governments of higher levels has higher level of supply, on the contrary,the level of supply of public goods in district is lower. Fourth, the government of Chongqing public goods in the supply offarmland water conservancy facilities mainly take into the financial funds for construction directly, encouraging other suppliers of construction and supervising the entire construction behavior. Although the farmland water conservancy facilities in Chongqing have made certain progress, but the problems that the government finance investment is insufficiency, government subsidies to other supply main body participation are deficient and government management is not in place, the "thing" toorganize the villagers to supply the role is very limited,are prominent.
3. This study Measures Chongqing government supply efficiency of rural public goods from the macroscopic angle nationwide.
with the help of the statistics data of each area in our country and of evaluation methods of the efficiency in the use of common DEA Malmquist index analysis, this study evaluates Chongqing government's efficiency in supply of rural public goods at the macro regional level,then it uses Tobit model to analyze the factors affecting government's supply efficiency in rural public goods.
By DEA Malmquist analysis of the supply efficiency of Chongqinggovernment, the study gets the technical efficiency of Chongqing govemment.it finds that Chongqing government's supply technical efficiency in rural public goods during1998-2010is located in the middle in the country, but the development of technical efficiency value was on the decline. And during the same time the TFP of chongqing supply of rural public goods was also on the decline.There are two reason. One is that the size effect of Chongqing government's supply which is shortage is low. The second is that the technical level of rural public goods government supply which is low drag its supply efficiency significantly. In this two reasons, technical level is the main factor leading to low efficiency level of technology.If we will improve the supply efficiency of rural public goods, we should pay more attention to technical progress.In the Tobit regression results, these factors including regional economic strength,regional market activity, the central government support, the size of government are positive effects in the government supply technical efficiency of rural public goods, and the purchasing power of fanners demand is negative effects for government provision of public goods efficiency. The family income,the level of economic development,the farmers smooth expression are the factors which effect farmer's satisfaction. The increase in household income and household willingness expression of the poor will deepen the contradictions between farmers and local provision of public goods, and where the economic strength and the government financial ability of the area are stronger, the supply of public goods and can better meet the needs of farmers.
4This study evaluates government supply efficiency of public goods on the microlevel from the micro perspective of individual households.
From the micro perspective of individual households, with the aid of statistical data of Chongqing and of SPSS software, this study analyzes extended linear expenditure system model,then through the field investigation data,it analyzes farmers' consumption demand tendency and satisfaction to evaluate the government's supply efficiency in public goods.then it analyzs impact on Farmers' satisfactionfactors by logistic regression analysis.
From farmers' public product consumption demand, Chongqing fanners' Income elasticity of consumption of transportation and communication consumption is2.0007, and the income elasticity of consumption of health care consumption is1.5791.The marginal propensity to consume coefficient of two consumptions are0.0753and0.0637, This shows that fanners have strong consumer desire for transport and communications and consumer healthcare, but the farmers have the weak purchasing power by the income limits. Because of the lack of government supply of public goods, the farmers will pay more for public goods and be increased the burden
From the analysis of the questionnaire:The first, the government of Chongqing in recent years is investing heavily in the construction for rural roads, education,drinking water facilities and other projects for rural public goods with remarkable results.But some public goods, especially roads and education become fanners are most in need of improvement.It shows that government supply of public goods is still a certain distance with the farmers' hope, and intensive efforts to supply are need; The second, the medical and health, information, the energy of life although are in construction and the supply situations have improved, but the farmer's satisfaction is not high. Especially the medical and health is the one of the urgent public goods of the farmers need to improve;The third, agricultural water conservancy facilities, agricultural science and technology and promotion,living environment, cultural activities and the government public service are the lowest satisfaction of farmers, that there is still a big distance with the requirements of farmers.
5. This study analyzes the real factors affecting the Chongqing government supply efficiency of rural public goods
This study explores the influence factors of the Chongqing government's supply of rural public goods, from the government's own supply factors, othersupplies main body development, farmers' participation as the consumers and so on.
First of all, Rationality and preference supply of government will cause the efficiency's leakage of supply, especially the government in dealing with urban and rural public goods supply has tendency of " pay attention to city, neglect of the rural areas" which cause results that the gap between urban and rural areas is growing and the supply of rural public goods is insufficient; and the " financial opening and decentralization of powers"of government in the rural public goods supply causes the unequal results in the local government of the fiscal power and administrative authority and aggravating financial difficulties of the grass-roots unit government supply.however, in recent years, the government of Chongqing enhance expenditure after getting a series of central policy support and preferential,therefore the Chongqing government's fiscal expenditure in the rural public supplies is increasing.
Secondly, Whether the development of market supply or the development of farmers, compared with the eastern region,Chongqing is relatively slow. Although the market economy tend to be active and the main body of the market is gradually strong, the development of market main body is relatively backward compared with the eastern area; also in the rural areas, farmers are restricted by their income, coupled with the impact of factors such as time and physical strength, their supply will in the rural public goods construction is not high. These factors will restrict the government of Chongqing to improve the supply efficiency of rural public goods.
Thirdly, the weak ability to pay for public goods of Chongqing rural residents results in their dependence on government supply. But low income leads to the simple and low level demand, the government's supply can easily achieve their "meet", so they transferred to the city and to "vote with their feet" lessly,which help for the government to improve the supply efficiency value objectively. On the other hand,the expression of rural public goods demand information and using information and feedback channel of farmers are not smooth,which also restricted the further enhance of the supply efficiency.
6.Policy suggestions
Policies and measures. Firstly, the government will increase its input in rural public goods.Enough fiscal expenditure-is to ensure the supply of government efficiency. Secondly, government at all levels should have rational division of labor and have a unification of powers and financial authority. Thirdly, A variety of suppliers should be actively developed and be supported, the service and support of government should be improved. Fourthly, the construction of grass-rootsdemocracy should be strengthened,and the grassroots organizations should become an effective channel of villagers expression of public demand and opinion
Security mechanism, the demand discovery mechanism, decision-making mechanism, performance evaluation mechanism, supervision mechanism, information feedback mechanism should be improved
重庆作为我国最年轻的直辖市,城乡的发展在我国具有典型性和代表性。而且重庆地处西部区域,是该区域中的重要城市。重庆的农村公共品的发展在西部地区甚至在全国中都有重要意义,因此研究重庆农村公共品供给效率问题能够由此窥探到全国农村公共品的供给,从而对其他地区也具有借鉴意义。本文的主要内容包括以下几方面：
1.探讨政府供给模型、政府供给行为和供给效率的影响因素。
本文认为政府供给农村公共品效率的评价即是当政府投入一定的情况下根据产出的“结果”状况来判断效率的高和低。而产出状况可以从较为宏观和中观的区域经济和社会的发展影响上进行判断,即政府提供的农村公共品对农村经济和社会的促进作用有多大,包括对农村经济的繁荣、农业生产的发展和农户福利的增加等方面：产出状况也应该从微观消费者农民个体的评价上共同进行判断,即农村公共品的供给在多大程度上满足了农户的需求：在政府供给达到均衡时,政府供给农村公共品的大小与政府的公共支出预算、官员谋取私利和城乡居民对公共品的需求意向相关。
2.分析重庆农村公共品的政府供给现状及其供给行为效果。
运用重庆市和各个区县的统计数据从农村公共品供给结构、区域供给差异、政府供给具体实施行为效果等方面对重庆农村公共品的供给进行较为全面地分析。得到以下几点结论：首.先,从政府的支农支出可以看出重庆农村公共品政府供给的规模还偏小,在具体各类农村公共品比如农田水电设施、农村道路和交通、信息和能源供给、农村医疗卫生、农村文化及教育以及农村社会保障方面都还存在较明显的不足。第二,重庆公共品的城乡差异明显,城市公共品的供给明显优于农村公共品的供给,政府在对待城乡公共品的供给上存在着普遍的“重视城市,轻视农村”的差异对待。第三,各区县公共品供给差异也比较显著,在城镇化率比较高、且位于主城区附近并且地区政府得到上级转移支付较多的地区公共品供给水平则较高,反之,公共品供给水平则较低。第四,重庆政府在供给农田水利设施的公共品上,主要采取了直接投入财政资金进行建设、鼓励其他供给主体进行建设和监督管理整个建设过程的行为。虽然重庆的农田水利设施取得了一定的成绩和进展,但是问题也较突出,主要表现为政府财政资金的投入不足,政府对其他供给主体参与的补贴力度不大以及政府管理不到位以及“一事一议”对组织村民供给的作用还很有限等问题。
3.从全国范围的宏观角度测算重庆政府供给农村公共品效率。
借助我国各个地区的统计资料、利用效率常用的评价方法DEA-Malmquist指数分析方法对重庆政府的供给农村公共品效率进行宏观区域层面的评价,并进一步利用Tobit模型对影响我国农村公共品政府供给效率的因素进行了计量分析。
通过对DEA中的技术效率分析和Malmquist指数分析得到了重庆政府在我国各地区政府中的供给效率状况,发现重庆政府供给农村公共品的技术效率值在1998-2010年间的总体水平在全国来比较位于中等偏上,但是技术效率值的大小却在逐渐下降。并且在1998年-2010年期间,重庆农村公共品的供给的全要素生产率TFP也在趋于下降。具体分析原因有两个因素,其一是重庆的政府供给规模效应较低即农村公共品政府供给的总量不足。其二是农村公共品政府供给的技术水平较低,明显拖累了其供给效率。在这两个原因中技术水平是导致技术效率水平低下的主要因素。表明今后要大幅度地提高政府供给农村公共品效率,必须重视供给中技术水平的进步和供给中政府管理的改善。在Tobit回归结果中,发现地区经济实力、地区市场活力、中央财政的支持力度、政府规模等对政府供给农村公共品的技术效率是正向作用,而农户需求者的购买力对公共品的政府供给效率的影响是为负面的影响。而影响农户满意度的有家庭收入、地区经济发展水平和农户的表达通畅与否等因素。其中家庭收入的增加和农户意愿表达的不畅会加深农户与当地落后的公共品供给之间的矛盾,而经济实力和政府财政能力较强的地区,公共品的供给也能更好的满足农户的需求。
4.从个体农户的微观角度进行政府供给公共品效率微观层面的评价。
借助重庆统计资料利用spss软件进行扩展线性支出系统模型分析,并通过实地调查问卷的资料得到农民的消费需求倾向和满意度,并对农户的满意度的影响因素进行了logistic回归分析。得到以下几结论：
从农民对公共品的消费倾向需求来看,重庆农民的交通和通讯消费收入弹性为2.0007,医疗保健消费收入弹性1.5791而这两项的边际消费倾向系数分别为0.0753和0.0637,这说明农民对交通和通讯以及医疗保健的消费存在较强的消费欲望,但是农民受到现实收入的限制,购买力较弱。由于政府公共品的供给不足,农民会更多地从增加的收入中来支付公共品,从而增加了农民的负担。
从问卷调查上分析：首先是乡村道路、教育、饮水设施等公共品。重庆政府这几年对于农村公共品中的乡村道路、教育、饮水设施等项目进行了大力投资建设,成效显著。但是这类公共品尤其是道路和教育成为农民最需要改善的公共品说明政府的供给仍然与农民的期待有一定的距离,还需要加大力供给力度；其次是医疗卫生、信息获得、生活能源。医疗卫生、信息获得、生活能源等公共品虽然也在积极建设,其供给状况有所改善,但是农户的满意度不高。尤其是医疗卫生,是农民认为急需改善的公共品之一,说明了该类公共品的供给距离农户的需求还有相当大的差距；第三是农田水利设施、农业科技及推广、生活环境、文化活动、政府部门公共服务。这一类的公共品带给农民的满意度最低,说明与农民的要求相比还有很大的距离。
5影响重庆政府供给农村公共品效率的现实因素。
探讨重庆政府供给农村公共品的影响因素,从政府自身的供给因素、其他供给主体的发展、农户作为消费者的参与等方面进行探讨。
首先,从政府供给上看。影响重庆政府农村公共品供给效率的因素有利也有弊。政府自身的供给理性和偏好会造成供给效率的“漏出”,尤其是政府在对待城乡公共品的供给上存在着“重视城市,轻视农村”的倾向从而造成公共品供给城乡差距的日益扩大和农村公共品供给的不足；而当前政府在农村公共品供给上的财权上收和事权的下放,造成了基层政府在农村公共品供给上财权与事权的不对等,加重了基层政府供给上的财政困难；但是,近几年重庆政府在得到中央一系列的政策支持和优惠后,财政支出能力增强,因此在农村公共品供给上的财政支出也不断增长。
第二,从其他供给主体的发展来看。不论是在市场供给主体的发展还是农户自我供给的发展上,重庆与东部地区相比都是相对缓慢的。表现在市场经济虽然趋于活跃,市场主体的资本实力虽然逐渐强大,但是与东部地区比起来,市场主体的发展还较为落后；另外在农村,农户由于受到自身收入的制约,再加上时间和体力等因素的影响,在农村公共品建设中表现出来的自我供给意愿并不高。这些因素都会制约重庆政府对农村公共品供给效率的提高。
第三,从农村公共品的需求者来看,重庆农村居民对公共品的收入水平较低、支付能力较弱造成他们在消费农村公共品时购买力不强,容易形成对政府供给的依赖。但是收入低下也导致了他们相对收入较高地区的农村居民来说对公共品的要求更为简单,需求层次也不高,政府的供给也能较容易地达到他们的“满足”,因此他们用向城市转移而采取“用脚投票”的方式比较少,客观上有利于政府供给效率数值的提高。另一方面,农户在对农村公共品需求信息和使用信息的表达和反馈渠道不通畅却制约了政府供给效率的进一步提高。
6.提出政策建议
政策措施。首先加大政府对农村公共品的投入,只有充足的财政支出才能保证政府供给的高效率。第二,各级政府供给应合理分工,事权和财权统一。第三,积极发展和扶持多种供给主体,完善政府的服务和扶持。多种主体的健康发展才能满足农户的多种需求,解决政府供给资金不足的问题。第四,加强基层民主组织建设,让基层组织成为村民表达公共品的需求和意见的有效通道。
保障机制。需要大力完善需求发现机制、决策机制、绩效评价机制、监督机制、信息反馈等机制。
With the regional exchanges between citise, after enjoying better public goods and public services in more and more, farmers "vote with their feet" to leave the country to enjoy the city public goods trend is strong, on the other hand, in recent years the govemment has increased the financial input to rural public goods, many beneficial to the rural and agricultural development policies have been introduced, accompanied by the agricultural tax and rural administrative fees and funds abolished, continuing decentralization reform the phenomenon of central and local government fiscal decentralization has brought financial rights among different levels of governments.After various economic and social factors perplexingappears, the current situation of rural public goods supply is not improved,especially the supply efficiency on rural public goods supply to the government as the main mode of what kind of state? What are the factors affecting the government provision efficiency? To further improve the efficiency of the supply of rural public goods should adopt what kind of pattern and measures? These problems is very important and basic in now the urban and rural, stimulate domestic demand, handle the relations between government and market, under the ideological line.
Chongqing is the youngest municipality directly under the central government, urban and rural development is typical and representative in china.And Chongqing who is located in the western region is an important city in the region. The development of rural public goods in Chongqing in the western region and even in the country n have the important meaning, so the study of Chongqing rural public goods supply efficiency can pry into thesupply of rural public goods, which also has the reference significance for other areas. The main contents of this paper are the following aspects:
1This study discusses on Influence factors of government supply model, governmentbehavior and the efficiency of supply
This study considers the evaluation of government's supply of rural public goods efficiency is according to the output of the "results"when the government put in some cases to judge the efficiency of high and low. And the output conditions can be judged from the influence of development of macro and meso regional economy and society which the government of rural public goods for rural,including the prosperity of rural economy, the development of agricultural production and fanners welfare's increase and so on; output should also be judged from the microconsumer evaluation of individual farmers,namely, How much do the government supply of rural public goods lead to meeting the needs of farmers; in equilibrium, the government supply of public goods in rural areas is related to the government's public expenditure budget, officials seeking demand intention of self-interest and urban and rural residents'demand of public goods.
2.This study analyzes the status quo of government supply of public goods in rural areas of Chongqing.
It uses statistical data of Chongqing city and each county to analyze the supply of Chongqing supply of rural public goods in detail from the supply structure,of rural public goods, differences in supply in urban and rural areas, differences in supply of region, the government supplies behavior effect.lt gets the following conclusions:First of all, it can be judged that the Chongqing rural public goods supply of government scale is too small from the government's expenditure.there are insufficient supplies in some rural public goods such as the farmland hydropower facilities, rural roads and traffic, information and energy supply, rural health,rural culture and education and rural social security. Second, the difference between Chongqing urban and rural areas of public goods is sharp, the supply of public goods in city is obviously better than that of the rural areas; Third, difference of public goods supply of area is obvious, the district which urbanization rate is relatively higher, and which is located in the urban area and which gets more the transfer payment from governments of higher levels has higher level of supply, on the contrary,the level of supply of public goods in district is lower. Fourth, the government of Chongqing public goods in the supply offarmland water conservancy facilities mainly take into the financial funds for construction directly, encouraging other suppliers of construction and supervising the entire construction behavior. Although the farmland water conservancy facilities in Chongqing have made certain progress, but the problems that the government finance investment is insufficiency, government subsidies to other supply main body participation are deficient and government management is not in place, the "thing" toorganize the villagers to supply the role is very limited,are prominent.
3. This study Measures Chongqing government supply efficiency of rural public goods from the macroscopic angle nationwide.
with the help of the statistics data of each area in our country and of evaluation methods of the efficiency in the use of common DEA Malmquist index analysis, this study evaluates Chongqing government's efficiency in supply of rural public goods at the macro regional level,then it uses Tobit model to analyze the factors affecting government's supply efficiency in rural public goods.
By DEA Malmquist analysis of the supply efficiency of Chongqinggovernment, the study gets the technical efficiency of Chongqing govemment.it finds that Chongqing government's supply technical efficiency in rural public goods during1998-2010is located in the middle in the country, but the development of technical efficiency value was on the decline. And during the same time the TFP of chongqing supply of rural public goods was also on the decline.There are two reason. One is that the size effect of Chongqing government's supply which is shortage is low. The second is that the technical level of rural public goods government supply which is low drag its supply efficiency significantly. In this two reasons, technical level is the main factor leading to low efficiency level of technology.If we will improve the supply efficiency of rural public goods, we should pay more attention to technical progress.In the Tobit regression results, these factors including regional economic strength,regional market activity, the central government support, the size of government are positive effects in the government supply technical efficiency of rural public goods, and the purchasing power of fanners demand is negative effects for government provision of public goods efficiency. The family income,the level of economic development,the farmers smooth expression are the factors which effect farmer's satisfaction. The increase in household income and household willingness expression of the poor will deepen the contradictions between farmers and local provision of public goods, and where the economic strength and the government financial ability of the area are stronger, the supply of public goods and can better meet the needs of farmers.
4This study evaluates government supply efficiency of public goods on the microlevel from the micro perspective of individual households.
From the micro perspective of individual households, with the aid of statistical data of Chongqing and of SPSS software, this study analyzes extended linear expenditure system model,then through the field investigation data,it analyzes farmers' consumption demand tendency and satisfaction to evaluate the government's supply efficiency in public goods.then it analyzs impact on Farmers' satisfactionfactors by logistic regression analysis.
From farmers' public product consumption demand, Chongqing fanners' Income elasticity of consumption of transportation and communication consumption is2.0007, and the income elasticity of consumption of health care consumption is1.5791.The marginal propensity to consume coefficient of two consumptions are0.0753and0.0637, This shows that fanners have strong consumer desire for transport and communications and consumer healthcare, but the farmers have the weak purchasing power by the income limits. Because of the lack of government supply of public goods, the farmers will pay more for public goods and be increased the burden
From the analysis of the questionnaire:The first, the government of Chongqing in recent years is investing heavily in the construction for rural roads, education,drinking water facilities and other projects for rural public goods with remarkable results.But some public goods, especially roads and education become fanners are most in need of improvement.It shows that government supply of public goods is still a certain distance with the farmers' hope, and intensive efforts to supply are need; The second, the medical and health, information, the energy of life although are in construction and the supply situations have improved, but the farmer's satisfaction is not high. Especially the medical and health is the one of the urgent public goods of the farmers need to improve;The third, agricultural water conservancy facilities, agricultural science and technology and promotion,living environment, cultural activities and the government public service are the lowest satisfaction of farmers, that there is still a big distance with the requirements of farmers.
5. This study analyzes the real factors affecting the Chongqing government supply efficiency of rural public goods
This study explores the influence factors of the Chongqing government's supply of rural public goods, from the government's own supply factors, othersupplies main body development, farmers' participation as the consumers and so on.
First of all, Rationality and preference supply of government will cause the efficiency's leakage of supply, especially the government in dealing with urban and rural public goods supply has tendency of " pay attention to city, neglect of the rural areas" which cause results that the gap between urban and rural areas is growing and the supply of rural public goods is insufficient; and the " financial opening and decentralization of powers"of government in the rural public goods supply causes the unequal results in the local government of the fiscal power and administrative authority and aggravating financial difficulties of the grass-roots unit government supply.however, in recent years, the government of Chongqing enhance expenditure after getting a series of central policy support and preferential,therefore the Chongqing government's fiscal expenditure in the rural public supplies is increasing.
Secondly, Whether the development of market supply or the development of farmers, compared with the eastern region,Chongqing is relatively slow. Although the market economy tend to be active and the main body of the market is gradually strong, the development of market main body is relatively backward compared with the eastern area; also in the rural areas, farmers are restricted by their income, coupled with the impact of factors such as time and physical strength, their supply will in the rural public goods construction is not high. These factors will restrict the government of Chongqing to improve the supply efficiency of rural public goods.
Thirdly, the weak ability to pay for public goods of Chongqing rural residents results in their dependence on government supply. But low income leads to the simple and low level demand, the government's supply can easily achieve their "meet", so they transferred to the city and to "vote with their feet" lessly,which help for the government to improve the supply efficiency value objectively. On the other hand,the expression of rural public goods demand information and using information and feedback channel of farmers are not smooth,which also restricted the further enhance of the supply efficiency.
6.Policy suggestions
Policies and measures. Firstly, the government will increase its input in rural public goods.Enough fiscal expenditure-is to ensure the supply of government efficiency. Secondly, government at all levels should have rational division of labor and have a unification of powers and financial authority. Thirdly, A variety of suppliers should be actively developed and be supported, the service and support of government should be improved. Fourthly, the construction of grass-rootsdemocracy should be strengthened,and the grassroots organizations should become an effective channel of villagers expression of public demand and opinion
Security mechanism, the demand discovery mechanism, decision-making mechanism, performance evaluation mechanism, supervision mechanism, information feedback mechanism should be improved
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