密闭仓式污泥高温好氧快速发酵资源化技术及应用研究
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摘要
本研究依托于北京市科技计划子课题“污泥制生物碳土技术集成优化与示范”与机械科学研究总院技术发展基金“污泥隧道式动态好氧发酵关键技术及示范研究”，以研发密闭仓式污泥高温好氧快速发酵资源化技术的工程应用为目标，针对该技术关键工艺参数进行中试试验研究，并建立具有推广意义的示范工程。
首先，进行了反应机理研究，根据物料衡算、回流比计算、孔隙度和自由空域的计算、热力学分析、通风系统的计算等分析，对中试密闭仓反应器进行了设计和搭建，在中试试验中：在三种回流比模式下比较了堆体温度、含水率、C/N、pH、堆体容重、氨气、硫化氢产生量、引风口的温湿度等参数变化，并对发酵产物进行了资源化评价。提出密闭仓高温好氧快速发酵技术中试试验的强制通气流量常数为0.26m3/（min﹒m3）。
针对传统条垛式发酵技术在实际工程生产中产生臭气进行了监测，明确臭气主要污染物为氨气。为了降低氨气量，研究了不同物料添加比下氮素转化的规律，研究发现：添加42.5%的花生壳试验组，升温和含水率降低均最快，全氮损失较少，说明添加碳源较高的添加剂可以保证堆体通气量，控制堆体含水率，在发酵过程中达到很好的保氮效果，但从经济性考虑，采用添加7.5%花生壳+42.5%返混料的方式也可达到较好的保氮效果。针对条垛式敞开式臭气散逸特点，进行了生物滤池的模拟处理试验，研究结果表明，活性填料采用发酵产品：陶粒：树皮=2：5：3比例配制，惰性填料D50：D25=1：1比例配制，可稳定运行，氨气的去除率达99%以上。
根据前期试验，进行示范工程设计及调试。对不同曝气方式下，堆体温度的变化进行了研究，发现在较大曝气量下利于堆体保持合适温度，而在较小曝气量下利于堆体升温段起温速度和高温的维持，在堆体的高温段和降温段通风强制系数应采用0.24-0.39m3/（min﹒m3），而升温段应当采用0.1-0.2m3/（min﹒m3）。在不同返混比例下，对堆体发酵温度、含水率、有机物变化进行了研究。对发酵过程中产生的臭气浓度进行了监测。在工程中对通风量进行了核算，并通过Tecplot建立了曝气引风模型，研究了堆体温度梯度对发酵仓中引风压力的影响，并研究了不同条件下排风湿度的变化规律。对技术的工程应用进行了说明。
This research was based on the sub-project integration and demonstration of sludgemade as biological carbon soil of Beijing Science and Technology Plan, andDevelopment Fund subject key technology and demonstration research of sewagesludge aerobic fermentation in tunnel cabin organized by China Academy ofMachinery Science technology. In order to search the engineering use of sewagesludge aerobic fermentation of tunnel cabin in a fast and high temperature way, amid-scale research and engineering project was established which aimed at the keyprocess parameters.First, based on the calculation of material, reflux ratio, degree of porosity, freeboard,
the analysis of thermodynamics and ventilation system, the mid-scale seal cabin wasestablished. During the test, the changes of comparison was made among threepatterns, including pile temperature, moisture content, value of C/N, pH, pile density,value of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide generation, and humidity up the vent. Andfermentation resource products were evaluated. Then the value of ventilation capacityof fast and seal cabin sewage sludge aerobic fermentation was0.26m3/(min.m3).
It was monitored that technology of sewage sludge aerobic fermentation in tunnelcabin would yield stink whose main composition is free ammonia during practicalproduction. In order to reduce the amount of ammonia, it was studied that the law ofnitrogen transformation under different material feed ratio. The studies show that theexperimental group containing42.5%peanut shells whose temperature rise faster andmoisture content reduce sooner and total nitrogen loss fewer.It was indicating thathigh carbon content of additives could ensure ventilation and moisture content controlof the pile and keeping nitrogen content well during fermentation. The biologicalfilter simulation test was processed according on stink escape of open crib type. Thetest showed that the active packing with proportion of fermented products: ceramsite:bark=2:5:3and inert packing with proportion of D50: D25=1:1could operate stablyand the removal rate of ammonia will exceed99%. According to preliminary tests, the design and commissioning of the demonstrationproject was carried out. The variation of pile temperature was studied under differentaeration ways. The results showed that more aeration quantity contributed to keep theappropriate temperature and less aeration quantity contributed to the temperaturerising and keep the higher temperature. The aeration intensity coefficient during thehigh temperature period and temperature dropping period is0.24to0.39m3/（min﹒m3）but0.1to0.2m3/（min﹒m3）during the temperature rising period. The variationof aerobic composting temperature, water content and organics content were studiedunder different back mixing rate. The odor concentration was monitored during thecomposting. Moreover, the aeration quantity was checked, and the aeration-inducedair model set up by Tecplot. Thanks to the model, the effect of pile temperaturegradient on the induced-air pressure in the composting seal cabin and the variation ofexhaust air moisture under different conditions was studied. The character of thedemonstration project and the devices were illustrated too.
首先，进行了反应机理研究，根据物料衡算、回流比计算、孔隙度和自由空域的计算、热力学分析、通风系统的计算等分析，对中试密闭仓反应器进行了设计和搭建，在中试试验中：在三种回流比模式下比较了堆体温度、含水率、C/N、pH、堆体容重、氨气、硫化氢产生量、引风口的温湿度等参数变化，并对发酵产物进行了资源化评价。提出密闭仓高温好氧快速发酵技术中试试验的强制通气流量常数为0.26m3/（min﹒m3）。
针对传统条垛式发酵技术在实际工程生产中产生臭气进行了监测，明确臭气主要污染物为氨气。为了降低氨气量，研究了不同物料添加比下氮素转化的规律，研究发现：添加42.5%的花生壳试验组，升温和含水率降低均最快，全氮损失较少，说明添加碳源较高的添加剂可以保证堆体通气量，控制堆体含水率，在发酵过程中达到很好的保氮效果，但从经济性考虑，采用添加7.5%花生壳+42.5%返混料的方式也可达到较好的保氮效果。针对条垛式敞开式臭气散逸特点，进行了生物滤池的模拟处理试验，研究结果表明，活性填料采用发酵产品：陶粒：树皮=2：5：3比例配制，惰性填料D50：D25=1：1比例配制，可稳定运行，氨气的去除率达99%以上。
根据前期试验，进行示范工程设计及调试。对不同曝气方式下，堆体温度的变化进行了研究，发现在较大曝气量下利于堆体保持合适温度，而在较小曝气量下利于堆体升温段起温速度和高温的维持，在堆体的高温段和降温段通风强制系数应采用0.24-0.39m3/（min﹒m3），而升温段应当采用0.1-0.2m3/（min﹒m3）。在不同返混比例下，对堆体发酵温度、含水率、有机物变化进行了研究。对发酵过程中产生的臭气浓度进行了监测。在工程中对通风量进行了核算，并通过Tecplot建立了曝气引风模型，研究了堆体温度梯度对发酵仓中引风压力的影响，并研究了不同条件下排风湿度的变化规律。对技术的工程应用进行了说明。
This research was based on the sub-project integration and demonstration of sludgemade as biological carbon soil of Beijing Science and Technology Plan, andDevelopment Fund subject key technology and demonstration research of sewagesludge aerobic fermentation in tunnel cabin organized by China Academy ofMachinery Science technology. In order to search the engineering use of sewagesludge aerobic fermentation of tunnel cabin in a fast and high temperature way, amid-scale research and engineering project was established which aimed at the keyprocess parameters.First, based on the calculation of material, reflux ratio, degree of porosity, freeboard,
the analysis of thermodynamics and ventilation system, the mid-scale seal cabin wasestablished. During the test, the changes of comparison was made among threepatterns, including pile temperature, moisture content, value of C/N, pH, pile density,value of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide generation, and humidity up the vent. Andfermentation resource products were evaluated. Then the value of ventilation capacityof fast and seal cabin sewage sludge aerobic fermentation was0.26m3/(min.m3).
It was monitored that technology of sewage sludge aerobic fermentation in tunnelcabin would yield stink whose main composition is free ammonia during practicalproduction. In order to reduce the amount of ammonia, it was studied that the law ofnitrogen transformation under different material feed ratio. The studies show that theexperimental group containing42.5%peanut shells whose temperature rise faster andmoisture content reduce sooner and total nitrogen loss fewer.It was indicating thathigh carbon content of additives could ensure ventilation and moisture content controlof the pile and keeping nitrogen content well during fermentation. The biologicalfilter simulation test was processed according on stink escape of open crib type. Thetest showed that the active packing with proportion of fermented products: ceramsite:bark=2:5:3and inert packing with proportion of D50: D25=1:1could operate stablyand the removal rate of ammonia will exceed99%. According to preliminary tests, the design and commissioning of the demonstrationproject was carried out. The variation of pile temperature was studied under differentaeration ways. The results showed that more aeration quantity contributed to keep theappropriate temperature and less aeration quantity contributed to the temperaturerising and keep the higher temperature. The aeration intensity coefficient during thehigh temperature period and temperature dropping period is0.24to0.39m3/（min﹒m3）but0.1to0.2m3/（min﹒m3）during the temperature rising period. The variationof aerobic composting temperature, water content and organics content were studiedunder different back mixing rate. The odor concentration was monitored during thecomposting. Moreover, the aeration quantity was checked, and the aeration-inducedair model set up by Tecplot. Thanks to the model, the effect of pile temperaturegradient on the induced-air pressure in the composting seal cabin and the variation ofexhaust air moisture under different conditions was studied. The character of thedemonstration project and the devices were illustrated too.
引文
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余群.国内外发酵技术研究进展.安徽农业大学学报,2003,30(1):109-112.
张玉兰,孙彩霞,段争虎,等.发酵原位保氮技术研究.土壤通报,2010,41(4):1000-1003.
张义安,高定,陈同斌,等.城市污泥不同处理处置方式的成本和效益分析.生态环境,2006,15(2):234-238.
赵秋,鲍艳宇.发酵过程中氮素损失的控制.中国农学通报,2007,23(7):375-375.
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赵宇,徐磊,杨学权,等.基于水泥窑处理城市生活垃圾的预处理过程中发酵抑制及除臭方法的研究.新世纪水泥导报.2010
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住房和城乡建设部,国家发展和改革委员会.城镇污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术指南(试行).2011．
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