华北典型高产粮田土壤有机质时空变异规律与水氮优化管理
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摘要
华北高产粮区冬小麦-夏玉米种植体系内集约化生产中水氮过量投入导致地下水硝酸盐等面源污染问题突出,亟待解决。本研究选择1990年以来江北建成的第一个吨粮县-桓台县为研究区域,在课题组前期工作基础上,通过收集整理历史资料、实地采样测定等手段,并借助GIS技术完善并建立该县土壤基础理化性质数据库。利用数据库中土壤化学性质部分,借助GIS及地统计学方法相结合分析桓台县第二次土壤普查以来(1982-2011)耕层土壤有机质的时空变异特征及其成因,并为区域尺度模拟计算提供碳素初始值输入；整理分析1980-2010年桓台县年鉴统计资料化肥投入、粮食产量数据,对该县实际肥料投入、作物利用情况进行研究,初步确定该县合理施氮水平；在对模型校验的基础上,借助土壤属性数据库分析桓台县土壤物理和水力学参数空间分布特征,建立全县土壤物理和水分参数图层,完成区域尺度模拟所需的参数准备工作；在输入该县土壤理化参数图层的基础上,应用模型对县域尺度下农田的水氮迁移转化过程及作物产量进行了模拟,以探讨不同水氮管理方式对控制氮素损失及维持作物产量方面的效应及可行性,得到的主要成果及结论如下：
(1)1982年、1996年和2011年桓台县表层土壤有机质的平均含量分别为13.24、15.06和18.73g kg-1,后15年较前14年增速加快了近一倍,人为因素对土壤有机质含量的影响在增强。1982-1996年土壤有机质的提高主要是土壤利用方式调整和农民种粮积极性改变带来的有机无机肥料投入,不同类型土壤中有机质含量差异显著。而1996-2011年土壤有机质的提高可能是秸秆的大量还田,而不同类型土壤中有机质含量差异逐渐减小。
(2)分析1980-2010桓台年鉴中相关数据后发现,近30年来,桓台地区单播面积上化肥投入量很大,超过了全国高施肥量区平均值。近年来,该县化肥投入正逐步由复合肥替代传统氮磷钾化肥,氮磷钾肥仔施用比例上趋于平衡。肥效随施肥量增加而迅速降低,表明当地单纯依赖化肥投入增产的做法是不科学的。初步研究结果表明,桓台县氮肥投入210-284kg hm-2范围内均可维持粮食产量,并以此作为制定供区域尺度模拟的水氮管理方案的参考。
(3)对WHCNS (soil water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulation)模型的校验结果表明：根区内土壤水分动态以及作物地上部生物量的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,土壤剖面无机氮含量的模拟值与实测值总体趋势一致,校验效果在可接受范围内。为了解决在区域尺度上对土壤水氮运动数值模拟中土壤水动力学参数难以获得的问题,采用土壤传递函数方法(PTFs),根据容易获得的土壤质地等属性应用Rosetta及SPAW Hydrology模型对桓台县区域容重、饱和导水率、饱和含水量、残余含水量、田间持水量、萎蔫点等重要的土壤物理及水力学参数进行预测。研究表明,土壤粘粒含量分布受到成土母质影响较大,预测结果中各参数变异程度合理,可以作为模型在该尺度下运行的基础输入参数。
(4)县域尺度下模拟结果显示,相比当地常规水氮管理方案,采取优化的水氮管理方案,虽然冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别下降了4.8%和0.7%,但是由此节约的水氮投入分别达到40%和33%(小麦)及33%和33%(玉米)：同时在冬小麦和夏玉米季的氮素利用效率分别提高了28.6%和17.3%,水分渗漏的减少使水分利用效率,尤其冬小麦和夏玉米季的灌溉水利用效率分别提高了60.9%和45.1%,且2m土体内氮素淋失和残留降低。通过优化氮素投入,可节约肥料投入成本436元/hm2,全县在轮作周年可节约成本投入1053.8万元,同时实现了经济与环境效益双赢的目标。
The intensive production characterized by excessive water and nitrogen input leads to serious non-point source pollution problem such as groundwater nitrite pollution in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation cropping system of high-yielding area in northern China. These problems are urgently to be solved. In this study, we chose the first built "Tons of Grain County" in the north area to the Yangtze River since1990-Huantai County as the study area. Based on the previous work in our research group, the database of basic physiochemical properties of Huantai County was perfected and created through collecting historical information, soil sampling and determination with GIS software. From the parts of soil chemical properties of the database and with the aid of GIS software and geostatistical method, the spatio-temporal organic matter in topsoil distribution characteristics and its causes were analyzed since the second soil survey of Huantai County (1982-2011). On the basis of this database, the digital distribution maps of soil physical and hydraulic parameters were established, and spatial distribution characteristics of the parameters were analyzed. Though reorganizing and analyzing the data about fertilizer inputs and grain yield record in Huantai yearbook of1980-2010, the county's actual fertilizer inputs and its utilization efficiency were studied from a practical view point to preliminarily define the reasonable range fertilizer input in Huantai County. After verifying the parameters of water and nitrogen transformation within the crop root zone and crop growth in WHCNS model as well as inputting soil physiochemical parameters layers, the model was applied to simulate water and nitrogen transformation and crop growth at county scale to valuate the effects of nitrogen loss control and grain yield maintenance under different water and nitrogen management modes. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
The SOM contents around the high-yielding area of Huantai County were13.2,15.1and18.7g kg-1in1982,1996and2011, respectively. The SOM increase rate from1996to2011was as much as twice that during1982-1996. These results indicated that the effects of human activities on SOM content strengthened during the period from1982to2011. During1982-1996, increases of SOM were due to increasing manure and chemical fertilizer application caused by adjustments of land use types and changes in farmers'practices of agricultural production. The SOM in different types of soil were significantly different. While during1996-2011, the main reason for the SOM increase was the large quantity of straw incorporation. And the differences of SOM in different types of soil shortened.
After Analyzing relevant data in Huantai Yearbook from1980to2010, we found that during nearly30years, large amounts of fertilizer per unit planting area were generally applied in this region, exceeding the average value of the high level fertilization region in China. In recent years, the traditional NPK fertilizer has gradually been replaced by compound fertilizer, and the NPK fertilizer application ratios tend to be balanced. Reduction of the fertilizer efficiency with fertilizer application increase showed that the agricultural production mode of which expected high yield relying on increasing chemical fertilizer application was unscientific in local. The appropriate N fertilizer application rate ranged from210-247kg hm-2that can maintain the crop yield in Huantai region. However, on the present condition of NO3-N accumulation in soil profile caused by previous excessive N fertilizer application, this suggested application rate might be further optimized.
The verification results for soil water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulation (WHCNS) model showed that soil water content and crop aboveground biomass accumulation, simulated and measured values were all in good agreement within the crop root zone, and nitrogen transport simulated and measured results had the same trend in general. The model verification results were within the acceptable range. Additionally, in order to solve the problem that the hydrodynamic parameters for the numerical simulation of soil water and nitrogen movement at regional scale are difficult to obtain, the method of pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) was adopted. Inputting the soil clay content in Huantai County to the Rosetta and SPAW Hydrology model, important soil physical and hydraulic parameters as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, residual moisture, field capacity, wilting point were output. It showed that the distribution of soil clay content was greatly impacted by soil parent materials. The predicted spatial distribution of different parameters were generally variable. But the degree of variability is reasonable for parameters and they can be used as the basic input parameters for model running at the county scale.
The simulation results at county scale showed that compared with conventional water and nitrogen management scheme, optimized water and nitrogen management scheme only made winter wheat and summer maize yields reduced by4.8%and0.7%, respectively. But40%nitrogen and33%irrigation water were saved during the winter wheat season, while33%water and33%nitrogen during the summer maize season. Correspondingly, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize increased by28.6%and17.3%, respectively. Though optimizing water and nitrogen management, the reduction of water leakage was accomplished and thus, the water utilization efficiency, especially the irrigation water use efficiency increased by60.9%and45.1%during the the winter wheat and the summer maize season, respectively. The nitrogen leaching and residual nitrogen accumulated in2m soil profile reduced. Meanwhile, the production cost decreased by436yuan mer hactre and10.358million yuan during the rotation cropping year around the county by cutting off the nitrogen fertilizer consumption. So it could be concluded that the dual goals of economic and environmental benefits were achieved by optimizing water and nitrogen management in this region.
(1)1982年、1996年和2011年桓台县表层土壤有机质的平均含量分别为13.24、15.06和18.73g kg-1,后15年较前14年增速加快了近一倍,人为因素对土壤有机质含量的影响在增强。1982-1996年土壤有机质的提高主要是土壤利用方式调整和农民种粮积极性改变带来的有机无机肥料投入,不同类型土壤中有机质含量差异显著。而1996-2011年土壤有机质的提高可能是秸秆的大量还田,而不同类型土壤中有机质含量差异逐渐减小。
(2)分析1980-2010桓台年鉴中相关数据后发现,近30年来,桓台地区单播面积上化肥投入量很大,超过了全国高施肥量区平均值。近年来,该县化肥投入正逐步由复合肥替代传统氮磷钾化肥,氮磷钾肥仔施用比例上趋于平衡。肥效随施肥量增加而迅速降低,表明当地单纯依赖化肥投入增产的做法是不科学的。初步研究结果表明,桓台县氮肥投入210-284kg hm-2范围内均可维持粮食产量,并以此作为制定供区域尺度模拟的水氮管理方案的参考。
(3)对WHCNS (soil water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulation)模型的校验结果表明：根区内土壤水分动态以及作物地上部生物量的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,土壤剖面无机氮含量的模拟值与实测值总体趋势一致,校验效果在可接受范围内。为了解决在区域尺度上对土壤水氮运动数值模拟中土壤水动力学参数难以获得的问题,采用土壤传递函数方法(PTFs),根据容易获得的土壤质地等属性应用Rosetta及SPAW Hydrology模型对桓台县区域容重、饱和导水率、饱和含水量、残余含水量、田间持水量、萎蔫点等重要的土壤物理及水力学参数进行预测。研究表明,土壤粘粒含量分布受到成土母质影响较大,预测结果中各参数变异程度合理,可以作为模型在该尺度下运行的基础输入参数。
(4)县域尺度下模拟结果显示,相比当地常规水氮管理方案,采取优化的水氮管理方案,虽然冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别下降了4.8%和0.7%,但是由此节约的水氮投入分别达到40%和33%(小麦)及33%和33%(玉米)：同时在冬小麦和夏玉米季的氮素利用效率分别提高了28.6%和17.3%,水分渗漏的减少使水分利用效率,尤其冬小麦和夏玉米季的灌溉水利用效率分别提高了60.9%和45.1%,且2m土体内氮素淋失和残留降低。通过优化氮素投入,可节约肥料投入成本436元/hm2,全县在轮作周年可节约成本投入1053.8万元,同时实现了经济与环境效益双赢的目标。
The intensive production characterized by excessive water and nitrogen input leads to serious non-point source pollution problem such as groundwater nitrite pollution in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation cropping system of high-yielding area in northern China. These problems are urgently to be solved. In this study, we chose the first built "Tons of Grain County" in the north area to the Yangtze River since1990-Huantai County as the study area. Based on the previous work in our research group, the database of basic physiochemical properties of Huantai County was perfected and created through collecting historical information, soil sampling and determination with GIS software. From the parts of soil chemical properties of the database and with the aid of GIS software and geostatistical method, the spatio-temporal organic matter in topsoil distribution characteristics and its causes were analyzed since the second soil survey of Huantai County (1982-2011). On the basis of this database, the digital distribution maps of soil physical and hydraulic parameters were established, and spatial distribution characteristics of the parameters were analyzed. Though reorganizing and analyzing the data about fertilizer inputs and grain yield record in Huantai yearbook of1980-2010, the county's actual fertilizer inputs and its utilization efficiency were studied from a practical view point to preliminarily define the reasonable range fertilizer input in Huantai County. After verifying the parameters of water and nitrogen transformation within the crop root zone and crop growth in WHCNS model as well as inputting soil physiochemical parameters layers, the model was applied to simulate water and nitrogen transformation and crop growth at county scale to valuate the effects of nitrogen loss control and grain yield maintenance under different water and nitrogen management modes. The main results and conclusions are as follows:
The SOM contents around the high-yielding area of Huantai County were13.2,15.1and18.7g kg-1in1982,1996and2011, respectively. The SOM increase rate from1996to2011was as much as twice that during1982-1996. These results indicated that the effects of human activities on SOM content strengthened during the period from1982to2011. During1982-1996, increases of SOM were due to increasing manure and chemical fertilizer application caused by adjustments of land use types and changes in farmers'practices of agricultural production. The SOM in different types of soil were significantly different. While during1996-2011, the main reason for the SOM increase was the large quantity of straw incorporation. And the differences of SOM in different types of soil shortened.
After Analyzing relevant data in Huantai Yearbook from1980to2010, we found that during nearly30years, large amounts of fertilizer per unit planting area were generally applied in this region, exceeding the average value of the high level fertilization region in China. In recent years, the traditional NPK fertilizer has gradually been replaced by compound fertilizer, and the NPK fertilizer application ratios tend to be balanced. Reduction of the fertilizer efficiency with fertilizer application increase showed that the agricultural production mode of which expected high yield relying on increasing chemical fertilizer application was unscientific in local. The appropriate N fertilizer application rate ranged from210-247kg hm-2that can maintain the crop yield in Huantai region. However, on the present condition of NO3-N accumulation in soil profile caused by previous excessive N fertilizer application, this suggested application rate might be further optimized.
The verification results for soil water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulation (WHCNS) model showed that soil water content and crop aboveground biomass accumulation, simulated and measured values were all in good agreement within the crop root zone, and nitrogen transport simulated and measured results had the same trend in general. The model verification results were within the acceptable range. Additionally, in order to solve the problem that the hydrodynamic parameters for the numerical simulation of soil water and nitrogen movement at regional scale are difficult to obtain, the method of pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) was adopted. Inputting the soil clay content in Huantai County to the Rosetta and SPAW Hydrology model, important soil physical and hydraulic parameters as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, saturated water content, residual moisture, field capacity, wilting point were output. It showed that the distribution of soil clay content was greatly impacted by soil parent materials. The predicted spatial distribution of different parameters were generally variable. But the degree of variability is reasonable for parameters and they can be used as the basic input parameters for model running at the county scale.
The simulation results at county scale showed that compared with conventional water and nitrogen management scheme, optimized water and nitrogen management scheme only made winter wheat and summer maize yields reduced by4.8%and0.7%, respectively. But40%nitrogen and33%irrigation water were saved during the winter wheat season, while33%water and33%nitrogen during the summer maize season. Correspondingly, the nitrogen utilization efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize increased by28.6%and17.3%, respectively. Though optimizing water and nitrogen management, the reduction of water leakage was accomplished and thus, the water utilization efficiency, especially the irrigation water use efficiency increased by60.9%and45.1%during the the winter wheat and the summer maize season, respectively. The nitrogen leaching and residual nitrogen accumulated in2m soil profile reduced. Meanwhile, the production cost decreased by436yuan mer hactre and10.358million yuan during the rotation cropping year around the county by cutting off the nitrogen fertilizer consumption. So it could be concluded that the dual goals of economic and environmental benefits were achieved by optimizing water and nitrogen management in this region.
引文
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