基于人因可靠性的核电厂主控室数字化人机界面优化模型研究
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摘要
主控室人机界面是操纵员监视和控制系统安全运行的主要场所,是操作员从事操纵过程,认知过程,决策过程及负责整个系统安全监督控制的核心地方。经验表明,人机界面设计好坏对人的信息获取,判断等一系列行为将带来影响。
数字化人机界面是目前一个新兴领域,与传统的人机界面存在本质区别,无论是信息显示,控制操作,用户界面交互与管理,报警系统,还是规程系统均有着千差万别的差异,这无疑给操纵员带来新的挑战。本文就是针对数字化人机界面这样一个新兴领域,以核电站为参考背景,从减少人因事故的角度出发研究数字化人机界面的优化以减少操纵员的挑战与负担,从而减少人因事故的发生。
为解决以人因可靠性为基础的数字化人机界面优化问题,本文做了以下研究工作：
(1)对传统的人机界面及数字化人机界面存在的区别进行分析；
(2)对传统的人机界面和数字化人机界面设计因子进行详细分析；
(3)对数字化人机界面一些因子提出了定性优化设计方法；
(4)在事故后的监视过程中,数字化人机界面功能块位置之间的布局对人因可靠性具有十分重要的影响,同一显示屏中,若功能块之间具有较好的布局,就可以大大减少监视过程中的失误。为解决这个问题,本文提出了基于改进遗传算法的贝叶斯网络数字化人机界面监视单元布局优化模型。在此过程中建立了一个完整的优化流程迭代图,采用改进的杂交遗传算法进行布局组合,适应函数采用贝叶斯方法,基点是以人因可靠性为准则进行布局优化。在人因可靠性计算中采用动态函数进行模拟,该函数综合了布局所影响的时间参数,人自身的因子,计算中包含了连续也蕴涵了离散,符合实际情况。实验证明本文提出的改进杂交遗传算法稳定性好,灵敏度高,据此建立的优化模型同样具有高精确度,高稳定性；
(5)在事故后的监视过程中,除了显示屏功能块之间的布局对监视可靠性存在重要影响外,显示屏中的参数,警告等也会对监视产生一定影响。针对这个问题,提出了模糊免疫分段进化算法数字化人机界面马尔可夫监视转移的优化模型,目的在于提供一种对数字化人机界面参数数量的先进优化方法。该模型主要是对显示屏中的参数量进行优化以影响操纵员获取信息的可靠性,从而影响到操纵员的监视转移。为解决这个问题,本文首先建立了一个完整的优化流程图,之后对流程中的各个部分进行详细研究和定义,对优化的参数因子采用动态模糊方法产生模糊段;在进化过程中,提出了免疫分段法,大大提高了进化性能;对优化因子数量作者设计了一个动态模型函数,并经过大量实验得到两个平衡因子参数值;对优化因子的人因可靠性计算提出了带条件的监视转移马尔可夫模型,实验表明该模型具有很好的精确性及稳定性。另外,实验结果还表明：人机界面参数量设计亲和力失误率函数灵敏度高,稳定性好;模糊免疫进化分段法的进化性能明显优于普通进化方法;马尔可夫监视转移人因可靠性优化模型性能稳定,灵敏度好;
(6)对核电厂数字化人机界面来说,当发生事故后,操纵员需要在规定的时间内一步一步正确执行每一操作规程才能完成整个任务,在这个过程中操纵员需要在六个不同显示屏之间切换和移动,如果操作规程自动布局在显示屏的位置恰当,就可以减少操纵员完成规程的移动及寻找时间,从而到达减少人因事故的目的,为此,提出了基于数字化人机界面事故下规程自动布局最短移动路径算法的神经网络人因可靠性优化模型。该研究一开始对紧急事件的定性分析进行详细描述,之后建立了一个定量优化理论模型,并对优化过程中的几个部分详细进行论述。首先提出了动态标识邻域最短路径算法,并对该算法进行了有效证明,同时也对实现过程进行实例流程分析;其次采用神经网络方法来建立优化模型,该模型中设计了一些模拟动态函数,包含了规程布局中得到的优化因子t,最后用试验说明了模拟过程失误率变化的关系图及该模型的高性能；
(7)应用本文建立的数字化人机界面优化模型对核电厂误安注事件进行了应用性研究,获得了：①误安注事故主界面最优化的布局方式；②误安注事故中主界面中参数,警告,行字符的数量优化结果；③对误安注事故执行规程的显示自动布局得到了最好的布局优化结果。该项应用性研究结果也论证了所建模型的有效性；
(8)本研究的重点是对事故后数字化人机界面不同因子建立了三个不同的定量优化模型。这三个模型之间的差异在于：遗传算法数字化人机界面监视布局优化模型主要是解决同一显示屏中各功能模块如何布局的问题;模糊免疫分段进化算法数字化人机界面马尔可夫监视转移的人因可靠性优化模型主要解决参数数量的优化问题;基于数字化人机界面规程布局最短移动路径算法的神经网络人因可靠性优化模型主要是解决某一时刻规程如何布局在六个显示屏的某一个上。另一方面,它们之间也存在共同点,其一：在优化过程中,基本上都以人因可靠性为基础,具体为：对功能块布局的优化模型来说,如果人因可靠性越高,表明某种布局组合就越好、对参数因子的优化模型来说,如果人因可靠及亲和力越匹配,那么参数量的设计就越好、对规程优化模型来说,如果规程自动布局越好,那么人因可靠性就越高;其二,这三个模型都是从不同角度对不同因子解决事故后数字化人机界面的优化问题。
The human-machine interface of main control room is the main place of the monitoring and controlling system safe running process for operators, main manipulating process, cognitive process, decision-making process and safe controlling center of whole system for operators. The experience shows that human-machine interface design brings influence to information obtained and judgment.
Currently, digital human-machine interface is a new field. It is different from traditional human-machine interface. These differences include displaying information, controlling, operation, interfacing with and managing user interface, alarm system and regulations, which will undoubtedly bring new challenge to operators. Aiming at the situation, taking nuclear power plant for the reference background in the paper, from the aspect decreasing human factors events, the author optimizes the human-machine interface to decrease the burden and challenge for operators.
In order to resolve the optimizing problem of the digital human-machine interface based on human factors reliability, the author in the paper does some researches as follows:
(1) Analyzes the differences about traditional human-machine interface and digital human-machine interface in detail;
(2) Analyzes the design factors about traditional human-machine interface and digital human-machine interface respectively;
(3)Proposes qualitative optimizing methods for many factors of digital human-machine interface;
(4) In the monitor process after event, the layout of among the position of function block for digital human-machine interface is very important for human factors reliability, namely, if the layout of among function blocks in the same display is better the errors of monitor process can be greatly decreased. In order to resolve the situation, the author proposes Bayesian networks digital human-machine interface monitor unit layout optimized model based on improved genetic algorithm. The author poses a complete optimized process iterative figure in the process, utilizes improved hybrid genetic algorithm to the combination of layout, makes use of Bayesian method as adapting function, takes human factors reliability for base. For the calculation of human factors reliability the author uses dynamic simulative function that includes the effective factors about time parameter and human being factors. The process of calculation in the model contains both continuity and discreteness, which is in keeping with realistic cases. Experiment proves that the improved hybrid generic algorithm proposed has good stability and sensitivity and the proposed optimized model has good precise and stability;
(5) In monitor process after event, the quantity of parameters and alarm etc affect on the monitor process except the layout among function block of display.aiming at the problem, The author proposes Markov monitor transferred digital human-machine interface optimized model based on fuzzy immune segment evolutionary algorithm in order to provide an advanced optimized method for the quantity of digital human-machine interface parameter. The model mainly optimizes the quantity of parameters of display so that affect on the information reliability obtained by operators and monitor transferring of operators. In order to resolve the situation, the author firstly establishes a complete optimized process figure then researches and defines each parts of the process in detail. The author uses dynamic fuzzy method to come into fuzzy segment and poses improved stepwise method that can greatly improve searching performance in the searching factors and immune segment method in evolutionary process that can greatly improve the performance of evolutionary. The author proposes a dynamic model for designed quantity of optimized factors, obtains two balanced parameter values by many experiments, raises monitor transferred Markov model with condition for human factors reliability analysis of optimized factors. The proposed model has a good accuracy and stability by a lot of experiments. Finally, experiment analysis indicates that the error probability function of parameter quantity affinity of human-machine interface is very sensitive and has very good stability, that optimized factors searching performance algorithm of improved stepwise method is better than general algorithm, and that Markov monitor transferred human factors reliability optimized model is very stable performance and has very good sensitivity.
(6) For digital human-machine interface in nuclear power plant, after events are appeared, only by the way that the operators need correctly finish every operation regulation step by step in limited time the whole task can be finished. The operators need switch and transfer among six different displays in the process. If the operation regulation automatic layout in the display is adapt the moving time and researching time can be decrease for operators such that decrease the human factors events. So, the author proposes neural networks human reliability optimized model of a algorithm based on digital human-machine interface regulations automatic layout shortest moving path under the condition of event. For the proposed model the author firstly illustrates qualitative analysis of event in detail then establishes an optimized process figure and finally analyzes a few parts for optimized process in detail. Firstly, the author poses a nearest path algorithm of dynamic sign, proves the proposed algorithm and analyzes the process of algorithm in detail; Secondly, utilizes neural networks method to build optimized model that designs some simulative dynamic functions and includes the obtained optimized factor of regulations layout, namely t; Finally, clearly shows the relative figure of error probability and the good performance of the model in the simulative process.
(7) The author applies the established digital human-machine inferface optimized model in the paper to error safety inject events and obtain corresponding experiment results that include three parts as follows:①the most optimized layout for main interface in the event of error safety inject;②the most optimized quantity about parameters, alarm, character of a line for main interface in event of error safety inject;③the best result of executing regulations automatic layout in event of error safety inject.The research results of applicaton prove the effectiveness of the builded model.
(8) The research emphasis exists in establishing three different quantitative optimized models for different factors of digital human-machine interface after events. The differences for three models are that digital human-machine interface monitor layout optimized model based on improved genetic algorithm mainly resolves how to layout for each function blocks of the same display, digital human-machine interface Markov monitor transferred human factors reliability optimized model based on fuzzy immune segment evolutional algorithm mainly resolves the optimized problems of the number of parameters and that neural networks human reliability optimized model of algorithm based on digital human-machine interface regulations layout shortest moving path mainly resolves how to make the regulations automatic layout in one of the six displays at certain time. On the other hand, there are common characters among them, firstly, in the optimized process they all take human factors reliability as basis. The common points embody that for optimized model of function blocks layout, if human factor reliability is more high the layout combination more proper, for the optimized model of parameter design, if human factor reliability and affinity are more suitable the number of parameters are more good that for the regulation layout, if regulation automatic layout is more good the human factor reliability is more high; Secondly, the three models all resolve the different factor optimized problems of digital human-machine interface from different aspects after event.
数字化人机界面是目前一个新兴领域,与传统的人机界面存在本质区别,无论是信息显示,控制操作,用户界面交互与管理,报警系统,还是规程系统均有着千差万别的差异,这无疑给操纵员带来新的挑战。本文就是针对数字化人机界面这样一个新兴领域,以核电站为参考背景,从减少人因事故的角度出发研究数字化人机界面的优化以减少操纵员的挑战与负担,从而减少人因事故的发生。
为解决以人因可靠性为基础的数字化人机界面优化问题,本文做了以下研究工作：
(1)对传统的人机界面及数字化人机界面存在的区别进行分析；
(2)对传统的人机界面和数字化人机界面设计因子进行详细分析；
(3)对数字化人机界面一些因子提出了定性优化设计方法；
(4)在事故后的监视过程中,数字化人机界面功能块位置之间的布局对人因可靠性具有十分重要的影响,同一显示屏中,若功能块之间具有较好的布局,就可以大大减少监视过程中的失误。为解决这个问题,本文提出了基于改进遗传算法的贝叶斯网络数字化人机界面监视单元布局优化模型。在此过程中建立了一个完整的优化流程迭代图,采用改进的杂交遗传算法进行布局组合,适应函数采用贝叶斯方法,基点是以人因可靠性为准则进行布局优化。在人因可靠性计算中采用动态函数进行模拟,该函数综合了布局所影响的时间参数,人自身的因子,计算中包含了连续也蕴涵了离散,符合实际情况。实验证明本文提出的改进杂交遗传算法稳定性好,灵敏度高,据此建立的优化模型同样具有高精确度,高稳定性；
(5)在事故后的监视过程中,除了显示屏功能块之间的布局对监视可靠性存在重要影响外,显示屏中的参数,警告等也会对监视产生一定影响。针对这个问题,提出了模糊免疫分段进化算法数字化人机界面马尔可夫监视转移的优化模型,目的在于提供一种对数字化人机界面参数数量的先进优化方法。该模型主要是对显示屏中的参数量进行优化以影响操纵员获取信息的可靠性,从而影响到操纵员的监视转移。为解决这个问题,本文首先建立了一个完整的优化流程图,之后对流程中的各个部分进行详细研究和定义,对优化的参数因子采用动态模糊方法产生模糊段;在进化过程中,提出了免疫分段法,大大提高了进化性能;对优化因子数量作者设计了一个动态模型函数,并经过大量实验得到两个平衡因子参数值;对优化因子的人因可靠性计算提出了带条件的监视转移马尔可夫模型,实验表明该模型具有很好的精确性及稳定性。另外,实验结果还表明：人机界面参数量设计亲和力失误率函数灵敏度高,稳定性好;模糊免疫进化分段法的进化性能明显优于普通进化方法;马尔可夫监视转移人因可靠性优化模型性能稳定,灵敏度好;
(6)对核电厂数字化人机界面来说,当发生事故后,操纵员需要在规定的时间内一步一步正确执行每一操作规程才能完成整个任务,在这个过程中操纵员需要在六个不同显示屏之间切换和移动,如果操作规程自动布局在显示屏的位置恰当,就可以减少操纵员完成规程的移动及寻找时间,从而到达减少人因事故的目的,为此,提出了基于数字化人机界面事故下规程自动布局最短移动路径算法的神经网络人因可靠性优化模型。该研究一开始对紧急事件的定性分析进行详细描述,之后建立了一个定量优化理论模型,并对优化过程中的几个部分详细进行论述。首先提出了动态标识邻域最短路径算法,并对该算法进行了有效证明,同时也对实现过程进行实例流程分析;其次采用神经网络方法来建立优化模型,该模型中设计了一些模拟动态函数,包含了规程布局中得到的优化因子t,最后用试验说明了模拟过程失误率变化的关系图及该模型的高性能；
(7)应用本文建立的数字化人机界面优化模型对核电厂误安注事件进行了应用性研究,获得了：①误安注事故主界面最优化的布局方式；②误安注事故中主界面中参数,警告,行字符的数量优化结果；③对误安注事故执行规程的显示自动布局得到了最好的布局优化结果。该项应用性研究结果也论证了所建模型的有效性；
(8)本研究的重点是对事故后数字化人机界面不同因子建立了三个不同的定量优化模型。这三个模型之间的差异在于：遗传算法数字化人机界面监视布局优化模型主要是解决同一显示屏中各功能模块如何布局的问题;模糊免疫分段进化算法数字化人机界面马尔可夫监视转移的人因可靠性优化模型主要解决参数数量的优化问题;基于数字化人机界面规程布局最短移动路径算法的神经网络人因可靠性优化模型主要是解决某一时刻规程如何布局在六个显示屏的某一个上。另一方面,它们之间也存在共同点,其一：在优化过程中,基本上都以人因可靠性为基础,具体为：对功能块布局的优化模型来说,如果人因可靠性越高,表明某种布局组合就越好、对参数因子的优化模型来说,如果人因可靠及亲和力越匹配,那么参数量的设计就越好、对规程优化模型来说,如果规程自动布局越好,那么人因可靠性就越高;其二,这三个模型都是从不同角度对不同因子解决事故后数字化人机界面的优化问题。
The human-machine interface of main control room is the main place of the monitoring and controlling system safe running process for operators, main manipulating process, cognitive process, decision-making process and safe controlling center of whole system for operators. The experience shows that human-machine interface design brings influence to information obtained and judgment.
Currently, digital human-machine interface is a new field. It is different from traditional human-machine interface. These differences include displaying information, controlling, operation, interfacing with and managing user interface, alarm system and regulations, which will undoubtedly bring new challenge to operators. Aiming at the situation, taking nuclear power plant for the reference background in the paper, from the aspect decreasing human factors events, the author optimizes the human-machine interface to decrease the burden and challenge for operators.
In order to resolve the optimizing problem of the digital human-machine interface based on human factors reliability, the author in the paper does some researches as follows:
(1) Analyzes the differences about traditional human-machine interface and digital human-machine interface in detail;
(2) Analyzes the design factors about traditional human-machine interface and digital human-machine interface respectively;
(3)Proposes qualitative optimizing methods for many factors of digital human-machine interface;
(4) In the monitor process after event, the layout of among the position of function block for digital human-machine interface is very important for human factors reliability, namely, if the layout of among function blocks in the same display is better the errors of monitor process can be greatly decreased. In order to resolve the situation, the author proposes Bayesian networks digital human-machine interface monitor unit layout optimized model based on improved genetic algorithm. The author poses a complete optimized process iterative figure in the process, utilizes improved hybrid genetic algorithm to the combination of layout, makes use of Bayesian method as adapting function, takes human factors reliability for base. For the calculation of human factors reliability the author uses dynamic simulative function that includes the effective factors about time parameter and human being factors. The process of calculation in the model contains both continuity and discreteness, which is in keeping with realistic cases. Experiment proves that the improved hybrid generic algorithm proposed has good stability and sensitivity and the proposed optimized model has good precise and stability;
(5) In monitor process after event, the quantity of parameters and alarm etc affect on the monitor process except the layout among function block of display.aiming at the problem, The author proposes Markov monitor transferred digital human-machine interface optimized model based on fuzzy immune segment evolutionary algorithm in order to provide an advanced optimized method for the quantity of digital human-machine interface parameter. The model mainly optimizes the quantity of parameters of display so that affect on the information reliability obtained by operators and monitor transferring of operators. In order to resolve the situation, the author firstly establishes a complete optimized process figure then researches and defines each parts of the process in detail. The author uses dynamic fuzzy method to come into fuzzy segment and poses improved stepwise method that can greatly improve searching performance in the searching factors and immune segment method in evolutionary process that can greatly improve the performance of evolutionary. The author proposes a dynamic model for designed quantity of optimized factors, obtains two balanced parameter values by many experiments, raises monitor transferred Markov model with condition for human factors reliability analysis of optimized factors. The proposed model has a good accuracy and stability by a lot of experiments. Finally, experiment analysis indicates that the error probability function of parameter quantity affinity of human-machine interface is very sensitive and has very good stability, that optimized factors searching performance algorithm of improved stepwise method is better than general algorithm, and that Markov monitor transferred human factors reliability optimized model is very stable performance and has very good sensitivity.
(6) For digital human-machine interface in nuclear power plant, after events are appeared, only by the way that the operators need correctly finish every operation regulation step by step in limited time the whole task can be finished. The operators need switch and transfer among six different displays in the process. If the operation regulation automatic layout in the display is adapt the moving time and researching time can be decrease for operators such that decrease the human factors events. So, the author proposes neural networks human reliability optimized model of a algorithm based on digital human-machine interface regulations automatic layout shortest moving path under the condition of event. For the proposed model the author firstly illustrates qualitative analysis of event in detail then establishes an optimized process figure and finally analyzes a few parts for optimized process in detail. Firstly, the author poses a nearest path algorithm of dynamic sign, proves the proposed algorithm and analyzes the process of algorithm in detail; Secondly, utilizes neural networks method to build optimized model that designs some simulative dynamic functions and includes the obtained optimized factor of regulations layout, namely t; Finally, clearly shows the relative figure of error probability and the good performance of the model in the simulative process.
(7) The author applies the established digital human-machine inferface optimized model in the paper to error safety inject events and obtain corresponding experiment results that include three parts as follows:①the most optimized layout for main interface in the event of error safety inject;②the most optimized quantity about parameters, alarm, character of a line for main interface in event of error safety inject;③the best result of executing regulations automatic layout in event of error safety inject.The research results of applicaton prove the effectiveness of the builded model.
(8) The research emphasis exists in establishing three different quantitative optimized models for different factors of digital human-machine interface after events. The differences for three models are that digital human-machine interface monitor layout optimized model based on improved genetic algorithm mainly resolves how to layout for each function blocks of the same display, digital human-machine interface Markov monitor transferred human factors reliability optimized model based on fuzzy immune segment evolutional algorithm mainly resolves the optimized problems of the number of parameters and that neural networks human reliability optimized model of algorithm based on digital human-machine interface regulations layout shortest moving path mainly resolves how to make the regulations automatic layout in one of the six displays at certain time. On the other hand, there are common characters among them, firstly, in the optimized process they all take human factors reliability as basis. The common points embody that for optimized model of function blocks layout, if human factor reliability is more high the layout combination more proper, for the optimized model of parameter design, if human factor reliability and affinity are more suitable the number of parameters are more good that for the regulation layout, if regulation automatic layout is more good the human factor reliability is more high; Secondly, the three models all resolve the different factor optimized problems of digital human-machine interface from different aspects after event.
引文
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