花生高产高效氮素养分调控研究
摘要
针对当前我国北方花生主产区覆膜栽培普遍应用,花生生长中后期养分调控难度大导致花生高产与氮肥高效无法协同实现的问题,以山东省为重点,通过一系列大田试验(不同产量、氮肥用量和氮肥调控),研究了高产花生群体干物质和氮素累积特征,明确了高产花生优化施氮用量和氮素吸收累积特征以及根瘤固氮潜力；探明了适合覆膜条件下氮调控措施(有机无机配施、掺混氮肥)对花生生育后期干物质生产和氮素需求的影响；在此基础上,结合山东省74个测土配方试验研究确定了花生磷钾推荐用量,研制出用于指导大面积生产的花生专用配方肥,并进行了田间试验验证,取得的主要结果如下：
1、在大田条件下比较了三个产量水平(一般农户、区域高产、试验高产)下的花生干物质生产和氮累积特征。试验高产田花生最大叶面积系数和区域高产田花生相当,但试验高产田LAI高值持续期长,饱果期氮累积和荚果增长速率快,成熟期双仁果率高,加强生育中后期的营养调控,延长LAI高值持续期是区域高产变试验高产的主攻方向。与高产水平相比,一般产量农户水平花生群体的叶面积系数、叶片氮浓度较低,结荚后干物质和氮的累积比例小；生育后期营养体干重降低快,荚果增重慢,成熟期单位面积果数和双仁果数低,群体源数量不足是低产花生产量的主要限制因素,增大源强度是由一般产量田持续增产的主要途径。
2、花生的荚果产量和施氮量之间的关系符合线性+平台模型和一元二次方程。基于线性+平台模型三庄和姜山实验点最高产量施氮量分别为84kg/hm2和100kg/hm2;基于一元二次方程两实验点最高产量的氮肥用量平均为135kg/hm2。15N微区试验结果表明,与农民传统施肥相比,优化施氮处理在产量不降低的情况下降低氮肥用量、土壤氮残留量和氮的损失,显著增加根瘤固氮,提高氮的收获指数和氮肥偏生产力,平均节肥36.9%-55.5%。
3、覆膜花生氮调控试验结果表明,与一次性基施处理相比,盛花期追肥、掺混氮肥和有机无机配施处理分别增产4.6%、7.2%-10.7%和14.0%。追肥、有机无机配施和掺混氮肥处理花生生育后期的0-30cm的硝态氮含量显著高于基肥处理,花生结荚后的干物质和氮累积比例高,成熟期氮的收获指数、氮的农学效率和偏生产力显著提高。结果表明有机无机配施和掺混氮肥可以维持花生生育后期的氮素供应满足高产花生氮素需求。
4、山东省74个试验点平均最高产量为4914kg/hm2,该产量水平推荐施氮磷钾用量分别为136kg/hm2、88kg/hm2和114kg/hm2。结合田间试验结果,确定花生专用配方肥的氮磷钾的比例为12：8：10,配以钙、硼等中微量元素研制了配方肥1(有机无机肥)和配方肥2(控释复混肥)。田间试验结果表明：配方肥1和配方肥2处理的产量比农民常规施肥处理增产9.6～18.2%和9.6-17.6%。配方肥处理的百果重和农民常规施肥处理差异不显著,但单位面积荚果数量显著多于常规施肥处理。配方肥比常规施肥节氮21.8%，节磷42.8%,节钾30%。
Plastic film mulching is a common agricultural technique and cultivation practice on peanut because of its primary superiority of increasing soil temperature, retaining soil moisture, controling weed growth and increasing crop yields. But the difficulty of manage nutrient at middle and late growth stage of peanut which causes it is unable to synchrony high yield of peanut with high nitrogen use efficiency. So a series of experiments including different pod yields, nitrogen levels and nitrogen regulation test were conducted at Shandong province which was one of the most important peanut product provinces in China. In these experiments, the accumulation characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen of high-yielding peanut, the optimal N level, nitrogen accumulation characterics and nitrogen fixation were researched. In addition, the nitrogen management including topdressing, combined applicaton of organic manure and chemical fertilizer and controlled release blend fertilizer which suit to mulch cultivation on retaining N supply was conducted to improve the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at middle and late growth stage of peanut were discoved. Furthermore the recommend fertilizer level of phosphorus and potassium was determined based on74testing soil for formulated fertilization experiments in Shandong province. On the basis of the optimal N, P, K level and nitrogen management, two special fertilizers for peanut were produced to guide production and the effect on achiving high yield of these two special fertilizers was demonstrated at four experiment sites. The main results are as follows:
1The field experiment was conducted with a variety of "Rihua2" to investigate the dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation characteristics of peanut with three yield levels of farmer's practice pod yield (FY, about4500kg/hm2), regional high pod yield (RHY, about6000kg/hm2) and experimental high pod yield (EHY, about7500kg/hm2) respectively. The results showed that the leaf area index maximum of EHY was similar to RHY, but it had longer duration of high LAI, higher accumulation of pod dry matter and nitrogen at pod filling stage, and higher double-seed pods rate at maturity stage. Maintaining a higher LAI duration at late growth stage of peanut by nutrient regulation was the measures for promoting yield of RHY. Compared to RHY and EHY, the peanut with FY had lower leaf area index (LAI), leaf nitrogen concentration and accumulation contribution proportion of dry matter from pod setting to mature. At the late growth stage, its dry weight of vegetative organs decreased faster and the pod weight increased very slower, the pod number per plant or area at mature stage of FY were lower than that of RHY and EHY; The results indicate that the major limiting factor to farmer's practice is the deficiency of population quantity, it is important to improve its population quality.
2The relationship between the nitrogen level and pod yield of peanut can be reflected by Linear+platform model and quadratic equation with one unknown. The optimize nitrogen level which come from Linear+platform model of peanut at Sanzhuang and Jiangshan experiment sits were84kg/hm2and100kg/hm2respectively, and the average optimize nitrogen level of two experiment sits was 135kg/hm2based on quadratic equation with one unknown. Compared with convention N fertilization, the optimized N fertilization treatment can significantly enhance the nitrogen fixation, nitrogen harvest index and partial factor productivity, reduced residual N and apparent N loss, saved feritilizer36.9%-55.5%without pod yield decrease.
3The nitrogen regulation experiment on mulch peanut showed that compared with based fertilizer treatment, topdressing fertilizer at full bloom stage can improve the pod yield of peanut by4.6%, nitrogen loss reduced by19.5%; And the pod yield of controlled release blend fertilizer and manure fertilizer increased by7.2-10.7%and14.0%respectively. Controlled release blend fertilizer and manure fertilizer supplied nitrogen continuely at the late growth stage to meet nitrogen demand for peanut. As a result, they increased the proportion of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after pod filling stage (R3) and improved the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen agronomy efficiency and partial factor productivity for applied N (PPF) at maturity stage.
4In Shandong province, the average maximum pod yield yield of74field experiments test was4914kg/hm2. The average application rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potssium fertilizer was136kg/hm2,88kg/hm2and114kg/hm2respectively. So the peanut formula fertilizer NPK ratio was12:8:10. Based on this NPK ratio, formula fertilizer1(FF1, organic and inorganic fertilizer) and formula fertilizer2(FF2, nitrogen control-released compound fertilizer) were produced successfully composed with medium trace elements such as calcium and boron. Formula fertilizer test show that the pod yield of formula fertilizer1and formula fertilizer2increased by9.6-18.2%and9.6-17.6%than that of fanner fertilizer treatment significantly. The100-pod weight of formula fertilizer has no significant difference with that of farmer fertilizer, but pod number per hm2enhanced remarkably. The formula fertilizer saved21.8%nitrogen,42.8%phosphorus and33%potassium.
1、在大田条件下比较了三个产量水平(一般农户、区域高产、试验高产)下的花生干物质生产和氮累积特征。试验高产田花生最大叶面积系数和区域高产田花生相当,但试验高产田LAI高值持续期长,饱果期氮累积和荚果增长速率快,成熟期双仁果率高,加强生育中后期的营养调控,延长LAI高值持续期是区域高产变试验高产的主攻方向。与高产水平相比,一般产量农户水平花生群体的叶面积系数、叶片氮浓度较低,结荚后干物质和氮的累积比例小；生育后期营养体干重降低快,荚果增重慢,成熟期单位面积果数和双仁果数低,群体源数量不足是低产花生产量的主要限制因素,增大源强度是由一般产量田持续增产的主要途径。
2、花生的荚果产量和施氮量之间的关系符合线性+平台模型和一元二次方程。基于线性+平台模型三庄和姜山实验点最高产量施氮量分别为84kg/hm2和100kg/hm2;基于一元二次方程两实验点最高产量的氮肥用量平均为135kg/hm2。15N微区试验结果表明,与农民传统施肥相比,优化施氮处理在产量不降低的情况下降低氮肥用量、土壤氮残留量和氮的损失,显著增加根瘤固氮,提高氮的收获指数和氮肥偏生产力,平均节肥36.9%-55.5%。
3、覆膜花生氮调控试验结果表明,与一次性基施处理相比,盛花期追肥、掺混氮肥和有机无机配施处理分别增产4.6%、7.2%-10.7%和14.0%。追肥、有机无机配施和掺混氮肥处理花生生育后期的0-30cm的硝态氮含量显著高于基肥处理,花生结荚后的干物质和氮累积比例高,成熟期氮的收获指数、氮的农学效率和偏生产力显著提高。结果表明有机无机配施和掺混氮肥可以维持花生生育后期的氮素供应满足高产花生氮素需求。
4、山东省74个试验点平均最高产量为4914kg/hm2,该产量水平推荐施氮磷钾用量分别为136kg/hm2、88kg/hm2和114kg/hm2。结合田间试验结果,确定花生专用配方肥的氮磷钾的比例为12：8：10,配以钙、硼等中微量元素研制了配方肥1(有机无机肥)和配方肥2(控释复混肥)。田间试验结果表明：配方肥1和配方肥2处理的产量比农民常规施肥处理增产9.6～18.2%和9.6-17.6%。配方肥处理的百果重和农民常规施肥处理差异不显著,但单位面积荚果数量显著多于常规施肥处理。配方肥比常规施肥节氮21.8%，节磷42.8%,节钾30%。
Plastic film mulching is a common agricultural technique and cultivation practice on peanut because of its primary superiority of increasing soil temperature, retaining soil moisture, controling weed growth and increasing crop yields. But the difficulty of manage nutrient at middle and late growth stage of peanut which causes it is unable to synchrony high yield of peanut with high nitrogen use efficiency. So a series of experiments including different pod yields, nitrogen levels and nitrogen regulation test were conducted at Shandong province which was one of the most important peanut product provinces in China. In these experiments, the accumulation characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen of high-yielding peanut, the optimal N level, nitrogen accumulation characterics and nitrogen fixation were researched. In addition, the nitrogen management including topdressing, combined applicaton of organic manure and chemical fertilizer and controlled release blend fertilizer which suit to mulch cultivation on retaining N supply was conducted to improve the dry matter and nitrogen accumulation at middle and late growth stage of peanut were discoved. Furthermore the recommend fertilizer level of phosphorus and potassium was determined based on74testing soil for formulated fertilization experiments in Shandong province. On the basis of the optimal N, P, K level and nitrogen management, two special fertilizers for peanut were produced to guide production and the effect on achiving high yield of these two special fertilizers was demonstrated at four experiment sites. The main results are as follows:
1The field experiment was conducted with a variety of "Rihua2" to investigate the dry matter production and nitrogen accumulation characteristics of peanut with three yield levels of farmer's practice pod yield (FY, about4500kg/hm2), regional high pod yield (RHY, about6000kg/hm2) and experimental high pod yield (EHY, about7500kg/hm2) respectively. The results showed that the leaf area index maximum of EHY was similar to RHY, but it had longer duration of high LAI, higher accumulation of pod dry matter and nitrogen at pod filling stage, and higher double-seed pods rate at maturity stage. Maintaining a higher LAI duration at late growth stage of peanut by nutrient regulation was the measures for promoting yield of RHY. Compared to RHY and EHY, the peanut with FY had lower leaf area index (LAI), leaf nitrogen concentration and accumulation contribution proportion of dry matter from pod setting to mature. At the late growth stage, its dry weight of vegetative organs decreased faster and the pod weight increased very slower, the pod number per plant or area at mature stage of FY were lower than that of RHY and EHY; The results indicate that the major limiting factor to farmer's practice is the deficiency of population quantity, it is important to improve its population quality.
2The relationship between the nitrogen level and pod yield of peanut can be reflected by Linear+platform model and quadratic equation with one unknown. The optimize nitrogen level which come from Linear+platform model of peanut at Sanzhuang and Jiangshan experiment sits were84kg/hm2and100kg/hm2respectively, and the average optimize nitrogen level of two experiment sits was 135kg/hm2based on quadratic equation with one unknown. Compared with convention N fertilization, the optimized N fertilization treatment can significantly enhance the nitrogen fixation, nitrogen harvest index and partial factor productivity, reduced residual N and apparent N loss, saved feritilizer36.9%-55.5%without pod yield decrease.
3The nitrogen regulation experiment on mulch peanut showed that compared with based fertilizer treatment, topdressing fertilizer at full bloom stage can improve the pod yield of peanut by4.6%, nitrogen loss reduced by19.5%; And the pod yield of controlled release blend fertilizer and manure fertilizer increased by7.2-10.7%and14.0%respectively. Controlled release blend fertilizer and manure fertilizer supplied nitrogen continuely at the late growth stage to meet nitrogen demand for peanut. As a result, they increased the proportion of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation after pod filling stage (R3) and improved the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen agronomy efficiency and partial factor productivity for applied N (PPF) at maturity stage.
4In Shandong province, the average maximum pod yield yield of74field experiments test was4914kg/hm2. The average application rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potssium fertilizer was136kg/hm2,88kg/hm2and114kg/hm2respectively. So the peanut formula fertilizer NPK ratio was12:8:10. Based on this NPK ratio, formula fertilizer1(FF1, organic and inorganic fertilizer) and formula fertilizer2(FF2, nitrogen control-released compound fertilizer) were produced successfully composed with medium trace elements such as calcium and boron. Formula fertilizer test show that the pod yield of formula fertilizer1and formula fertilizer2increased by9.6-18.2%and9.6-17.6%than that of fanner fertilizer treatment significantly. The100-pod weight of formula fertilizer has no significant difference with that of farmer fertilizer, but pod number per hm2enhanced remarkably. The formula fertilizer saved21.8%nitrogen,42.8%phosphorus and33%potassium.
引文
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