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低碳公路运输实现途径与碳排放交易机制研究
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摘要
在全球气候变暖的背景下,低碳经济成为各国寻找经济增长和环境保护的平衡发展模式,它是经济发展方式、能源消费方式、人类生活方式的一次变革。同时,节能减排的目标也作为约束性指标纳入了我国社会和经济发展的中长期规划,我国已经明确发展低碳交通运输的目标,因此,发展低碳运输体系是我国实现低碳经济的重要内容,发展低碳公路运输是实现低碳运输的关键。
     本文以经济学等理论为基础,以低碳经济发展模式为背景,根据低碳经济对公路运输的要求,提出了我国实现低碳公路运输的基本思路,明确了低碳公路运输的基本内涵、特征和影响因素,以绿色发展为原则,以循环经济为发展手段,从低碳运输的根本要求出发,以减少碳排放量为目标。本文从运输工具、运输活动、消费模式和相关政策等与公路运输密切相关的因素入手分析,寻找减少碳排放量的方法与途径,通过归纳和总结,形成低碳公路运输的四个实现途径,即技术性减碳、结构性减碳、消费性减碳、制度性减碳。对四个减碳途径进行深入研究,确定了技术性减碳是新能源汽车技术的改造与创新;结构性减碳是综合运输系统结构调整,以及公路运输效率提升;消费性减碳,主要是从消费者角度入手,通过情景分析法研究运输消费选择过程和关键因素,构建低碳运输消费模式;制度性减碳是技术性减碳、结构性减碳以及消费性减碳的基础,本文认为建立市场化机制是实现公路运输碳排量目标最重要的途径,即碳排放权交易机制是根本途径,碳交易将运输经济与金融资本融合,金融资本引导运输经济的发展,成为低碳经济的动力机制和运行机制。
     通过对国内外碳排放交易市场的研究,提出我国公路交通碳排放交易市场建立的原则、设计路径、对公路交通碳排放交易市场的定位、市场结构、市场机制、保障机制。市场机制中对公路运输碳排放交易市场中碳排放总量目标控制、初始排放权的分配机制、公路运输碳排放市场的交易主体、交易标的、交易场所等给出具体的方案,为我国实行公路运输碳交易提供了理论基础,为建设低碳公路运输提供重要的思路与方法。
In the context of global warming, low-carbon economy has become a model of balanceddevelopment of economic growth and environmental protection that countries look for; it isthe manner of economic development, energy consumption and transformation of our way oflife. At the same time, emissions-reduction targets as binding targets are included into thelong-term planning of China's social and economic development. Therefore, exhibition oflow-carbon transportation system is an important content for China to achieve a low-carboneconomy and the development of low-carbon road transports are the key to achievelow-carbon transportation.
     In this article, based on the theory of economics, transport economics, industrialeconomics, transportation planning, with low-carbon model of economic development asbackground, and requirements according to the transport of low-carbon economy, proposesChina’s basic ideas to achieving a low-carbon road transportation, clear connotations of alow-carbon road transportation, characteristics and influencing factors. The article servesfundamental requirement of low-carbon transportation with reducing emissions as the target,starting with analysis of factors closely related to road transport activities, including means oftransport, transport activities, consumption patterns, and related policies. This article hasconcluded four formations of low-carbon road transport realizations: technical carbonreduction, structural carbon reduction, consumer reduction carbon, and Institutional carbonreduction. In-depth study of the analysis of the four carbon reduction pathway, determined thedirection and content of research. Technical carbon reduction is the transformation andinnovation of new energy vehicle technology. Structural carbon reduction is the structuraladjustment of integrated transport systems, and road transportation efficiency. Consumercarbon reduction starts from the consumer's point of view and builds a low-carbon transportconsumption pattern through situational analysis of processes and key factors which leads toconsumer transportation choices. Institutional carbon reduction is the basis of technicalcarbon reduction, structural carbon reduction and consumer carbon reduction, and considersthat the market mechanism is the most important factor in achieving road transportationcarbon emission reduction objectives. Institutional carbon reduction is also a fundamental approach to carbon emissions trading mechanism. Domestic and international carbon tradingmarket status and theoretical study of the carbon trading mechanism will eventually putforward the idea of the establishment of China's road transport carbon emissions tradingmarket.
     Studies identified the principles of establishing China's road transport carbon tradingmarket, which path to take and the integral components of the market. The market consists of:total road transportation carbon emissions control target, initial emissions allocationmechanism in road transport carbon trading, road transportation carbon emissions markettrading mechanism, main body of the road transportation carbon emissions trading market,transaction subject of the road transportation carbon emissions market, road transportationcarbon emissions market trading venues, construction of the safeguards related to the roadtransport carbon trading system, etc. These provide a theoretical basis for China'simplementation of road transportation carbon trading, surfacing important ideas and methodsfor saving energy and reducing emissions from the road transportation sector.
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