裂缝油气藏储层预测方法及应用研究
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摘要
当前,伴随我国经济快速发展的同时,石油天然气资源的开发利用也逐渐增多,导致常规油气藏正在逐渐减少,勘探开发的难度也日益增大。这些现实导致了必须将今后油气勘探的方向转向深部储层和非常规油气藏,所以裂缝油气藏已成为当前油气勘探工作的重点领域。
需要注意的是,裂缝油气藏的岩性岩相横向变化大、储集空间类型和渗流物理特征复杂、裂缝的形状及大小变化大、填充物性质和类型多样、储集空间分布规律不清等诸多因素,都给裂缝油气藏的勘探开发带来了很大的难度,所以裂缝油气藏也成为当前油气勘探工作的难点之一。目前,生产和科研实践表明,如果要利用单一的学科或方法对裂缝进行预测通常是很困难的,所以在这种情况下,需要采用多学科、多方法和多参数对裂缝进行综合预测,减少多解性,提高勘探发开的成功率。
准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山西地区石炭系火山岩储层具有良好的勘探潜力,但是该区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育特征及地球物理响应特征认识不清,且针对火山岩裂缝预测的识别技术缺乏,因此需要建立适合哈山西地区石炭系火山岩储层的裂缝综合预测技术,建立火山岩裂缝有效的地震识别模式,指出哈山西地区不同构造带的裂缝有利发育区。通过该课题的研究,不但能尽快明确裂缝发育特征,建立火山岩裂缝综合预测技术,还对类似勘探区带具有较大的借鉴和指导意义。
本论文围绕哈山西地区石炭系火山岩裂缝综合预测,为下一步该地区的勘探部署提供依据,主要开展了以下7个方面的研究：
(1)对国内外裂缝预测方法的研究现状和发展趋势进行了调研,分析了研究区特点,提出了针对本地区裂缝识别的具体思路和方法。
(2)收集、整理、分析了各类地质、录井、岩芯、测井及地震资料。通过观察、描述裂缝,对裂缝发育类型和特征进行了总结；从构造、断裂、储层等多个方面,对本区裂缝发育的主控因素进行了分析和归纳；对裂缝段的测井、地震响应特征进行了详细描述,完成了裂缝段测井响应图版和裂缝段地震响应成果图。
(3)完成了6个不同裂缝参数的地震地质模型的建模及波动方程正演模拟,并对其地震波场特征进行了分析,为本区地震属性分析和敏感性属性提取提供了依据。
(4)计算并分析了相干、倾角、方位角、曲率、吸收衰减等多种叠后地震属性数据体,并分析了属性过井剖面以及水平切片。在此基础上,基于神经网络算法,利用地震属性对本区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育带进行了预测；此外,在对6口重点探井的测井资料进行特征曲线重构的基础上,采用拟测井曲线稀疏脉冲反演的方法进行了叠后裂缝预测。
(5)研究了裂隙介质的基本理论(Hudson理论和Thomsen理论),从速度、振幅、衰减等方面对叠前纵波各向异性特征进行了理论分析。
(6)对本区叠前地震道集进行了叠前保幅处理、偏移距-方位角处理,分方位角叠加、偏移及裂缝发育段的岩石物理模型正演,以及基于应力场分析的构造成因裂缝预测；利用叠前AVAZ和FVAZ特征,对本区进行了综合裂缝预测,得到了裂缝发育方位和密度预测图。
(7)针对不同地区、不同层系、不同类型裂缝的预测技术展开适用性研究,明确不同技术之间的组合衔接关系,优选出针对不同地区、不同层系的适用方法。在技术适用性研究的基础上,根据地层岩性特征、裂缝规律、构造复杂程度、地震资料质量、钻井多少,优化组合不同裂缝预测技术,建立准西北缘火山岩裂缝的地震有效识别模式,最终指导裂缝储层有利发育区的预测。
结合上述研究内容,通过对哈山西地区实际资料的研究和分析,本论文形成了以下主要研究成果：
(1)研究区的裂缝表现为高角度、近平行分布的特征；裂缝走向以北东-南西向为主；裂缝发育密度可以达到50条/米,而半充填-未充填的裂缝占裂缝总数的86%,因此工区裂缝整体具有“高角度、高密度、高有效”的特征,对于该区的油气运移、富集具有积极的作用。同时本区的裂缝主要以高角度剪切裂缝为主,对本区裂缝发育起到主要控制作用的因素为岩性和区域构造位置。
(2)明确了成像测井和常规测井对裂缝发育的响应规律：①钻井液的侵入会使高导缝在FMI图像上主要表现为深色的正弦曲线；被后期次生作用的高阻矿物所填充的高阻缝在FMI图像上则主要表现为亮色正弦曲线。②常规测井曲线对裂缝发育段的响应特征为：声波时差对裂缝的反映效果与裂缝规模及形态有关,若裂缝为水平缝或网状缝,且裂缝相对发育,则声波时差值会变大,速度会降低;当裂缝开度较大时,声波曲线可能会出现“周波跳跃”的现象：自然伽马曲线一般较低,但可能出现突然增大的现象：井径曲线可能出现扩径现象；密度曲线在裂缝发育段可明显降低;此外,还由于钻井液的侵入,导致电阻率曲线值显著降低,所以其特征为高电阻率的背景上出现相对较低的电阻率值：由于补偿中子测井具有较大的探测深度,所以在裂缝发育段上,显示的孔隙度值较高,若中子孔隙度越大,则表示裂缝相对越发育。
(3)对裂缝段的地震响应特征分析认为：在叠后地震剖面中裂缝发育段的反射主要以延伸距离较短、具有一定倾斜角度的同相轴为主,横向连续性差：在反射强度剖面上主要表现为反射强度高值呈串珠状、非连续样式：瞬时频率会随深度的增加和油气的填充产生衰减,但在低频趋势下可能出现高频信息,推测与裂缝导致地震波干涉有关。
(4)从裂隙模型正演和实际地震属性分析两方面来看：①裂缝密度和裂缝速度是影响地震波场特征的首要因素,裂缝密度越大,速度与围岩的差别越大,裂缝响应越明显,总体上是杂乱反射特征,局部呈现短的倾斜同相轴。②裂隙发育区会使得其下伏地层成像不清楚。③地震属性最能反映裂缝密度和裂缝速度的变化,其次是裂缝长度和宽度,很难反映裂缝倾角的变化。对裂缝发育比较敏感的属性包括均方根振幅、平均反射强度和瞬时频率等。④所设计的实际过哈浅6-哈山1井的地震地质模型,其正演结果与实际地震剖面能较好地对应,其裂缝发育带的反射特征与实际地震记录具有较高的相似性。属性分析结果认为相干体、倾角、方位角和曲率等属性也对裂缝发育带较敏感,为实际资料的裂缝预测奠定了依据。
(5)通过相干及多属性叠合技术能更好地从宏观上检测裂缝的主要发育部位,预测结果认为裂缝发育区带主要位于哈浅6井以南的区域,并且自上而下,裂缝预测发育区域有自北向南逐渐变小的趋势,但是裂缝发育程度是逐渐由弱变强的。
(6)通过对多条敏感测井曲线的加权拟合重构出了对裂缝段反映更为准确的特征曲线,并以此为基础开展了拟测井稀疏脉冲反演研究,从而实现了对裂缝发育特征的定性-半定量预测。预测的结果显示：裂缝发育区与波阻抗反演剖面中的低值区对应,其吻合关系较好。
(7)分别从裂隙参数对地震波传播的影响、纵波反射系数的方位各向异性、NMO速度的方位各向异性、单层EDA介质时距曲线特征、正交测线的P波时差、方位变化的Q值估算裂隙走向这6个方面研究裂缝,对叠前方位各向异性特征进行了综合研究。研究表明：①裂隙介质中三类波的速度和衰减与裂隙密度有很大的关系,随着裂隙密度的增大,纵横波速度降低,衰减增大②在EDA介质中,三类波的传播速度和衰减具有明显的方向性,且干裂隙中纵波变化明显,含流体裂隙中横波变化明显；③在近偏移距(小入射角)时,反射系数在不同方位角时差别较小,在大偏移距时差别增大,所以大偏移距信息更能反映各向异性特征。④沿裂缝走向观测时,波的视速度最大,其旅行时最小,取得最大的动校正速度；垂直裂缝走向观测时,波的视速度最小,其旅行时最大,得到最小的动校正速度。⑤测线沿着裂缝对称轴方向或垂直裂缝走向时衰减最大,垂直裂缝对称轴方向或沿着裂缝走向时衰减最小值；入射角越小,衰减随观测夹角的变化越小,入射角为0°(垂直入射)时,衰减小且不同方位观测时无差别。
(8)运用叠前AVAZ和FVAZ综合裂缝预测技术对哈山西三维区的裂缝发育方向和密度开展半定量-定量研究,预测结果认为：裂缝发育密度以哈山1井—哈山2井—哈浅7井一线为裂缝密度的转折线,该线以南密度明显要高于以北,而研究区以南的区域内裂缝密度并非均匀分布,而是存在一些局部高值区,如哈浅6井、哈浅101井等；裂缝发育方向以北东-南西、北西-南东为主。
(9)针对研究区不同裂缝特征、不同层系、不同构造区带的地质特征及所具有的资料情况,在不同裂缝预测技术适用性分析的基础上对典型预测模式进行了总结：按照裂缝宏观描述→裂缝定性描述→裂缝半定量—定量描述逐步深入的思路,首先在正演模拟基础上运用叠后多属性技术揭示相对宏观的断裂信息；在此基础上,运用曲线重构反演技术对裂缝发育特征展开更为精确的定性预测,指出不同区域、不同层段裂缝的相对发育程度。最后,通过叠前AVAZ和FVAZ裂缝预测技术指出不同区域、不同层位的裂缝发育密度及方向,实现对裂缝的半定量—定量的预测。
本论文的主要创新点体现在：
(1)首次应用多属性预测技术及神经网络的方法对哈山西地区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育带进行了预测,其预测结果与实钻资料吻合较好。在基于地震多属性的预测中,为了更好地减少预测的多解性,首先优选了对裂缝发育敏感的地震属性。本次研究通过波动方程正演模拟(含裂隙介质的层状模型及实际过井模型)和实际地震资料属性交会分析两种手段,确定了能较好反映本区裂缝发育的若干地震属性,为叠后裂缝预测奠定了基础。在此基础上,通过BP神经网络原理,得到了地震属性与裂缝发育密度的非线性关系,最后预测了全区裂缝发育密度的平面分布图,实现了裂缝的半定量预测,预测结果与实钻资料吻合。
(2)从理论上对地震波方位各向异性特征进行了综合分析,推导了裂隙密度等因素与纵波方位各向异性的关系,为叠前裂缝预测奠定了理论依据。本文中重点论述了由方位角变化的Q值估算裂隙走向和岩石速度比的方法,并推导出利用正交测线的Q值参数计算裂隙方位的计算公式。最后基于叠前P波方位各向异性分析技术进行了哈山西地区裂缝综合预测,得到了裂缝发育方位和密度预测平面图,其结果与实钻资料吻合度较高。
(3)首次对不同裂缝预测技术优势及适用条件进行了分析,建立了哈山西地区的火山岩裂缝综合预测模式,明确了其技术流程。综合预测结果显示该模式取得了较好的效果,对该地区其他类似勘探区带具有较大的借鉴和指导意义。其预测模式为：按照裂缝宏观描述→裂缝定性描述→裂缝半定量—定量描述逐步深入的思路,首先运用叠后多属性技术揭示相对宏观的断裂信息；在此基础上,运用曲线重构反演技术对裂缝发育特征展开更为精确的定性预测,指出不同区域、不同层段裂缝的相对发育程度。最后,通过叠前裂缝预测技术指出不同区域、不同层位的裂缝发育密度及方向,实现对裂缝的半定量-定量的预测。
With the rapid development of China's economy, the more oil and gas resources are exploited and utilized, the less reservoirs of conventional oil and gas become and the more difficult their exploitation turns. As a result, fractured reservoirs will inevitably become a significant field as the focus of oil and gas exploitation are gradually shifted from shallow exploitation to deep one and from conventional reservoirs to unconventional ones.
It should be noted that great troubles are encountered in the exploitation and development of fractured reservoirs due to such factors as great lateral variability in lithology and lithofacies, considerable complexity of the types of reservoir space and the physical characteristics of seepage, great changes in the nature, type, shape and size of filling of fractures, and the unclear spatial distribution of reservoirs. So the fractured reservoir has become one of the difficulties in the exploration of oil and gas. Currently, production and research shows that it is very difficult to predict fractures with a single discipline or method. In this case, we need comprehensive prediction of fractures with multi-disciplines, multi-methods and multi-parameters, with the purpose of avoiding multiple solutions and improving the success rate in exploration.
The Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the west of Hashan has a good exploration potential, but a poor knowledge of its fracture characteristics and geophysical response characteristics and a lack of recognition technology to predict this type of fractures call for a comprehensive prediction technology, an effective seismic recognition mode and designation of the favorable development zones in the different tectonic fractures in this region. The study of this subject not only helps nail down the fracture characteristics and establish a comprehensive prediction technology of volcanic fractures, but is also of great referring and guiding significance to similar exploration zones.
In this doctoral dissertation, centering around the prediction of Carboniferous volcanic fractures in the west of Hashan, the paper has carried out its study mainly from the following seven aspects, aiming at furnishing a theoretical basis for further exploration there.
1. The paper has studied the domestic research status and strike of fracture prediction methods, analyzed the characteristics of the researched regions, and proposed ideas and methods specific for fracture recognition in the west of Hashan.
2. The paper has collected, collated, and analyzed a variety of geological, well logging, core, and seismic data. Through observation and description of fractures, it has summed up the types and characteristics of fractures; from the perspectives of structure, fault, reservoir and etc., it has analyzed and summarized the controlling factors of fractures in the west of Hashan; it has summarized fracture segments and completed the statistical tables about the logging response of fracture segments and achievement graphs about seismic response of fractures.
3. The paper has completed the seismic geological modeling of six different fracture parameters and wave equation forward modeling of seismic waves, and analyzed the characteristics of seismic wave fields, which underlie the analysis of seismic attributes and extraction of sensitive attributes.
4. The paper has calculated and analyzed coherence, dip, azimuth, curvature, attenuation and other data volumes of post-stack seismic attributes, through-well profiles and horizontal slices. And then, based on the neural network algorithm, the paper has predicted the Carboniferous igneous fractured zones in this region according to the seismic attributes; additionally, it has reconstructed characteristic logs of six key wells with their logging data and predicted the post-stack fractures with the method of log restructuring inversion.
5. The paper has studied the basic theories of fractured media, i.e. Hudson's and Thomsen's theories and make a theoretical analysis of prestack anisotropic characteristics from the aspects of speed, amplitude, attenuation, etc.
6. The paper has done a lot of study to do with the prestack seismic gathers in the west of Hashan, such as processing of the prestack preserved amplitude, stacking of the sub-azimuth, migration and forward modeling of the fracture segments and fracture prediction of structural causes based on the analysis of stress fields. The paper has also detected anisotropic fractures according to the prestack azimuth AVO and QVO characteristics in this region and finally predicted the orientation and density map of fractures.
7. The paper has explored the applicability of prediction technologies specific to different regions, different strata and different types of fractures, and then designated the relationship between different combinations of technologies and finally optimized the methods applicable to different regions and different strata. Based on the applicability of technologies, it has proceeded to optimize the combinations of different fracture prediction technologies, establish a valid seismic recognition mode of the igneous fractures in the Northwestern Junggar, according to the lithological characteristics, laws of fractures, structural complexity, the quality of seismic data and the amount of drilling wells, and finally guide the delineation of the favorable development zone in the fractured reservoirs.
Combining the above research, this paper has mainly proposed the following findings through the research and analysis of data in the western of Hashan.
1. The fractures in the studied region are high-angled and nearly parallel in distribution; they run mainly from northeast to southwest; they can reach as many as50strips/meter in density with86%being semi-filled and unfilled fractures. Therefore, the fractures mainly generally characterized as high angled, highly dense and highly effective in the work area will play a positive role in the migration and enrichment of oil and gas in this region. Meanwhile, as the fractures here are mainly high-angledly sheared, the factor which played an important role in the development of fractures is their lithology and regional tectonic position.
2. By analyzing the logging response characteristics of fracture segments, the paper has designated the following laws concerning the responses of FMI and conventional logging to fractures.(a) In the FMI images, the high-conductivity fractures are mainly shown as dark sine waves, which are caused by penetration of drilling fluids; the high-resistance are shown as bright sine waves, which are caused by filling of high-resistance minerals with secondary effects in the later periods.(b) The responses of conventional logging to fractures reflect the following characteristics. Firstly, the responses of sonic movements are closely related to the scale and morphology of fractures. If the fractures are horizontal or netted, and relatively developed, the sonic interval transit time will be enlarged in value and lowered in speed. Secondly, when the fracture openings are comparatively large, the "cycle skip" phenomenon may be noted in the p-sonic logs; natural gamma logs are generally low, but may be abruptly increased; the caliper logs may be expanded in diameter; the density of the developed segments may be significantly reduced; as they may be significantly lowered in value due to penetration of drilling fluids, the resistivity logs are characterized as relatively low-valued in the background high-valued resistivity; additionally, due to the relatively great depth in the compensated neutron logging, the developed segments of volcanic fractures are relatively high-valued in porosity, indicating that the greater the porosities are, the more developed the fractures are.
3.The seismic responses of the fracture segments are characterized as follows:reflection in the conventional seismic profiles of the developed segments is mainly events which extend over a short distance and tilt to some degrees, but is horizontally discontinuous; the density profiles of reflection are mainly shown as in a beaded and discontinuous pattern in the high-valued section; the instantaneous frequency attenuates fast in the direction of vertical fractures with strong heterogeneity and gas-bearing fractures are more heterogeneous than oil-bearing ones.
4.The results from the forward modeling of different random fractures and the actual fractured reservoir models demonstrate the following characteristics.(a) The density and rate of fractures are leading factors in influencing the characteristics of the seismic wave field. The denser the fractures are, the greater the difference between speed and surrounding rocks becomes and the more evident the response of fractures is. The response is generally messy and is shown as partially short slant events.(b) The developed zones of fractures will obscure imaging off the underlying strata.(c) Seismic attributes can best reflect the variations of fracture density and speed, and then length and width, but they can't reflect the changes in dip. Sensitive attributes include root mean square amplitude, average reflectance intensity, instantaneous frequency, etc.(d) As for the paper's seismic modeling of the HQ6-HS1well, the results of its forward modeling can well correspond to the actual seismic profiles. The response characteristics of the developed zones are highly similar to those shown by the actual seismic data. The results of attribute analysis demonstrate that those attributes such as coherence, dip, azimuth and curvature are comparatively sensitive to the developed zones, which sets stages for prediction of fractures with the actual data.
5. The post-stack technology based on coherence and other attributes facilitates qualitative detection of fractures in the main developed zones, which reveals relatively macroscopic information of faults. The final results of the analysis show that the predicted fracture zones are mainly located in the south of the HQ6-HS1well, and that vertically downward, they tend to be smaller from north to south, but the signaled degree of development goes from weakness to strength.
6. Through weighted fitting of multi sensitive well logs, the paper has reconstructed characteristic logs which can reflect the segments of fractures more accurately, and then carried out the log restructuring inversion, thus succeeding in qualitatively predicting the development characteristics of fractures. The results of the prediction show that the high values of fractures' density logs well correspond to the low values of acoustic impedance inversion profiles.
7) The paper has studied fractures from six aspects including influences of fracture parameters on the propagation of seismic waves, azimuthal anisotropic reflection coefficients of P-waves, azimuthal anisotropy of NMO speed, characteristics of single EDA media's time-distance curves, P-wave movement of orthogonal survey lines, estimation of fracture strike according to the changes of Q-value with azimuth. Besides, the paper has done comprehensive research into methods of prestack azimuthal anisotropy. The findings of the studies are as follows.(a) The velocity and attenuation of three fractured media's waves have a certain relationship with the fracture density. With the increase of fracture density, S-waves decrease in speech and increase in attenuation.(b) As for EDA media, propagation velocity and attenuation of three waves is evidently oriented; P-waves in dry fractures and the shear waves of fractures containing fluids change significantly.(c) In the near offset (i.e. at small incidence angles), the reflection coefficients change a little at different incidence angles; but in the far offset, they change greatly. Therefore, the data collected in the far offset can better reflect the characteristics of anisotropy.(d) In the observation along the fracture strike, waves are maximum in apparent velocity but minimum in travel time, thus achieving maximum NMO velocity; in the observation perpendicular to the fracture strike, waves are minimum in apparent velocity but maximum in travel time, thus achieving minimum NMO velocity.(e) Along the fractures' symmetry axis or perpendicular to the fracture strike, the survey lines are maximum in attenuation; but perpendicular to the fractures' symmetry axis or along the fracture strike, the survey lines are minimum in attenuation. The smaller the incidence angles are, the least the attenuation changes with the observation angles; at the0°incidence angle (i.e. vertical incidence), the attenuation is small and has no difference at different observation angles.
8.With the fracture prediction technology based on changes of prestack amplitude with azimuth, the paper has carried out semi-quantitative and quantitative research into the development orientation and density of fractures in the west of Hashan. The results of prediction are as follows. The transition line of fracture density is from HS2well to HQ7well. The density in the south of this line was significantly higher than that in the north; the fracture density in the south of the studied area is not evenly distributed, but with some high-valued parts, such as HQ6 well and HQ101well. The development orientation of fractures is mainly northeast and northeast, between which northeast is dominating.
9. Based on the applicability analysis of various fracture prediction technologies, the paper has summed up the typical prediction mode applicable to the different strata, different tectonic zones, and different types of fractures in the studied region. On the whole, the paper has gradually deepened his research from the macro description of fractures, to the qualitative one, then to the semi-quantitative one and finally to the quantitative one. Firstly, it has shown relatively macroscopic information of fractures with the post-stack multi-attribute technology; on this basis, with log restructuring inversion, it has made more accurate qualitative prediction of fractures' development characteristics and designated relative development degrees of different regions and segments; finally, with the fracture prediction technology of prestack AVAZ and FVAZ, it has pointed out the development density and direction of fractures in different regions and different layers, thus achieving the semi-quantitative to quantitative predictions.
The innovations in this dissertation are mainly as follows.
1. For the first time the paper has applied the multi-attribute predication technology and the neural network approach to the prediction of the development zones of carboniferous fractures in the west of Hashan. The results of the prediction have great coincidence with the drilling data. In the prediction based on seismic multi-attributes, in order to reduce multiple solutions in prediction, it is necessary to preferably select those seismic attributes which are sensitive to the development of fractures. So in this study, the paper has employed two methods—wave equation forward modeling (including the theoretical models of fracture media and the actual through-well models) and the cross plots analysis of the actual seismic data's attributes, thus selecting several seismic attributes which can better reflect the development of fractures and laying a foundation for post-stack prediction of fractures. Based on this, with the BP neural network algorithm, the paper has found out non-linear relationship between the fracture density and seismic attributes. Finally the paper has predicted the planar map of fracture's development density in the whole region, which has achieved good effects.
2. Theoretically, the paper has made a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of seismic waves'azimuthal anisotropy and deduced the relationship between the development azimuth and the parameters such as reflection coefficients, attenuation, movements, which has laid a theoretical foundation for the prestack prediction of fractures. In this thesis, it has focused on deriving the estimation of fracture-strike and velocity-ratio according to the changes of Q with azimuth, and formula calculating the azimuth of fractures with the attenuation parameters of orthogonal survey lines. Finally, based on the technology of azimuthal anisotropy, it has made an integrated prediction of fractures in the west of Hashan, and then worked out the plan of fractures development azimuth and density, whose results greatly coincide with actual drilling data.
3. For the first time the paper has analyzed the advantages and application conditions of different fracture prediction technologies, established the comprehensive prediction mode of volcanic fractures in the west of Hashan, and defined the technical processes of the mode. The results of prediction show that this mode achieved satisfactory effects, and is also of great referring and guiding significance to similar exploration zones. The prediction mode is as follows. On the whole, the paper has gradually deepened his research from the macro description of fractures, to the qualitative one, then to the semi-quantitative one and finally to the quantitative one. Firstly, it has shown relatively macroscopic information of fractures with the post-stack multi-attribute technology; on this basis, with log restructuring inversion, it has made more accurate qualitative prediction of fractures' development characteristics and designated relative development degrees of different regions and segments; finally, with the fracture prediction technology of prestack AVAZ and FVAZ, it has pointed out the development density and direction of fractures in different regions and different layers, thus achieving the semi-quantitative to quantitative predictions.
需要注意的是,裂缝油气藏的岩性岩相横向变化大、储集空间类型和渗流物理特征复杂、裂缝的形状及大小变化大、填充物性质和类型多样、储集空间分布规律不清等诸多因素,都给裂缝油气藏的勘探开发带来了很大的难度,所以裂缝油气藏也成为当前油气勘探工作的难点之一。目前,生产和科研实践表明,如果要利用单一的学科或方法对裂缝进行预测通常是很困难的,所以在这种情况下,需要采用多学科、多方法和多参数对裂缝进行综合预测,减少多解性,提高勘探发开的成功率。
准噶尔盆地西北缘哈山西地区石炭系火山岩储层具有良好的勘探潜力,但是该区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育特征及地球物理响应特征认识不清,且针对火山岩裂缝预测的识别技术缺乏,因此需要建立适合哈山西地区石炭系火山岩储层的裂缝综合预测技术,建立火山岩裂缝有效的地震识别模式,指出哈山西地区不同构造带的裂缝有利发育区。通过该课题的研究,不但能尽快明确裂缝发育特征,建立火山岩裂缝综合预测技术,还对类似勘探区带具有较大的借鉴和指导意义。
本论文围绕哈山西地区石炭系火山岩裂缝综合预测,为下一步该地区的勘探部署提供依据,主要开展了以下7个方面的研究：
(1)对国内外裂缝预测方法的研究现状和发展趋势进行了调研,分析了研究区特点,提出了针对本地区裂缝识别的具体思路和方法。
(2)收集、整理、分析了各类地质、录井、岩芯、测井及地震资料。通过观察、描述裂缝,对裂缝发育类型和特征进行了总结；从构造、断裂、储层等多个方面,对本区裂缝发育的主控因素进行了分析和归纳；对裂缝段的测井、地震响应特征进行了详细描述,完成了裂缝段测井响应图版和裂缝段地震响应成果图。
(3)完成了6个不同裂缝参数的地震地质模型的建模及波动方程正演模拟,并对其地震波场特征进行了分析,为本区地震属性分析和敏感性属性提取提供了依据。
(4)计算并分析了相干、倾角、方位角、曲率、吸收衰减等多种叠后地震属性数据体,并分析了属性过井剖面以及水平切片。在此基础上,基于神经网络算法,利用地震属性对本区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育带进行了预测；此外,在对6口重点探井的测井资料进行特征曲线重构的基础上,采用拟测井曲线稀疏脉冲反演的方法进行了叠后裂缝预测。
(5)研究了裂隙介质的基本理论(Hudson理论和Thomsen理论),从速度、振幅、衰减等方面对叠前纵波各向异性特征进行了理论分析。
(6)对本区叠前地震道集进行了叠前保幅处理、偏移距-方位角处理,分方位角叠加、偏移及裂缝发育段的岩石物理模型正演,以及基于应力场分析的构造成因裂缝预测；利用叠前AVAZ和FVAZ特征,对本区进行了综合裂缝预测,得到了裂缝发育方位和密度预测图。
(7)针对不同地区、不同层系、不同类型裂缝的预测技术展开适用性研究,明确不同技术之间的组合衔接关系,优选出针对不同地区、不同层系的适用方法。在技术适用性研究的基础上,根据地层岩性特征、裂缝规律、构造复杂程度、地震资料质量、钻井多少,优化组合不同裂缝预测技术,建立准西北缘火山岩裂缝的地震有效识别模式,最终指导裂缝储层有利发育区的预测。
结合上述研究内容,通过对哈山西地区实际资料的研究和分析,本论文形成了以下主要研究成果：
(1)研究区的裂缝表现为高角度、近平行分布的特征；裂缝走向以北东-南西向为主；裂缝发育密度可以达到50条/米,而半充填-未充填的裂缝占裂缝总数的86%,因此工区裂缝整体具有“高角度、高密度、高有效”的特征,对于该区的油气运移、富集具有积极的作用。同时本区的裂缝主要以高角度剪切裂缝为主,对本区裂缝发育起到主要控制作用的因素为岩性和区域构造位置。
(2)明确了成像测井和常规测井对裂缝发育的响应规律：①钻井液的侵入会使高导缝在FMI图像上主要表现为深色的正弦曲线；被后期次生作用的高阻矿物所填充的高阻缝在FMI图像上则主要表现为亮色正弦曲线。②常规测井曲线对裂缝发育段的响应特征为：声波时差对裂缝的反映效果与裂缝规模及形态有关,若裂缝为水平缝或网状缝,且裂缝相对发育,则声波时差值会变大,速度会降低;当裂缝开度较大时,声波曲线可能会出现“周波跳跃”的现象：自然伽马曲线一般较低,但可能出现突然增大的现象：井径曲线可能出现扩径现象；密度曲线在裂缝发育段可明显降低;此外,还由于钻井液的侵入,导致电阻率曲线值显著降低,所以其特征为高电阻率的背景上出现相对较低的电阻率值：由于补偿中子测井具有较大的探测深度,所以在裂缝发育段上,显示的孔隙度值较高,若中子孔隙度越大,则表示裂缝相对越发育。
(3)对裂缝段的地震响应特征分析认为：在叠后地震剖面中裂缝发育段的反射主要以延伸距离较短、具有一定倾斜角度的同相轴为主,横向连续性差：在反射强度剖面上主要表现为反射强度高值呈串珠状、非连续样式：瞬时频率会随深度的增加和油气的填充产生衰减,但在低频趋势下可能出现高频信息,推测与裂缝导致地震波干涉有关。
(4)从裂隙模型正演和实际地震属性分析两方面来看：①裂缝密度和裂缝速度是影响地震波场特征的首要因素,裂缝密度越大,速度与围岩的差别越大,裂缝响应越明显,总体上是杂乱反射特征,局部呈现短的倾斜同相轴。②裂隙发育区会使得其下伏地层成像不清楚。③地震属性最能反映裂缝密度和裂缝速度的变化,其次是裂缝长度和宽度,很难反映裂缝倾角的变化。对裂缝发育比较敏感的属性包括均方根振幅、平均反射强度和瞬时频率等。④所设计的实际过哈浅6-哈山1井的地震地质模型,其正演结果与实际地震剖面能较好地对应,其裂缝发育带的反射特征与实际地震记录具有较高的相似性。属性分析结果认为相干体、倾角、方位角和曲率等属性也对裂缝发育带较敏感,为实际资料的裂缝预测奠定了依据。
(5)通过相干及多属性叠合技术能更好地从宏观上检测裂缝的主要发育部位,预测结果认为裂缝发育区带主要位于哈浅6井以南的区域,并且自上而下,裂缝预测发育区域有自北向南逐渐变小的趋势,但是裂缝发育程度是逐渐由弱变强的。
(6)通过对多条敏感测井曲线的加权拟合重构出了对裂缝段反映更为准确的特征曲线,并以此为基础开展了拟测井稀疏脉冲反演研究,从而实现了对裂缝发育特征的定性-半定量预测。预测的结果显示：裂缝发育区与波阻抗反演剖面中的低值区对应,其吻合关系较好。
(7)分别从裂隙参数对地震波传播的影响、纵波反射系数的方位各向异性、NMO速度的方位各向异性、单层EDA介质时距曲线特征、正交测线的P波时差、方位变化的Q值估算裂隙走向这6个方面研究裂缝,对叠前方位各向异性特征进行了综合研究。研究表明：①裂隙介质中三类波的速度和衰减与裂隙密度有很大的关系,随着裂隙密度的增大,纵横波速度降低,衰减增大②在EDA介质中,三类波的传播速度和衰减具有明显的方向性,且干裂隙中纵波变化明显,含流体裂隙中横波变化明显；③在近偏移距(小入射角)时,反射系数在不同方位角时差别较小,在大偏移距时差别增大,所以大偏移距信息更能反映各向异性特征。④沿裂缝走向观测时,波的视速度最大,其旅行时最小,取得最大的动校正速度；垂直裂缝走向观测时,波的视速度最小,其旅行时最大,得到最小的动校正速度。⑤测线沿着裂缝对称轴方向或垂直裂缝走向时衰减最大,垂直裂缝对称轴方向或沿着裂缝走向时衰减最小值；入射角越小,衰减随观测夹角的变化越小,入射角为0°(垂直入射)时,衰减小且不同方位观测时无差别。
(8)运用叠前AVAZ和FVAZ综合裂缝预测技术对哈山西三维区的裂缝发育方向和密度开展半定量-定量研究,预测结果认为：裂缝发育密度以哈山1井—哈山2井—哈浅7井一线为裂缝密度的转折线,该线以南密度明显要高于以北,而研究区以南的区域内裂缝密度并非均匀分布,而是存在一些局部高值区,如哈浅6井、哈浅101井等；裂缝发育方向以北东-南西、北西-南东为主。
(9)针对研究区不同裂缝特征、不同层系、不同构造区带的地质特征及所具有的资料情况,在不同裂缝预测技术适用性分析的基础上对典型预测模式进行了总结：按照裂缝宏观描述→裂缝定性描述→裂缝半定量—定量描述逐步深入的思路,首先在正演模拟基础上运用叠后多属性技术揭示相对宏观的断裂信息；在此基础上,运用曲线重构反演技术对裂缝发育特征展开更为精确的定性预测,指出不同区域、不同层段裂缝的相对发育程度。最后,通过叠前AVAZ和FVAZ裂缝预测技术指出不同区域、不同层位的裂缝发育密度及方向,实现对裂缝的半定量—定量的预测。
本论文的主要创新点体现在：
(1)首次应用多属性预测技术及神经网络的方法对哈山西地区石炭系火山岩裂缝发育带进行了预测,其预测结果与实钻资料吻合较好。在基于地震多属性的预测中,为了更好地减少预测的多解性,首先优选了对裂缝发育敏感的地震属性。本次研究通过波动方程正演模拟(含裂隙介质的层状模型及实际过井模型)和实际地震资料属性交会分析两种手段,确定了能较好反映本区裂缝发育的若干地震属性,为叠后裂缝预测奠定了基础。在此基础上,通过BP神经网络原理,得到了地震属性与裂缝发育密度的非线性关系,最后预测了全区裂缝发育密度的平面分布图,实现了裂缝的半定量预测,预测结果与实钻资料吻合。
(2)从理论上对地震波方位各向异性特征进行了综合分析,推导了裂隙密度等因素与纵波方位各向异性的关系,为叠前裂缝预测奠定了理论依据。本文中重点论述了由方位角变化的Q值估算裂隙走向和岩石速度比的方法,并推导出利用正交测线的Q值参数计算裂隙方位的计算公式。最后基于叠前P波方位各向异性分析技术进行了哈山西地区裂缝综合预测,得到了裂缝发育方位和密度预测平面图,其结果与实钻资料吻合度较高。
(3)首次对不同裂缝预测技术优势及适用条件进行了分析,建立了哈山西地区的火山岩裂缝综合预测模式,明确了其技术流程。综合预测结果显示该模式取得了较好的效果,对该地区其他类似勘探区带具有较大的借鉴和指导意义。其预测模式为：按照裂缝宏观描述→裂缝定性描述→裂缝半定量—定量描述逐步深入的思路,首先运用叠后多属性技术揭示相对宏观的断裂信息；在此基础上,运用曲线重构反演技术对裂缝发育特征展开更为精确的定性预测,指出不同区域、不同层段裂缝的相对发育程度。最后,通过叠前裂缝预测技术指出不同区域、不同层位的裂缝发育密度及方向,实现对裂缝的半定量-定量的预测。
With the rapid development of China's economy, the more oil and gas resources are exploited and utilized, the less reservoirs of conventional oil and gas become and the more difficult their exploitation turns. As a result, fractured reservoirs will inevitably become a significant field as the focus of oil and gas exploitation are gradually shifted from shallow exploitation to deep one and from conventional reservoirs to unconventional ones.
It should be noted that great troubles are encountered in the exploitation and development of fractured reservoirs due to such factors as great lateral variability in lithology and lithofacies, considerable complexity of the types of reservoir space and the physical characteristics of seepage, great changes in the nature, type, shape and size of filling of fractures, and the unclear spatial distribution of reservoirs. So the fractured reservoir has become one of the difficulties in the exploration of oil and gas. Currently, production and research shows that it is very difficult to predict fractures with a single discipline or method. In this case, we need comprehensive prediction of fractures with multi-disciplines, multi-methods and multi-parameters, with the purpose of avoiding multiple solutions and improving the success rate in exploration.
The Carboniferous volcanic reservoir in the west of Hashan has a good exploration potential, but a poor knowledge of its fracture characteristics and geophysical response characteristics and a lack of recognition technology to predict this type of fractures call for a comprehensive prediction technology, an effective seismic recognition mode and designation of the favorable development zones in the different tectonic fractures in this region. The study of this subject not only helps nail down the fracture characteristics and establish a comprehensive prediction technology of volcanic fractures, but is also of great referring and guiding significance to similar exploration zones.
In this doctoral dissertation, centering around the prediction of Carboniferous volcanic fractures in the west of Hashan, the paper has carried out its study mainly from the following seven aspects, aiming at furnishing a theoretical basis for further exploration there.
1. The paper has studied the domestic research status and strike of fracture prediction methods, analyzed the characteristics of the researched regions, and proposed ideas and methods specific for fracture recognition in the west of Hashan.
2. The paper has collected, collated, and analyzed a variety of geological, well logging, core, and seismic data. Through observation and description of fractures, it has summed up the types and characteristics of fractures; from the perspectives of structure, fault, reservoir and etc., it has analyzed and summarized the controlling factors of fractures in the west of Hashan; it has summarized fracture segments and completed the statistical tables about the logging response of fracture segments and achievement graphs about seismic response of fractures.
3. The paper has completed the seismic geological modeling of six different fracture parameters and wave equation forward modeling of seismic waves, and analyzed the characteristics of seismic wave fields, which underlie the analysis of seismic attributes and extraction of sensitive attributes.
4. The paper has calculated and analyzed coherence, dip, azimuth, curvature, attenuation and other data volumes of post-stack seismic attributes, through-well profiles and horizontal slices. And then, based on the neural network algorithm, the paper has predicted the Carboniferous igneous fractured zones in this region according to the seismic attributes; additionally, it has reconstructed characteristic logs of six key wells with their logging data and predicted the post-stack fractures with the method of log restructuring inversion.
5. The paper has studied the basic theories of fractured media, i.e. Hudson's and Thomsen's theories and make a theoretical analysis of prestack anisotropic characteristics from the aspects of speed, amplitude, attenuation, etc.
6. The paper has done a lot of study to do with the prestack seismic gathers in the west of Hashan, such as processing of the prestack preserved amplitude, stacking of the sub-azimuth, migration and forward modeling of the fracture segments and fracture prediction of structural causes based on the analysis of stress fields. The paper has also detected anisotropic fractures according to the prestack azimuth AVO and QVO characteristics in this region and finally predicted the orientation and density map of fractures.
7. The paper has explored the applicability of prediction technologies specific to different regions, different strata and different types of fractures, and then designated the relationship between different combinations of technologies and finally optimized the methods applicable to different regions and different strata. Based on the applicability of technologies, it has proceeded to optimize the combinations of different fracture prediction technologies, establish a valid seismic recognition mode of the igneous fractures in the Northwestern Junggar, according to the lithological characteristics, laws of fractures, structural complexity, the quality of seismic data and the amount of drilling wells, and finally guide the delineation of the favorable development zone in the fractured reservoirs.
Combining the above research, this paper has mainly proposed the following findings through the research and analysis of data in the western of Hashan.
1. The fractures in the studied region are high-angled and nearly parallel in distribution; they run mainly from northeast to southwest; they can reach as many as50strips/meter in density with86%being semi-filled and unfilled fractures. Therefore, the fractures mainly generally characterized as high angled, highly dense and highly effective in the work area will play a positive role in the migration and enrichment of oil and gas in this region. Meanwhile, as the fractures here are mainly high-angledly sheared, the factor which played an important role in the development of fractures is their lithology and regional tectonic position.
2. By analyzing the logging response characteristics of fracture segments, the paper has designated the following laws concerning the responses of FMI and conventional logging to fractures.(a) In the FMI images, the high-conductivity fractures are mainly shown as dark sine waves, which are caused by penetration of drilling fluids; the high-resistance are shown as bright sine waves, which are caused by filling of high-resistance minerals with secondary effects in the later periods.(b) The responses of conventional logging to fractures reflect the following characteristics. Firstly, the responses of sonic movements are closely related to the scale and morphology of fractures. If the fractures are horizontal or netted, and relatively developed, the sonic interval transit time will be enlarged in value and lowered in speed. Secondly, when the fracture openings are comparatively large, the "cycle skip" phenomenon may be noted in the p-sonic logs; natural gamma logs are generally low, but may be abruptly increased; the caliper logs may be expanded in diameter; the density of the developed segments may be significantly reduced; as they may be significantly lowered in value due to penetration of drilling fluids, the resistivity logs are characterized as relatively low-valued in the background high-valued resistivity; additionally, due to the relatively great depth in the compensated neutron logging, the developed segments of volcanic fractures are relatively high-valued in porosity, indicating that the greater the porosities are, the more developed the fractures are.
3.The seismic responses of the fracture segments are characterized as follows:reflection in the conventional seismic profiles of the developed segments is mainly events which extend over a short distance and tilt to some degrees, but is horizontally discontinuous; the density profiles of reflection are mainly shown as in a beaded and discontinuous pattern in the high-valued section; the instantaneous frequency attenuates fast in the direction of vertical fractures with strong heterogeneity and gas-bearing fractures are more heterogeneous than oil-bearing ones.
4.The results from the forward modeling of different random fractures and the actual fractured reservoir models demonstrate the following characteristics.(a) The density and rate of fractures are leading factors in influencing the characteristics of the seismic wave field. The denser the fractures are, the greater the difference between speed and surrounding rocks becomes and the more evident the response of fractures is. The response is generally messy and is shown as partially short slant events.(b) The developed zones of fractures will obscure imaging off the underlying strata.(c) Seismic attributes can best reflect the variations of fracture density and speed, and then length and width, but they can't reflect the changes in dip. Sensitive attributes include root mean square amplitude, average reflectance intensity, instantaneous frequency, etc.(d) As for the paper's seismic modeling of the HQ6-HS1well, the results of its forward modeling can well correspond to the actual seismic profiles. The response characteristics of the developed zones are highly similar to those shown by the actual seismic data. The results of attribute analysis demonstrate that those attributes such as coherence, dip, azimuth and curvature are comparatively sensitive to the developed zones, which sets stages for prediction of fractures with the actual data.
5. The post-stack technology based on coherence and other attributes facilitates qualitative detection of fractures in the main developed zones, which reveals relatively macroscopic information of faults. The final results of the analysis show that the predicted fracture zones are mainly located in the south of the HQ6-HS1well, and that vertically downward, they tend to be smaller from north to south, but the signaled degree of development goes from weakness to strength.
6. Through weighted fitting of multi sensitive well logs, the paper has reconstructed characteristic logs which can reflect the segments of fractures more accurately, and then carried out the log restructuring inversion, thus succeeding in qualitatively predicting the development characteristics of fractures. The results of the prediction show that the high values of fractures' density logs well correspond to the low values of acoustic impedance inversion profiles.
7) The paper has studied fractures from six aspects including influences of fracture parameters on the propagation of seismic waves, azimuthal anisotropic reflection coefficients of P-waves, azimuthal anisotropy of NMO speed, characteristics of single EDA media's time-distance curves, P-wave movement of orthogonal survey lines, estimation of fracture strike according to the changes of Q-value with azimuth. Besides, the paper has done comprehensive research into methods of prestack azimuthal anisotropy. The findings of the studies are as follows.(a) The velocity and attenuation of three fractured media's waves have a certain relationship with the fracture density. With the increase of fracture density, S-waves decrease in speech and increase in attenuation.(b) As for EDA media, propagation velocity and attenuation of three waves is evidently oriented; P-waves in dry fractures and the shear waves of fractures containing fluids change significantly.(c) In the near offset (i.e. at small incidence angles), the reflection coefficients change a little at different incidence angles; but in the far offset, they change greatly. Therefore, the data collected in the far offset can better reflect the characteristics of anisotropy.(d) In the observation along the fracture strike, waves are maximum in apparent velocity but minimum in travel time, thus achieving maximum NMO velocity; in the observation perpendicular to the fracture strike, waves are minimum in apparent velocity but maximum in travel time, thus achieving minimum NMO velocity.(e) Along the fractures' symmetry axis or perpendicular to the fracture strike, the survey lines are maximum in attenuation; but perpendicular to the fractures' symmetry axis or along the fracture strike, the survey lines are minimum in attenuation. The smaller the incidence angles are, the least the attenuation changes with the observation angles; at the0°incidence angle (i.e. vertical incidence), the attenuation is small and has no difference at different observation angles.
8.With the fracture prediction technology based on changes of prestack amplitude with azimuth, the paper has carried out semi-quantitative and quantitative research into the development orientation and density of fractures in the west of Hashan. The results of prediction are as follows. The transition line of fracture density is from HS2well to HQ7well. The density in the south of this line was significantly higher than that in the north; the fracture density in the south of the studied area is not evenly distributed, but with some high-valued parts, such as HQ6 well and HQ101well. The development orientation of fractures is mainly northeast and northeast, between which northeast is dominating.
9. Based on the applicability analysis of various fracture prediction technologies, the paper has summed up the typical prediction mode applicable to the different strata, different tectonic zones, and different types of fractures in the studied region. On the whole, the paper has gradually deepened his research from the macro description of fractures, to the qualitative one, then to the semi-quantitative one and finally to the quantitative one. Firstly, it has shown relatively macroscopic information of fractures with the post-stack multi-attribute technology; on this basis, with log restructuring inversion, it has made more accurate qualitative prediction of fractures' development characteristics and designated relative development degrees of different regions and segments; finally, with the fracture prediction technology of prestack AVAZ and FVAZ, it has pointed out the development density and direction of fractures in different regions and different layers, thus achieving the semi-quantitative to quantitative predictions.
The innovations in this dissertation are mainly as follows.
1. For the first time the paper has applied the multi-attribute predication technology and the neural network approach to the prediction of the development zones of carboniferous fractures in the west of Hashan. The results of the prediction have great coincidence with the drilling data. In the prediction based on seismic multi-attributes, in order to reduce multiple solutions in prediction, it is necessary to preferably select those seismic attributes which are sensitive to the development of fractures. So in this study, the paper has employed two methods—wave equation forward modeling (including the theoretical models of fracture media and the actual through-well models) and the cross plots analysis of the actual seismic data's attributes, thus selecting several seismic attributes which can better reflect the development of fractures and laying a foundation for post-stack prediction of fractures. Based on this, with the BP neural network algorithm, the paper has found out non-linear relationship between the fracture density and seismic attributes. Finally the paper has predicted the planar map of fracture's development density in the whole region, which has achieved good effects.
2. Theoretically, the paper has made a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of seismic waves'azimuthal anisotropy and deduced the relationship between the development azimuth and the parameters such as reflection coefficients, attenuation, movements, which has laid a theoretical foundation for the prestack prediction of fractures. In this thesis, it has focused on deriving the estimation of fracture-strike and velocity-ratio according to the changes of Q with azimuth, and formula calculating the azimuth of fractures with the attenuation parameters of orthogonal survey lines. Finally, based on the technology of azimuthal anisotropy, it has made an integrated prediction of fractures in the west of Hashan, and then worked out the plan of fractures development azimuth and density, whose results greatly coincide with actual drilling data.
3. For the first time the paper has analyzed the advantages and application conditions of different fracture prediction technologies, established the comprehensive prediction mode of volcanic fractures in the west of Hashan, and defined the technical processes of the mode. The results of prediction show that this mode achieved satisfactory effects, and is also of great referring and guiding significance to similar exploration zones. The prediction mode is as follows. On the whole, the paper has gradually deepened his research from the macro description of fractures, to the qualitative one, then to the semi-quantitative one and finally to the quantitative one. Firstly, it has shown relatively macroscopic information of fractures with the post-stack multi-attribute technology; on this basis, with log restructuring inversion, it has made more accurate qualitative prediction of fractures' development characteristics and designated relative development degrees of different regions and segments; finally, with the fracture prediction technology of prestack AVAZ and FVAZ, it has pointed out the development density and direction of fractures in different regions and different layers, thus achieving the semi-quantitative to quantitative predictions.
引文
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