不同水分条件与耕作方式对冬小麦、夏玉米根系和水分利用的影响及其化学调控
|
摘要
水资源是限制华北平原农业可持续发展的主要因素,提高水资源利用效率是该地区农业发展急需解决的问题。水分利用效率(WUE)与作物根系生长和分布关系密切。本研究通过根钻、根箱和原位扫描的方法,研究不同水分条件和耕作方式下冬小麦、夏玉米根系生长和分布,探讨了根系和水分利用、物质积累及产量的内在关系,并阐明了化控措施对根系生长和水分利用的调控机制。主要结果如下：
1.研究了雨养条件下(W0)不同耕作方式对冬小麦根系生长和水分利用的影响。翻耕(PT)促进了冬小麦花期前根系发生和生长,提高了产量和WUE。与免耕(NT)相比,PT促进了花前根系生长和群体建成,提高了穗数和产量,其中2011-2012年和2012-2013年冬小麦产量分别提高10.6%和5.2%。耕作方式影响了各生育时期耗水量,但总耗水量没有显著差异,且PT的WUE最高,比NT下两小麦季的WUE分别高14.9%和7.3%。
2.拔节一水(W1)结合NT处理提高了冬小麦产量和WUE。W1+NT处理下,冬小麦群体建成和根系分布较为合理,在灌浆期光合同化能力及光合同化物对产量的贡献率较高。和其他处理组合相比,W1+NT总耗水量较低,提高了WUE。
3.烯效唑和矮壮素复配剂(HK-1)处理增加了冬前分蘖,抑制了冬后分蘖发生,促进了冬小麦前期根系生长和群体建成,提高了穗数和产量。HK-1增加了冬前分蘖期根条数、根粗、根重和根冠比,促进了整个生育期深层(20-50cm)根系生长,提高了WUE。
4.PT促进了夏玉米根系建成和物质运输,提高了产量和WUE。在2011年和2012年夏玉米季,PT比NT产量分别高10.8%和9.9%。PT显著提高了整个生育期0-400cm土层根系根重,增加了花期和成熟期10-50cm土层的根长和表面积密度。同时,在2011和2012年,PT下根系伤流量及NH4+、NO3-、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等运输速率要显著高于旋耕(RT)和NT。
5.乙烯利(Eth)拔节期处理显著减少了玉米吐丝后根系大小和营养运输能力,抑制了地上部生长,但显著增加了十二叶展(V12)前根冠比。Eth处理显著减少低密度下夏玉米的产量和WUE,但在高密度下对产量和WUE影响较小。
Water storage is a limiting factor for a sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain (NCP). Water use efficiency (WUE) is closely related to root growth and distribution. Studies were conducted to1) examine root growth and distribution of winter wheat and summer maize using soil core method, root box and in situ scanning under different tillage practices and irrigation treatments;2) investigate the relationship between root density, dry matter accumulation, water consumption and yield;3) illuminate the regulation mechanism of plant growth regulator on root growth and water use efficiency. The main results summarized as follow:
(1) Field study was carried out to examine the effect of different practices on root growth, water use and yield of winter wheat under rain-fed condition (WO). Plowing tillage (PT) promoted root growth of winter wheat before flowering compared with no tillage (NT) and increased yield and WUE. Compared with NT, PT promoted root growth and plant population establishment before flowering stage, thus increased spikes and grain yield. Under PT, grain yield was increased by10.6%and5.2%, in2011-2012and2012-2013winter wheat growing season, respectively. Tillage practices affected water consumption at different growing stages, but there was no difference between tillage practices for the total water consumption (ET). The PT had the highest WUE and it increased byl4.9%and7.3%compared with NT, in the two winter wheat growing seasons, respectively.
(2) Combined with NT, irrigated wheat once at jointing stage (W1) increased WUE and grain yield. The root had a relatively rational distribution under W1+NT compared with the other combinations and photosynthetic capacity and contribution of photosynthates to grain is greater. ET under NT+W1was lower than the other combination while WUE of NT+W1is higher.
(3) Uniconazole and Cycocel (HK-1) increased tillering capacity and root growth of winter wheat before winter, constrained the tillers after winter and increased spikes and grain yield and WUE. The HK-1increased root number, root diameter, root weight and root/shoot ratio at tillering stage before winter. The HK-1increased WUE and root growth at deeper soil profile (20-50cm) during the whole growth period.
(4) Plowing tillage promoted root growth and nutrition delivery rate during the whole growing period, and increased yield and WUE of summer maize. As compared with NT, yield was increased by10.8%and9.9%under PT, in2011and2012, respectively. The PT increased root weight in the0-40cm soil layer during the whole growth period. The root length density and root surface area density were significantly increased in10-50cm soil layer, but there was no difference among tillage practices below60cm. At the same time, the delivery rate of NH4+, NO3-, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn etc. in root bleeding sap was higher than that under NT.
(5) Ethephon (Eth) applied at jointing stage restrained root growth and nutrition delivery rate. Eth restrained shoot growth, but significantly increased root/shoot ratio before V12. The grain yield and WUE were lower at lower plant density under Eth treatment compared with control. However, there was no significant difference in yield and WUE at higher plant density compared with control.
1.研究了雨养条件下(W0)不同耕作方式对冬小麦根系生长和水分利用的影响。翻耕(PT)促进了冬小麦花期前根系发生和生长,提高了产量和WUE。与免耕(NT)相比,PT促进了花前根系生长和群体建成,提高了穗数和产量,其中2011-2012年和2012-2013年冬小麦产量分别提高10.6%和5.2%。耕作方式影响了各生育时期耗水量,但总耗水量没有显著差异,且PT的WUE最高,比NT下两小麦季的WUE分别高14.9%和7.3%。
2.拔节一水(W1)结合NT处理提高了冬小麦产量和WUE。W1+NT处理下,冬小麦群体建成和根系分布较为合理,在灌浆期光合同化能力及光合同化物对产量的贡献率较高。和其他处理组合相比,W1+NT总耗水量较低,提高了WUE。
3.烯效唑和矮壮素复配剂(HK-1)处理增加了冬前分蘖,抑制了冬后分蘖发生,促进了冬小麦前期根系生长和群体建成,提高了穗数和产量。HK-1增加了冬前分蘖期根条数、根粗、根重和根冠比,促进了整个生育期深层(20-50cm)根系生长,提高了WUE。
4.PT促进了夏玉米根系建成和物质运输,提高了产量和WUE。在2011年和2012年夏玉米季,PT比NT产量分别高10.8%和9.9%。PT显著提高了整个生育期0-400cm土层根系根重,增加了花期和成熟期10-50cm土层的根长和表面积密度。同时,在2011和2012年,PT下根系伤流量及NH4+、NO3-、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn等运输速率要显著高于旋耕(RT)和NT。
5.乙烯利(Eth)拔节期处理显著减少了玉米吐丝后根系大小和营养运输能力,抑制了地上部生长,但显著增加了十二叶展(V12)前根冠比。Eth处理显著减少低密度下夏玉米的产量和WUE,但在高密度下对产量和WUE影响较小。
Water storage is a limiting factor for a sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain (NCP). Water use efficiency (WUE) is closely related to root growth and distribution. Studies were conducted to1) examine root growth and distribution of winter wheat and summer maize using soil core method, root box and in situ scanning under different tillage practices and irrigation treatments;2) investigate the relationship between root density, dry matter accumulation, water consumption and yield;3) illuminate the regulation mechanism of plant growth regulator on root growth and water use efficiency. The main results summarized as follow:
(1) Field study was carried out to examine the effect of different practices on root growth, water use and yield of winter wheat under rain-fed condition (WO). Plowing tillage (PT) promoted root growth of winter wheat before flowering compared with no tillage (NT) and increased yield and WUE. Compared with NT, PT promoted root growth and plant population establishment before flowering stage, thus increased spikes and grain yield. Under PT, grain yield was increased by10.6%and5.2%, in2011-2012and2012-2013winter wheat growing season, respectively. Tillage practices affected water consumption at different growing stages, but there was no difference between tillage practices for the total water consumption (ET). The PT had the highest WUE and it increased byl4.9%and7.3%compared with NT, in the two winter wheat growing seasons, respectively.
(2) Combined with NT, irrigated wheat once at jointing stage (W1) increased WUE and grain yield. The root had a relatively rational distribution under W1+NT compared with the other combinations and photosynthetic capacity and contribution of photosynthates to grain is greater. ET under NT+W1was lower than the other combination while WUE of NT+W1is higher.
(3) Uniconazole and Cycocel (HK-1) increased tillering capacity and root growth of winter wheat before winter, constrained the tillers after winter and increased spikes and grain yield and WUE. The HK-1increased root number, root diameter, root weight and root/shoot ratio at tillering stage before winter. The HK-1increased WUE and root growth at deeper soil profile (20-50cm) during the whole growth period.
(4) Plowing tillage promoted root growth and nutrition delivery rate during the whole growing period, and increased yield and WUE of summer maize. As compared with NT, yield was increased by10.8%and9.9%under PT, in2011and2012, respectively. The PT increased root weight in the0-40cm soil layer during the whole growth period. The root length density and root surface area density were significantly increased in10-50cm soil layer, but there was no difference among tillage practices below60cm. At the same time, the delivery rate of NH4+, NO3-, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn etc. in root bleeding sap was higher than that under NT.
(5) Ethephon (Eth) applied at jointing stage restrained root growth and nutrition delivery rate. Eth restrained shoot growth, but significantly increased root/shoot ratio before V12. The grain yield and WUE were lower at lower plant density under Eth treatment compared with control. However, there was no significant difference in yield and WUE at higher plant density compared with control.
引文
Abdelhamid, M.T.,2010. Efficient root system in legume crops to stress environments. In:Yadav, S.S., McNeil, D.L., Redden, R., Patil, S.A. (Eds.), Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops. Springer Netherlands, pp.229-242.
Achard, P., Vriezen, W.H., Van Der Straeten, D., Harberd, N.P.,2003. Ethylene regulates Arabidopsis development via the modulation of DELLA protein growth repressor function, Plant Cell,15, 2816-2825.
Agbede, T.M.,2010. Tillage and fertilizer effects on some soil properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and sweet potato yield on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research, 110,25-32.
Alameda, D., Villar, R.2012. Linking root traits to plant physiology and growth in Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. seedlings under soil compaction conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany,79,49-57.
Alvarez, R., Steinbach, H.S.,2009. A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research.104,1-15.
Amato, M., Ritchie, J.T.,2002. Spatial distribution of roots and water uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by soil structure. Crop Science,42,773-780.
Amos, B., Walters, D.T.,2006. Maize root biomass and net rhizodeposited carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal,70,1489-1503.
Ansari, T.H., Yamamoto, Y., Yoshida, T., Sakagami, K., Miyazaki, A.,2004. Relation between bleeding rate during panicle formation stage and sink size in rice plant. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,50,57-66.
Bandyopadhyay, P.K., Mallick, K.S., Rana, S.K.,2005. Water balance and crop coefficients of summer-grown peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a humid tropical region of India. Irrigation Science,23,161-169.
Barber, S.A.,1971. Effect of tillage practice on corn (Zea mays L.) root distribution and morphology. Agronomy Journal.63,724-726.
Barraclough, P.B., Weir, A.H.,1988. Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth, water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science,110,207-216.
Bates, G.H.,1937. A device for the observation of root growth in the soil. Nature,139,966-967.
Beis, A., Zotos, A., Patakas, A.,2009. Influence of sampling time and sap extraction methodology on xylem pH values in two grapevine varieties grown under drought conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany,67,305-311.
Benjamin, J.G., Nielsen, D.C.,2006. Water deficit effects on root distribution of soybean, field pea and chickpea. Field Crops Research,97,248-253.
Bialczyk, J., Lechowski, Z.,1995. Chemical composition of xylem sap of tomato grown on bicarbonate containing medium. Journal of Plant Nutrition,18,2005-2021.
Bian, S., Jiang, Y.2009. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae,120,264-270.
Blum, A., Johnson J W,1993. Wheat cultivars respond differently to drying top soil and a possible nonhydraulic root signal. Journal of Experimental Botany,44,1149-1153
Bonfil, D.J., Mufradi, I., Klitman, S., Asido, S.,1999. Wheat grain yield and soil profile water distribution in a no-till arid environment. Agronomy Journal.91,368-373.
Bouma, T. J., Nielsen, K. L., Eissenstat, D. M., Lynch, J. P.1997. Estimating respiration of roots in soil: interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content. Plant and Soil,195,221-232.
Cai, T. G., Tang, F. D.2012. The Effects of Biological Agents on Survival, Biomass and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Mongolian Pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) Seedlings Planted on Keerqin Sandy Lands, China. Advanced Materials Research,354,703-706.
Cajuste, J.F., Gonzalez-Candelas, L., Veyrat, A., Garcia-Breijo, F.J., Reig-Arminana, J., Lafuente, M.T. 2010. Epicuticular wax content and morphology as related to ethylene and storage performance of 'Navelate'orange fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology,55,29-35.
Caldwell, M.M., Dawson, T.E., Richards, J.H.1998. Hydraulic lift:consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants. Oecologia,113,151-161.
Cannell, R.Q., Hawes, J.D.,1994. Trends in tillage practices in relation to sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate climates. Soil and Tillage Research,30,245-282.
Carefoot, J. M., Major, D. J.1994. Effect of irrigation application depth on cereal production in the semi-arid climate of southern Alberta. Irrigation Science,15,9-16.
Chakraborty, D., Nagarajan, S., Aggarwal, P., Gupta, V.K., Tomar, R.K., Garg, R.N., Sahoo, R.N., Sarkar, A., Chopra, U.K., Sarma, K.S.S., Kalra, N.,2008. Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management,95,1323-1334.
Chassot, A., Stamp, P., Richner, W.,2001. Root distribution and morphology of maize seedling as affected by tillage and fertilizer placement. Plant Soil,231,123-135.
Chaves, M.M., Pereira, J.S., Maroco, J., Rodrigues, M.L., Ricardo, C.P.P., Osorio, M.L., Carvalho, I., Faria, T., Pinheiro, C.,2002. How plants cope with water stress in the field? Photosynthesis and growth. Annals of Botany,89,907-916.
Christmann, A., Weiler, E. W., Steudle, E., Grill, E.2007. A hydraulic signal in root-to-shoot signalling of water shortage. The Plant Journal,52,167-174.
Clark, L.J, Whalley, W.R., Barraclough, P.B.,2003. How do roots penetrate strong soil? Plant Soil,255, 93-104
Clothier, B.E. and S.R.Green.1994. Root zone processes and the efficient use of irrigation water. Agricultural Water Management,25,1-12.
Coque M., A. Martin, J. B. Veyrieras, B. Hirel, A. Gallais.2008. Genetic variation for N-remobilization and postsilking N-uptake in a set of maize recombinant inbred lines.3. QTL detection and coincidences. Theoritical Applied Genetics,117,729-747.
Corak, S.J., Blevins, D.J., Pallary, S.G..1987. Water transfer in an alfalfa/maize association. Plant Physiology,84:582-586.
Costa, C., Dwyer, L.M., Hamilton, R.I., Hamel, C., Nantais, L., Smith, D.L.,2000. A sampling method for measurement of large root systems with scanner-based image analysis. Agronomy Journal,92, 621-627.
Cui, N.B., Du, T.S., Kang, S.Z., Li, F.S., Zhang, J.H., Wang, M.X., Li, Z.J.,2008. Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees. Agricultural Water Management,95,489-497.
Cullum, R.F.,2012. Influence of tillage on maize yield in soil with shallow fragipan. Soil and Tillage Research.119,1-6.
De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., Pisante, M.,2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research,92,69-78.
Deng, X.P., Shan, L., Zhang, H.P., Turner, N.C.,2006. Improving agricultural water use efficiency in and semiarid areas of China. Agricultural Water Management,80,23-40.
Dennison, R.F., Kiers, E.T., West, S.A.,2003. Darwinian agriculture:when can humans find solutions beyond the reach of natural selection? Q. Rev. Biol.78,145-168.
Dolan, L.,2001. The role of ethylene in root hair growth in Arabidopsis. J. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,164,141-145.
Doussan, C., Pierret, A., Garrigues, E., Pages, L.,2006. Water uptake by plant roots:II-modelling of water transfer in the soil root-system with explicit account of flow within the root system-comparison with experiments. Plant Soil,283,99-117.
Du, T.S., Kang, S.Z., Sun, J.S., Zhang, X.Y., Zhang, J.H.,2010. An improved water use efficiency of cereals under temporal and spatial deficit irrigation in north China. Agricultural Water Management.97,66-74.
Du, T., Kang, S., Zhang, J., Li, F.2008. Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of north-west China. Irrigation science,26,147-159.
Dubach, M., Russelle, M.P.,1995. Reducing the cost of estimating root turnover with horizontally installed minirhizotrons. Agronomy Journal.87,258-263.
Dugardeyn, J., Van Der Straeten, D.,2008. Ethylene:fine-tuning plant growth and development by stimulation and inhibition of elongation. Plant Science,175,59-70.
Eckert, D.J.,1984. Tillage systemxplanting date interactions in corn production. Agronomy. Journal.76, 580-582.
Eissenstat, D.M., Yanai, R.D.,2002. Root life span, efficiency, and turnover. In:Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (Eds.), Plant Roots, the Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp.221-238.
Else, M.A., Davies, W.J., Malone, M., Jackson, M.B.,1995. A negative hydraulic message from oxygen-deficient roots of tomato plants? (influence of soil flooding on leaf water potential, leaf expansion, and synchrony between stomatal conductance and root hydraulic conductivity). Plant Physiology,109,1017-1024.
Else, M.A., Jackson, M.B.,1998. Transport of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the transpiration stream of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in relation to foliar ethylene production and petiole epinasty. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology.25,453-458
El-Sharkawy, M.A., Cock, J.H., Lynam, J.K., del Pilar Hernandez, A., Cadavid, L.F.L.1990. Relationships between biomass, root-yield and single-leaf photosynthesis in field-grown cassava. Field Crops Research,25,183-201.
Engels, C, Marschner, H.,1993. Influence of the form of nitrogen supply on root uptake and translocation of cations in the xylem exudate of maize(Zea mays L). Environmental and Experimental Botany,44,1695-1701.
Fageria, N.K.,2004. Influence of dry matter and length of roots on growth of five field crops at varying soil zinc and copper levels. Journal of Plant Nutrition,27,1517-1523.
Fan, J. B., Zhang, Y. L., Turner, D., Duan, Y. H., Wang, D. S., Shen, Q. R.,2010. Root physiological and morphological characteristics of two rice cultivars with different nitrogen-use efficiency. Pedosphere,20,446-455.
Fang, Q.X., Ma, L., Green, T.R., Yu, Q., Wang, T.D., Ahuja, L.R.,2010a. Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain:Current status and agronomic management options. Agricultural water management,97,1102-1116.
Fang, Q., Ma, L., Yu, Q., Ahuja, L.R., Malone, R.W., Hoogenboom, G.2010b. Irrigation strategies to improve the water use efficiency of wheat-maize double cropping systems in North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,97,1165-1174.
Fang, Q.X., Chen, Y.H., Yu, Q., Ouyang, Z., Li, Q.Q., Yu, S.Z.,2007. Much improved irrigation use efficiency in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,49,1517-1526.
Fang, Y., Xu, B. C., Turner, N. C., Li, F. M.2010c. Grain yield, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and root respiration in winter wheat as affected by seeding rate and root pruning. European Journal of Agronomy,33,257-266.
Fang,Y., Xu, B.C., Liu, L. Gu, Y.J., Liu, Q.Q., Turner, N.C., Li, F.M.,2014. Does a mixture of old and modern winter wheat cultivars increase yield and water use efficiency in water-limited environments? Field Crops Research,156.12-21
Ferreras, L.A., Costab, J.L., Garciab, F.O., Pecoraric, C.,2000. Effect of no-tillage on some soil physical properties of a structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southern "Pampa" of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research.54,31-39.
Fischer, S., Berti, M., Wilckens, R., Del Pozo, A.,2006. Development of vegetative propagation for Actaea racemosa Nutt. Industrial Crops and Products,24,244-252.
Fitter, A.H.,1985. Functional significance of root morphology and root system architecture. In:Fitter, A.H., Atkinson, D., Read, D.J., Usher, M.B. (Eds.), Ecological interactions in Soil: Plants,Microbes and Animals, vol.4. British Ecological Society Special Publication, Oxford, UK, pp.87-106.
Flavin, C., Gardner, G.,2006. China, India, and the New World Order. The World Watch Institute Pressing, p.12.
Fortin, M.C.,1993. Soil temperature, soil water, and no-till corn development following in-row residue removal. Agronomy Journal,85,571-576.
Gajri, P.R., Arora, V.K., Prihar, S.S.,1992. Tillage management for efficient water and nitrogen use in wheat following rice. Soil and Tillage Research,24,167-182.
Gantzer, C.J., Blake, G.R.,1978. Physical characteristics of Le Sueur clay loam soil following no-till and conventional tillage. Agronomy Journal,70,853-857.
Gao, X., Brown, K.R., Racz, G.J., Grant, C.A.,2010. Concentration of cadmium in durum wheat as affected by time, source and placement of nitrogen fertilization under reduced and conventional-tillage management. Plant Soil,337,341-354.
Gardner, W.,1983. Soil properties and efficient water use:An overview. In Limitations to efficient water use in crop production, Taylor H, Cambridege 91,91-102
Geiser, K.M., Slack, D.C., Allred, E.R., Stange, K.W.1980. Irrigation scheduling using crop canopy-air temperature difference. ASAE Paper,80-2568.
Girona, J., Mata, M., Del Campo, J., Arbones, A., Bartra, E., Marsal, J.2006. The use of midday leaf water potential for scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irrigation Science,24,115-127.
Gollan, T. et al.1992 Stomatal response to drying soil in relation to changes in the xylem sap composition of Helianthus annus. I. The concentration of cations, anions, amino acids in, and pH of, the xylem sap. Plant Cell Environment,15,551-559
Goto, T., Matsuno, T., Yoshida, Y., Kageyama, Y.,2002. Photosynthetic, evapotranspiratory and leaf morphological properties of chrysanthemum grown under root restriction as affected by fertigation frequency. J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci.71,277-283.
Guerrero-Campo, J., Palacio, S., Perez-Rontome, C., Montserrat-Marti, G.,2006. Effect of root system morphology on root-sprouting and shoot-rooting abilities in 123 plant species from eroded lands in north-east Spain. Ann. bot.98,439-447.
Hajabbasi, M.A.,2001. Tillage effects on soil compactness and wheat root morphology. J. Agric. Sci.3, 67-77.
Hamblin, R.A., Tennant, D., Perry, M.W.,1991. The cost of stress:dry matter partitioning changes with seasonal supply of water and nitrogen to dryland wheat. Plant and soil,122:47-58
Hammel, J.E.,1989. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on bulk density and soil impedance in northern Idaho. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.53,1515-1519.
Hammer, G. L., Dong, Z., McLean, G., Doherty, A., Messina, C., Schussler, J., Zinselmeier, C., Paszkiewicz, S., Cooper, M.2009. Can changes in canopy and/or root system architecture explain historical maize yield trends in the US corn belt?. Crop Science,49,299-312.
Han, Z.J., Yu, Z.W., Wang, D., Zhang Y.Li.,2010. Effects of Supplemental Irrigation Based on Testing Soil Moisture on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica,36:457-465.
Hatfield, J.L., Sauer, T.J., Prueger, J.H.,2001. Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency:a review. Agronomy Journal,93,271-280.
Haubrick, L.L., Torsethaugen, G., Assmann, S.M.,2006. Effect of brassinolide, alone and in concert with abscisic acid, on control of stomatal aperture and potassium currents of Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts. Physiol. Plant 128,134-143.
Hendrick, R.L., Pregitzer, K.S.,1993. Patterns of fine root mortality in two sugar maple forests. Nature, 361,59-61.
Hendrick, R.L., Pregitzer, K.S.,1996. Applications of minirhizotrons to understand root function in forest and other natural ecosystem. Plant Soil,185,293-304.
Hodge, A.,2006. Plastic plants and patchy soils. J. Exp. Bot.57,401-411
Hoogenboom, G., Nuck, M.G., Peterson, C.M.,1987. Root growth rate of soybean as affected by drought stress. Agronomy Journal,79,607-614.
Howell, T.A.,2001. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agron. J.93,182-289.
Hu, X. T., Chen, H., Wang, J., Meng, X. B., Chen, F. H.2009. Effects of soil water content on cotton root growth and distribution under mulched drip irrigation. Agricultural Sciences in China,8, 709-716.
Huang, G.B., Chai, Q., Fang F.X., Yu, A.Z.,2012. Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, root growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China. J. Integr. Agric.11,1286-1296.
Hurd, E.A.,1974. Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat. Agric. Meteorol.14,39-45.
Hussain, I.,Olson,K.R., Ebelhar, S.A.,1999. Impacts of tillage and no-till on production of maize and soybean on an eroded Illinois silt loam soil. Soil Till. Res.52,37-49.
Huwe, B.,2003. The role of soil tillage for soil structure. In:El Titi, A. (Ed.), Soil tillage in agroecosystems. CRC Press., Florida, pp.27-49
Itoh, S.,1985. In situ measurement of rooting density by micro-rhizotron. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.31,653-656.
Izzi, G., Farahani,H.J., Bruggeman, A., Oweis, T.Y.,2008. In-season wheat root growth and soil water extraction in the Mediterranean environment of northern Syria.Agric.Water Manage.95,259-270.
Jackson, R. D., Idso, S. B., Reginato, R. J., Pinter, P. J.1981. Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator. Water Resources Research,17,1133-1138.
Jensen R.E, Taylor S.A, Wiebe H.H,1961. Negative transport and resistance to water flow through plants. Plant Physiology,36:633-638
Jeschke, W.D., Baig, A., Hilpert, A.,1997. Sink-stimulated photosynthesis, increased transpiration and increased demand-dependent stimulation of nitrate uptake:nitrogen and carbon relations in the parasitic association Cuscuta reflexa-Coleus blumei. J. Exp. Bot.48,915-925.
Jin, M.G., Zhang, R.Q., Gao, Y.F.,1999. Temporal and spatial soil water management:a case study in the Heilonggang region, PR China. Agriculture Water Management,42:173-187.
Johnson, M.G., Tingey, D.T., Phillips, D.L., Storm, M.J.,2001. Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons. Environmental and Experimental Botany,45,263-289.
Jones, H.G.,2004. Irrigation scheduling:advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2427-2436.
Jones, H.G.,2008. Irrigation scheduling-comparison of soil, plant and atmosphere monitoring approaches. Acta Horticulturae,792,16.
Kaiser, W.M. and Hartung, W.1981. Uptake and release of abscisic acid by isolated photoautotrophic mesophyll cells, depending on pH gradients. Plant Physiology,68,202-206
Kang, S.Z., Liang, Z.S., Hu, W., Zhang, J.H.,1998. Water use efficiency of controlled alternate irrigation on root-divided maize plants. Agricultural Water Management,38,69-76.
Kang, S.Z., Zhang, J.H.,2004. Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2437-2446.
Kang, S.Z., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.L., Hu, X.T., Cai, H.J., Gu, B.J.,2002. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,55,203-216.
Karunatilake, U., van Es, H.M., Schindelbeck, R.R.,2000. Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York. Soil and Tillage Research,55,31-42.
Kasele, I. N., Nyirenda, F., Shanahan, J. F., Nielsen, D. C., d'Andria, R.1994. Ethephon alters corn growth, water use, and grain yield under drought stress. Agronomy Journal,86,283-288.
Kramer, P.J.,1969. Plant and Soil Water Relationships:A Modern Synthesis. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p.482
Laclau, J.P., Bouillet, J.P., Goncalves, J.L.M., Silva, E.V., Jourdan, C., Cunha, M.C.S., Moreira, M.R. Saint-Andre, L., Maquere, V., Nouvellon, Y., Ranger, J.,2008. Mixed-species plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil:1. Growth dynamics and aboveground net primary production. Forest Ecology and Management,255,3905-3917.
Lampurlanes, J., Angas, P., Cantero-Martinez, C.,2001. Root growth, soil water content and yield of barley under different tillage systems on two soils in semiarid conditions. Field Crops Research,69, 27-40.
Landi, P., Sanguineti, M. C., Darrah, L. L., Giuhani, M. M., Salvi, S., Conti, S., Tuberosa, R.2002. Detection of QTLs for vertical root pulling resistance in maize and overlap with QTLs for root traits in hydroponics and for grain yield under different water regimes. Maydica,47,233-243.
Li, F.M., Wang P, Wang J, et al.2004. Effects of irrigation before sowing and plastic film mulching on yield and water uptake of spring wheat in semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,67,77-88.
Li, F.M., Liu, X.R., Wang, J.,2001. Effects of pre-sowing irrigation and P fertilization on spring wheat yield information. Acta Ecologica Sinica,21,1941-1946.
Li, F.S., Liang, J.H., Kang, S.Z., Zhang, J.H.,2007a. Benefits of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status in maize. Plant and Soil,295,279-291.
Li, L., Nielsen, D.C., Yu, Q., Ma, L., Ahuja, L.R.,2010. Evaluating the Crop Water Stress Index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain. Agricultural Water Management,97,1145-1154.
Li, Q.Q., Dong, B.D., Qiao, Y.Z., Liu, M.Y., Zhang, J.W.,2010. Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China. Agriculture Water Management,97,1676-1682.
Li, R., Shi, F., Fukuda, K.2010. Interactive effects of various salt and alkali stresses on growth, organic solutes, and cation accumulation in a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae). Environmental and Experimental Botany,68,66-74.
Liedgens, M., Richner, W.,2001. Relation between maize (Zea mays L.) leaf area and root density observed with minirhizotrons. European Journal of Agronomy,15,131-141.
Lilley, J.M., Kirkegaard, J.A.,2007. Seasonal variation in the value of subsoil water to wheat: simulation studies in southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,58, 1115-1128.
Lin, Y.M., Ren, H.Z., Yu, J.J., Yao, Z.J.,2000. Blance between land use and water resources in the North China Plain. Journal of natural resources.15,252-258.
Lipiec, J., Stepniewski, W.,1995. Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil and Tillage Research,35,37-52.
Liu C M, Yu J J, Kendy E.2001. Ground water exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain. Water International,26,265-272.
Liu, C.M.,Wei, Z.Y. (Eds.),1989. Agricultural Hydrology andWater Resources in the North China Plain. Science Publishing House, Beijing, pp.96-127.
Liu, H.S., Li, F.M., Xu, H.,2004. Deficiency of water can enhance root respiration rate of drought-sensitive but not drought-tolerant spring wheat. Agricultural Water Management.64,41-48.
Liu, S., Zhang XY., Yang JY., Drury C.F.,2013. Effect of conservation and conventional tillage on soil water storage, water use efficiency and productivity of corn and soybean in Northeast China, Acta Agricult. Scand. Section B-Soil Plant Sci.63,383-394
Liu, S.Q., Song, F.B., Liu, F.L., Zhu, X.C., Xu, H.B.,2012. Effect of Planting Density on Root Lodging Resistance and Its Relationship to Nodal Root Growth Characteristics in Maize (Zea mays L.) Journal of Agricultural Science,4,182-189.
Liu, X., Huang, B.2005. Root physiological factors involved in cool-season grass response to high soil temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany,53,233-245.
Lv, L.H., Wang, H.J., Jia, X.L., Wang, Z.M.,2011. Analysis on water requirement and water-saving amount of wheat and corn in typical regions of the North China Plain. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,5,556-562.
Lv, S., Zhao, H., Parsons, E. P., Xu, C., Kosma, D. K., Xu, X., Chao, D., Lohrey, G., Bangarusamy, D.K., Wang, G., Bressan, R.A., Jenks, M.A.,2011. The glossyheadl allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes by Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology,157,1079-1092.
Lynch J.P.,2011. Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and phosphorus acquisition:tools for future crops. Plant Physiology,156,1041-1049
Lynch, J.M., Whipps, J.M.,1990. Substrate flow in the rhizophere. Plant Soil,129,1-10.
Lzumi, Y., Uchida, K., Iijima,M.,2004. Crop production in successive wheat-soybean rotation with no-tillage practice in relation to the root system development. Plant Prod. Sci.7,329-336.
Ma, S.C., Li, F.M., Xu, B.C., Huang, Z.B.2010. Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat. Field Crops Research,115,158-164.
Machado, R.M.A., Oliveira,M.R.G.,2003. Comparison of tomato root distributions by minirhizotron and destructive sampling. Plant Soil,255,375-385.
Majdi, H.,1996. Root sampling methods-applications and limitations of minirhizotron technique. Plant Soil,185,255-258
Malhi, S.S., Nyborg, M.,1992. Placement of urea fertilizer under zero and conventional tillage for barley. Soil and Tillage Research,23,193-197.
Martinez, E., Fuentes, J.P., Silva, P., Valle, S., Acevedo, E.,2008. Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile. Soil and Tillage Research,99,232-244.
Merrill, S.D., Black, A.L., Bauer, A.,1996. Conservation tillage affects root growth of dryland spring wheat under drought. Soil Science Society of America Journal,60,575-583.
Merrill, S.D., Rawlins, S.L.,1979. Distribution and growth of sorghum roots in response to irrigation frequency. Agronomy Journal.71,738-745.
Merrill, S.D., Tanaka, D.L., Hanson, J.D.,2002. Root length growth of eight crop species in Haplustoll soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,66,913-923.
Morita, S., Okamoto, M., Abe, J., Yamagishi, J.,2000. Bleeding rate of field-grown maize with reference to root system development. Japanese Journal of Crop Science,69,80-85 (in Janpanese).
Mosaddeghi, M.R., Mahboubi, A.A., Safadoust, A.2009.Short-term effects of tillage and manure on some soil physical properties and Wheat root growth in a sandy loam soil in western Iran. Soil and Tillage Research,104,173-179.
Motzo, R.,1993. Genotypic variation in durum wheat root systems at different stages of development in a Mediterranean environment. Euphytica,1993,66,197-206
Mugabe, F.T., Nyakatawa, E.Z.,2000. Effect of deficit irrigation on wheat and opportunities of growing wheat on residual soil moisture in southeast Zimbabwe. Agric. water manag.46,111-119.
Munkholm, L.J., Hansen, E.M., Olesen, J.E.2008. The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth. Soil Use Manag,392-400.
Munoz-Romero, V., Benitez-Vega, J., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Fontan, J.M., Lopez-Bellido, L.,2010. Effect of tillage system on the root growth of spring wheat. Plant Soil,326,97-107.
Munoz-Romero, V., Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J.,2012. The effects of the tillage system on chickpea root growth. Field Crops Research,128,76-81.
Munoz-Romero. V., Benitez-Vega, J., L6pez-Bellido, L., L6pez-Bellido, R.J.,2010. Monitoring wheat root development in a rainfed vertisol:Tillage effect. European Journal of Agronomy.33,182-187.
Noguchi, A., Kageyama, M., Shinmachi, F., Schmidhalter, U., Hasegawa, I.,2005. Potential for using plant xylem sap to evaluate inorganic nutrient availability in soil:I. Influence of inorganic nutrients present in the rhizosphere onthose in the xylem sap of Luffa cylindrica Roem. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,51,333-341.
Ogawa A., C. Kawashima, A. Yamauchi.2005. Sugar accumulation along the seminar root axis as affected by osmotic stress in maize:A possible physiological basis for plastic lateral root development. Plant Prodution Science,8,173-180.
Ojeniyi, S.O.,1986. Effects of zero-tillage and disk plowing on soil water, soil temperature and growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Soil Tillage Res.7,173-182.
Okita, T.W., Is there an alternative pathway for starch synthesis? 1992. Plant Physiology,100,560-564.
Passioura, J.B.,1983. Root and drought resistance. Agricultural water management,7,265-280
Pate, J.S.,1973. Uptake, assimilation and transport of nitrogen compounds by plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,5,109-119.
Petelkau, H., Dannowski, M.,1990. Effect of repeated vehicle traffic in traffic lanes on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake and yield of oats. Soil and Tillage Research,15,217-225.
Peuke, A.D.,2000. The chemical composition of xylem sap in vitis vinifera L.cv, Riesling during vegetative vineyard soils and as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,51,329-339.
Pezeshki, S.R., Santos, M.I.,1998. Relationships among rhizosphere oxygen deficiency, root restriction, photosynthesis, and growth in baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) seedlings. Photosynthetica,35, 381-390.
Pikul, J.L., Kristian, J.S.,2003. Water infiltration and storage affected by subsoiling and subsequent tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.3,859-866.
Pierret, A., Moran, C.J., Doussan, C.,2005. Conventional detection methodology is limiting our ability to understand the roles and functions of fine roots. New Phytologist,166,967-980.
Postma, J. A., Schurr, U., Fiorani, F.2013. Dynamic root growth and architecture responses to limiting nutrient availability:linking physiological models and experimentation. Biotechnology advances, 32,53-65
Przulj, N., Momcilovic, V.2001. Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley:Ⅰ. Dry matter translocation. European Journal of Agronomy,15,241-254.
Qi, W.Z., Liu, H.H., Liu, P., Dong, S.T., Zhao, B.Q., So, H.B., Li, G., Liu, H.D., Zhang, J.W., Zhao, B., 2012. Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) roots from cultivars with different yield potentials. European Journal of Agronomy,38,54-63
Qian., Y.L. Rooting and drught avoidance of warm-season turgrasses and tall fescue in Kansas.1997. Crop Science,37,905-910
Qin, R.J., Stamp, P., Richner. W.,2006. Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland. Soil and Tillage Research,85,50-61.
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., Tjoelker, M. G., Vanderklein, D., Buschena, C.1998. Photosynthesis and respiration rates depend on leaf and root morphology and nitrogen concentration in nine boreal tree species differing in relative growth rate. Functional Ecology,12,395-405.
Richards, J.H., Caldwell, M.M.,1987. Hydraulic lift:Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots. Oecologia,73,486-489.
Rieger, S., Richner, W., Streit, B., Frossard, E., Liedgens, M.2008. Growth, yield, and yield components of winter wheat and the effects of tillage intensity, preceding crops, and N fertilization. Europ. J. Agron.28,405-411
Robertson, M. J., Fukai, S., Ludlow, M. M., Hammer, G. L.,1993. Water extraction by grain sorghum in a sub-humid environment. II. Extraction in relation to root growth. Field Crop Res.33,99-112.
Sarkar, S., Singh, S.R.,2007. Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley. Soil and Tillage Research,92,79-86.
Schachtman, D.P., Goodger, J.Q.2008. Chemical root to shoot signaling under drought. Trends in plant science,13,281-287.
Shanahan,J.F., Nielsen, D.C.,1987. Influence of growth retardants (Anti-gibberellins) on corn vegetative growth, water use and grain yield under different levels of water stress. Agronomy Journal,79,103-109
Sharp, R. E., Davies, W. J.1985. Root growth and water uptake by maize plants in drying soil. Journal of Experimental Botany,36,1441-1456.
Sharp, R. E., Wu, Y., Voetberg, G. S., Saab, I. N., LeNoble, M. E.1994. Confirmation that abscisic-acid accumulation is required for maize primary root elongation at low water potentials. Journal of Experimental Botany.45,1743-1751
Shatters, R.G., R. Wheeler, and S.H. West.1998. Ethephon induces changes in vegetative growth of Tifton 85'bermudagrass. Crop Science,38,97-103.
Shekoofa, A., Emam, Y.2008. Plant Growth Regulator (Ethepon) Alters Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth, Water Use and Grain Yield under Water Stress. Journal of Agronomy,7,41-48
Sheng, M., Lalande, R., Hamel, C., Ziadi, N., Shi, Y.,2012. Growth of corn roots and associated arbuscular mycorrhizae are affected by long-term tillage and phosphorus pertilization. Agronomy Journal,104,1672-1678.
Shone M.G.T., Flood, A.V.,1980. Studies on the uptake and loss of water by barley roots in relation to changes in root resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany,31,1147-1159.
Siddique, K.H.M., Belford, P.K., Tennant, D.,1990. Root:shoot ratio of old and modern, tall and semi-dwarf wheat in a Mediterranean environment. Plant and Soil,121,89-98.
Sivanesan, I., Son, M.S., Lim, C.S., Jeong, B.R.,2013. Effect of soaking of seeds in potassium silicate and uniconazole on germination and seedling growth of tomato cultivars, Seogeon and Seokwang. African Journal of Biotechnology,10,6743-6749.
Smith, J.S.C., Duvick, D. N., Smith, O. S., Cooper, M., Feng, L. Z.,2004. Changes in pedigree backgrounds of pioneer brand maize hybrids widely grown from 1930 to 1999. Crop Science,44, 1935-1946.
Sobeih, W.Y. et al. (2004) Long-distance signals regulating stomatal conductance and leaf growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants subjected to partial root-zone drying. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2353-2363
Soundharajan, B., Sudheer, K.P.,2009. Deficit irrigation management for rice using crop growth simulation model in an optimization framework. Paddy Water Environment,7,135-149.
Spedding, T.A., Hamela, C., Mehuysa, G.R., Madramootoo, C.A.,2004. Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.36,499-512.
Sponchiado, B.N., White, J.W., Castillo, J.A., Jones, P.G.,1980. Root growth of four common bean cultivars in relation to drought tolerance in environments with contrasting soil types. Experimental Agriculture,25,249-257.
Su, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Cai, D., Lv, J., Jiang, G., Huang, J., Gao, J., Hartmann, R., Gabriels, D.,2007. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the loess plateau, China. Agric Water Manag.87:307-314.
Sun, H.Y., Liu, C.M., Zhang, X.Y., Shen, Y.J., Zhang, Y.Q.,2006. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,85,211-218.
Sun, Q.P., Krobel, R., Miiller, T., Romheld, V., Cui, Z.L., Zhang, F.S., Chen, X.P.,2011. Optimization of yield and water-use of different cropping systems for sustainable groundwater use in North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,98,808-814.
Takeda, T., Suwa, Y., Suzuki, M., Kitano, H., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M., Matsuoka, M., Ueguchi, C.,2003. The OsTB1 gene negatively regulates lateral branching in rice. Plant Journal, 33,513-520.
Tao, F., Yokozawa, M., Hayashi, Y., Lin, E.,2005. A perspective on water resources in China: interactions between climate change and soil degradation. Climatic Change,68,169-197.
Tardieu, F., Bruckler, L., Lafolie, F.,1992. Root clumping may affect the root water potential and the resistance to soil-root water transport. Plant Soil 140,291-301
Teplova, I.R., Farkhutdinov, R.G., Mitrichenko, A.N., Ivanov, I.I., Veselov, S.Yu., Valcke, R. L. Kudoyarova, G.R.,2000. Response of tobacco plants transformed with the ipt gene to elevated temperature. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,47,367-369
Thomas, R.J., Feller, U., Erismann, K.H.,1979. The effect of different inorganic nitrogen sources and plant age on the composition of bleeding sap of Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytologist.82,657-669.
Tilling, A.K., O'Leary, G.J., Ferwerda, J.G., Jones, S.D., Fitzgerald, G.J., Rodriguez, D., Belford, R. 2007. Remote sensing of nitrogen and water stress in wheat. Field Crops Research,104,77-85.
Tracy, S.R., Black, C.R., Roberts, J.A., Mooney, S.J.2013. Exploring the interacting effect of soil texture and bulk density on root system development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany,91,38-47.
Tripathi, R.P., Misra, R.K.,1986. Wheat root growth and seasonal water use as affected by irrigation under shallow water table conditions. Plant Soil,92,181-188.
Triplett, G.B., Dick, W.A.,2008. No-tillage crop production:A revolution in agriculture. Agronomy Journal,100,153-165.
Tso, T.C., Tuan, F., Faust, M.,1998. Agriculture in China:1949-2030. IDEALS Inc, p.51.
Tuberosa, R., Sanguineti, M.C., Landi, P., Giuliani, M.M., Salvi, S., Conti, S.,2002. Identification of QTLs for root characteristics in maize grown in hydroponics and analysis of their overlap with QTLs for grain yield in the field at two water regimes. Plant molecular biology,48,697-712.
Tucker, C.J.,1980. Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared. Remote sensing of Environment,10,23-32.
Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B.,Nelissen, V., Sayre, K.D., Crossa, J., Raes, D., Deckers, J.,2011. The effect of tillage, crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor. Field Crop Res.120, 58-67.
Vogt, K.A., Vogt, D.J., Bloomfield, J.,1998. Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level. Plant Soil,200,71-89.
Vyn, T.J., Galic, D.M., Janovicek, K.J.,2002. Corn response to potassium placement in conservation tillage. Soil and Tillage Research,67,159-169.
Waddell, J.T., Weil, R.R.,2006. Effect of fertilizer placement on solute leaching under ridge tillage and no tillage. Soil and Tillage Research,90,194-204.
Waisel, Y., Eshel, A.,2002. Functional diversity of various constituents of a single root system. In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (Eds.), Plant Roots, the Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.157-174.
Wang, H.X., Liu, C.M., Zhang, L.,2002. Water-saving agriculture in China:an overview. Advances in Agronomy,75,135-171.
Wang, H.X., Zhang, L., Dawes, W.R., Liu, C.M.,2001a. Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain-measurements and modelling. Agricultural Water Management,48, 151-167.
Wang, J., Huang, J., Rozelle, S., Huang, Q., Blanke, A.,2007. Agricultural and groundwater development in Northern China:trends, institutional response and policy options. Water Policy,9, 61-74.
Wang, K.J., Zheng, H.J., Liu, K.C., Zhang, J.W., Dong, S.T., Hu, C.H.,2001b. Evolution of physiological characteristics of maize root during varieties replacing in China. Acta Phytoecol. Sinica,25,472-475.
Wang, P., Song, X.F., Han, D.M., Zhang, Y.H., Liu, X.,2010a. A study of root water uptake of crops indicated by hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes:a case in Shanxi Province, China. Agricultural Water Management,97,475-482.
Wang, X.B., Cai, D.X.,2000. Studies on tillage and residuemanagement in semihumid arid regions of North China. In:Proceeding of 15th International Soil Tillage Research Organization Conference, July 2-7, FortWorth, TX, USA.
Wang, X.B., Dai, K., Zhang, D.C., Zhang, X.M., Wang, Y., Zhao Q.S., Cai D.X., Hoogmoed W.B., Oenema, O.,2011. Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crops Research,120,47-57.
Wang, Y., Du, M.W., A.egrinya. E., Wang, B.M., Duan, L.S., Li Z.H., Tian X.L.,2012. Mechanism of phytohormone involvement in feedback regulation of cotton leaf senescenceinduced by potassium deficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany.63,5887-5901.
Wang, Y., Liu, F., Andersen, M.N., Jensen, C.R.2010b. Improved plant nitrogen nutrition contributes to higher water use efficiency in tomatoes under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Functional Plant Biology,37,175-182.
Watson, G. W.2001. Soil applied paclobutrazol affects root growth, shoot growth, and water potential of American elm seedlings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture,19,119-122.
Wilkinson,S.1999. pH as a stress signal. Plant Growth Regulator,29,87-99
Xia, J., Liu, M.Y., Jia, S.F.,2005.Water security problemin North China:research and perspective. Pedosphere,15,563-575.
Xiong, W., Declan, C., Erda, L., Xu, Y.L., Ju, H., Jiang, J.H., Holman, I., Li, Y.,2009. Future cereal production in China:the interaction of climate change, water availability and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 19,34-44.
Xu, D., Mermoud, A.,2001. Topsoil properties as affected by tillage practices in North China. Soil and Tillage Research,60,11-19.
Xu, F.A., Zhao, B.Z.,2001. Development of crop yield and water use efficiency in Fengqiu county, China. Acta Pedologica Sinica 38,491-497.
Xu, X., Taylor, H. M.1992. Increase in drought resistance of cotton seedlings treated with mepiquat chloride. Agronomy Journal,84,569-574.
Xue, Q., Zhu, Z., Musick, J.T., Stewart, B.A., Dusek, D.A.,2003. Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation. Plant Soil,257,151-161.
Yan, W., Yanhong, Y., Wenyu, Y., Taiwen, Y., Weiguo, L., Xiaochun, W.,2013. Responses of Root Growth and Nitrogen Transfer Metabolism to Uniconazole, a Growth Retardant, during the Seedling Stage of Soybean under Relay Strip Intercropping System. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,44,3267-3280.
Yang, H., Zehnder, A.,2001. China's regional water scarcity and implications for grain supply and trade. Environment and Planning A,33,79-95.
Yang, J.C., Zhang, J.H., Wang, Z.Q., Zhu, Q.S., Liu, J.J.,2002. Abscisic acid and cytokinins in the root exudates and leaves and their relationship to senescence and remobilization of carbon reserves in rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Planta,215,645-652.
Zeng, G., Birchfield, S.T., Wells, C.E.,2006. Detecting and measuring fine roots in minirhizotron images using matched filtering and local entropy thresholding. Mach. Vision Appl.17,265-278.
Zhang, B., Li, F.M., Huang, G., Cheng, Z.Y., Zhang, Y.2006. Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area. Agricultural Water Management,79,28-42.
Zhang, D.Y., Sun, G.J., Jiang, X.H.,1999a. Donald's ideotype and growth redundancy:agame theoretical analysis. Field Crops Research,61,179-187.
Zhang, H., Qweis, T.,1999. Water relations and optimal irrigation scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region. Agricultural Water Management,38,195-211
Zhang, H.,Wang, X., You, M.Z., Liu, C.M.,1999b. Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheatin the North China Plain. Irrigation Science,19,37-45.
Zhang, M., Duan, L., Tian, X., He, Z., Li, J., Wang, B., Li, Z.2007. Uniconazole-induced ance of soybean to water deficit stress in relation to changes in photosynthesis, hormones and antioxidant system. Journal of plant physiology,164,709-717.
Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y.,2004. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrol. Process.18,2275-2287.
Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y., Sun, H.Y., Yang, Y.H.,2006. Performance of double-cropped winter wheat-summer maize under minimum irrigation in the North China Plain. Agronomy Journal,98, 1620-1626.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Z.2011. Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions. Field Crops Research,123,187-195.
Zhang, Y.Q., Kendy, E., Yu, Q., Liu, C.M., Shen, Y.J., Sun, H.Y.,2004. Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,64,107-122.
Zhao, R.F., Chen, X.P., Zhang, F.S., Zhang, H.L., Schardor, J., Roemheld, V.,2007. Fertilization and nitrogen balance in a wheat-maize rotation system in Northern China Plain. Agronomy Journal,98, 938-945.
蔡永萍,左震东.1998.杂交稻开花后根系活力与旗叶衰老和产量形成的关系.中国农学通报.14,17-20.
陈四龙,陈素英,孙宏勇,张喜英.裴冬耕作方式对冬小麦棵间蒸发及水分利用效率的影响.土壤通报.2006,37：817-820.
川田信一郎.水稻的根.北京：农业出版社,1984：1-60.
崔世明,于振文,王东,张永丽.灌水时期和数量对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.2009.麦类作物学报,29：442-446
段舜山,谷文祥,张大勇,李凤民.1997.半干旱地区小麦群体的根系特征与抗旱性的关系.应用生态学报,2：134-138.
冯广龙,刘昌明,1996.土壤水分对作物根系生长及分布的调控作用.生态农业研究.3：5-9
高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导.北京：高等教育出版社.2006
韩惠芳,杨文钰,樊高琼,任万军.2003.烯效唑干拌种对不同群体小麦分蘖成穗的调控.麦类作物学报,2003,23：113-116
郝晓玲,苗果园.小麦不同根群对产量形成的作用.中国小麦栽培研究新进展.北京：农业出版社,1993,473-479.
何照范.双波长法测定谷物中直链、支链及总淀粉含量.粮油籽粒品质及其分析技术.北京：农业出版社,1985：290--294
胡廷积,郭天财,王志和.小麦穗粒重研究.北京：中国农业出版社,1995,163-176.
姜杰,张永强.2004.华北平原灌溉农田的土壤水量平衡和水分利用效率.水土保持学报.18,61-65
李少昆,涂华玉,张旺峰.1991.乙烯利对玉米株型和产量的影响及其在生产上的应用.耕作与栽培,5：25-28.
李少昆,王崇桃.乙烯利对玉米根系的影响.1990.植物生理学通讯.5：26-28.
李素娟,李琳,陈阜,张海林.2007.保护性耕作对华北平原冬小麦水分利用的影响.华北农学报,2007,22,115-120
李忠.植物生理学.北京：中国农业出版社.2000
凌启鸿,陆卫平,蔡建中,曹显祖.1989.水稻根系分布与叶角关系的研究初报.作物学报,15：123—131.
刘殿英,黄炳茹,董庆裕.1991.土壤水分对冬小麦根系的影响.山东农业大学学报.22：259-364
刘殿英,石立岩,董庆裕,董庆余.1993.冬小麦根系与地上部性状相关性的研究.作物学报,24:359--364
刘海英,郭天财,朱云集,王晨阳,康国章.2006.开花期喷施表油菜素内酯对豫麦49蔗糖代谢和产量的影响.麦类作物学报,26：77-81
吕孟雨,马民强,谢晓亮,赵和,柴建芳,孙果忠,王海波.2000.营养元素和矮壮素浸种对小麦幼苗发育的影响.河北农业科学,4：48-50
骆兰平,于振文,王东,张永丽,石玉.2011.土壤水分和种植密度对小麦旗叶光合性能和干物质积累与分配的影响.作物学报,37：1049-1059
马元喜,王晨阳,贺德先,刘殿英.小麦的根.北京：中国农业出版社,1999
马元喜.不同土壤中小麦根系生长动态的研究.1987.作物学报,13：37-44
郭云峰.2012.供氮对玉米根系和土壤无机氮时空分布及地上部叶穗间碳氮分配的影响.博士学位论文,北京：中国农业大学.
石在臣,刘宗亮.2007.烯效唑干拌种对冬小麦生理,形态特征及产量的影响.安徽农业科学,5：3508-3509
孙书娈,陈秀敏,乔文臣,孟祥海,魏建伟.2008.冬小麦干旱胁迫下不同土层根量分布与产量的关系.河北农业科学,12：6—8.
涂华玉,董志新,于亚珍,李少昆.玉米田化学控制效果及技术研究.1989.新疆农垦科技,3：7—9.
王晨阳,马元喜.不同土壤条件下小麦根系生理生态效应的研究.1992.华北农学报,7： 1-8.
王德梅,于振文.灌溉量和灌溉时期对小麦耗水特性和产量的影响.2008.应用生态学报,19：1965-1970
王绍忠,茹天祥.1997.丘陵红黏土旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究.植物生态学报,21：175-190
王学奎,骆炳山,屈映兰.1990.油菜素内酯促进小麦灌浆结实及其生理基础的研究.华中农业大学学报,9：123-128
卫晓轶,张明才,李召虎,段留生.2011.不同基因型玉米对乙烯利调控反应敏感性的差异.作物学报,2011,37:1819-1827.
薛丽华,张英华,段俊杰,刘娜,王志敏.2011.调亏灌溉下冬小麦根系分布与耗水的关系.麦类作物学报,30:693-697.
杨文钰,樊高琼,董兆勇,任万君,刘卫国.2005.烯效唑干拌种对小麦根系生长及吸收功能的影响.核农学报,19:222-227
杨晓亚,于振文,许振柱.2009.灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响.生态学报,29：846—853
张喜英,裴冬,由懋正.太行山前平原冬小麦优化灌溉制度的研究.2001.水利学报,1：90-95
张荣,张大勇.2000.半干旱区不同年代春小麦品种根系生长冗余的比较实验研究.植物生态学报,24:298-303
张骁,荆家海,卜芸华,王晓东.1998.2,4-D和乙烯利对玉米幼苗抗旱性效应的研究.西北植物学报,18：97-102
张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导.高等教育出版社.2003.
张正斌,崔玉亭,陈兆波,徐萍,黄玲,刘孟雨,刘健.2003.华北平原水资源平衡和节水农业发展的若干问题探讨.中国农业科技导报.5：42-47
朱维琴,吴良欢,陶勤南.2002.作物根系对干旱胁迫逆境的适应性研究进展.土壤与环境,11：430—433
Achard, P., Vriezen, W.H., Van Der Straeten, D., Harberd, N.P.,2003. Ethylene regulates Arabidopsis development via the modulation of DELLA protein growth repressor function, Plant Cell,15, 2816-2825.
Agbede, T.M.,2010. Tillage and fertilizer effects on some soil properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and sweet potato yield on an Alfisol in southwestern Nigeria. Soil and Tillage Research, 110,25-32.
Alameda, D., Villar, R.2012. Linking root traits to plant physiology and growth in Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. seedlings under soil compaction conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany,79,49-57.
Alvarez, R., Steinbach, H.S.,2009. A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil and Tillage Research.104,1-15.
Amato, M., Ritchie, J.T.,2002. Spatial distribution of roots and water uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by soil structure. Crop Science,42,773-780.
Amos, B., Walters, D.T.,2006. Maize root biomass and net rhizodeposited carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal,70,1489-1503.
Ansari, T.H., Yamamoto, Y., Yoshida, T., Sakagami, K., Miyazaki, A.,2004. Relation between bleeding rate during panicle formation stage and sink size in rice plant. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,50,57-66.
Bandyopadhyay, P.K., Mallick, K.S., Rana, S.K.,2005. Water balance and crop coefficients of summer-grown peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in a humid tropical region of India. Irrigation Science,23,161-169.
Barber, S.A.,1971. Effect of tillage practice on corn (Zea mays L.) root distribution and morphology. Agronomy Journal.63,724-726.
Barraclough, P.B., Weir, A.H.,1988. Effects of a compacted subsoil layer on root and shoot growth, water use and nutrient uptake of winter wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science,110,207-216.
Bates, G.H.,1937. A device for the observation of root growth in the soil. Nature,139,966-967.
Beis, A., Zotos, A., Patakas, A.,2009. Influence of sampling time and sap extraction methodology on xylem pH values in two grapevine varieties grown under drought conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany,67,305-311.
Benjamin, J.G., Nielsen, D.C.,2006. Water deficit effects on root distribution of soybean, field pea and chickpea. Field Crops Research,97,248-253.
Bialczyk, J., Lechowski, Z.,1995. Chemical composition of xylem sap of tomato grown on bicarbonate containing medium. Journal of Plant Nutrition,18,2005-2021.
Bian, S., Jiang, Y.2009. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression patterns in leaves and roots of Kentucky bluegrass in response to drought stress and recovery. Scientia Horticulturae,120,264-270.
Blum, A., Johnson J W,1993. Wheat cultivars respond differently to drying top soil and a possible nonhydraulic root signal. Journal of Experimental Botany,44,1149-1153
Bonfil, D.J., Mufradi, I., Klitman, S., Asido, S.,1999. Wheat grain yield and soil profile water distribution in a no-till arid environment. Agronomy Journal.91,368-373.
Bouma, T. J., Nielsen, K. L., Eissenstat, D. M., Lynch, J. P.1997. Estimating respiration of roots in soil: interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content. Plant and Soil,195,221-232.
Cai, T. G., Tang, F. D.2012. The Effects of Biological Agents on Survival, Biomass and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Mongolian Pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) Seedlings Planted on Keerqin Sandy Lands, China. Advanced Materials Research,354,703-706.
Cajuste, J.F., Gonzalez-Candelas, L., Veyrat, A., Garcia-Breijo, F.J., Reig-Arminana, J., Lafuente, M.T. 2010. Epicuticular wax content and morphology as related to ethylene and storage performance of 'Navelate'orange fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology,55,29-35.
Caldwell, M.M., Dawson, T.E., Richards, J.H.1998. Hydraulic lift:consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants. Oecologia,113,151-161.
Cannell, R.Q., Hawes, J.D.,1994. Trends in tillage practices in relation to sustainable crop production with special reference to temperate climates. Soil and Tillage Research,30,245-282.
Carefoot, J. M., Major, D. J.1994. Effect of irrigation application depth on cereal production in the semi-arid climate of southern Alberta. Irrigation Science,15,9-16.
Chakraborty, D., Nagarajan, S., Aggarwal, P., Gupta, V.K., Tomar, R.K., Garg, R.N., Sahoo, R.N., Sarkar, A., Chopra, U.K., Sarma, K.S.S., Kalra, N.,2008. Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management,95,1323-1334.
Chassot, A., Stamp, P., Richner, W.,2001. Root distribution and morphology of maize seedling as affected by tillage and fertilizer placement. Plant Soil,231,123-135.
Chaves, M.M., Pereira, J.S., Maroco, J., Rodrigues, M.L., Ricardo, C.P.P., Osorio, M.L., Carvalho, I., Faria, T., Pinheiro, C.,2002. How plants cope with water stress in the field? Photosynthesis and growth. Annals of Botany,89,907-916.
Christmann, A., Weiler, E. W., Steudle, E., Grill, E.2007. A hydraulic signal in root-to-shoot signalling of water shortage. The Plant Journal,52,167-174.
Clark, L.J, Whalley, W.R., Barraclough, P.B.,2003. How do roots penetrate strong soil? Plant Soil,255, 93-104
Clothier, B.E. and S.R.Green.1994. Root zone processes and the efficient use of irrigation water. Agricultural Water Management,25,1-12.
Coque M., A. Martin, J. B. Veyrieras, B. Hirel, A. Gallais.2008. Genetic variation for N-remobilization and postsilking N-uptake in a set of maize recombinant inbred lines.3. QTL detection and coincidences. Theoritical Applied Genetics,117,729-747.
Corak, S.J., Blevins, D.J., Pallary, S.G..1987. Water transfer in an alfalfa/maize association. Plant Physiology,84:582-586.
Costa, C., Dwyer, L.M., Hamilton, R.I., Hamel, C., Nantais, L., Smith, D.L.,2000. A sampling method for measurement of large root systems with scanner-based image analysis. Agronomy Journal,92, 621-627.
Cui, N.B., Du, T.S., Kang, S.Z., Li, F.S., Zhang, J.H., Wang, M.X., Li, Z.J.,2008. Regulated deficit irrigation improved fruit quality and water use efficiency of pear-jujube trees. Agricultural Water Management,95,489-497.
Cullum, R.F.,2012. Influence of tillage on maize yield in soil with shallow fragipan. Soil and Tillage Research.119,1-6.
De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., Pisante, M.,2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research,92,69-78.
Deng, X.P., Shan, L., Zhang, H.P., Turner, N.C.,2006. Improving agricultural water use efficiency in and semiarid areas of China. Agricultural Water Management,80,23-40.
Dennison, R.F., Kiers, E.T., West, S.A.,2003. Darwinian agriculture:when can humans find solutions beyond the reach of natural selection? Q. Rev. Biol.78,145-168.
Dolan, L.,2001. The role of ethylene in root hair growth in Arabidopsis. J. Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,164,141-145.
Doussan, C., Pierret, A., Garrigues, E., Pages, L.,2006. Water uptake by plant roots:II-modelling of water transfer in the soil root-system with explicit account of flow within the root system-comparison with experiments. Plant Soil,283,99-117.
Du, T.S., Kang, S.Z., Sun, J.S., Zhang, X.Y., Zhang, J.H.,2010. An improved water use efficiency of cereals under temporal and spatial deficit irrigation in north China. Agricultural Water Management.97,66-74.
Du, T., Kang, S., Zhang, J., Li, F.2008. Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of north-west China. Irrigation science,26,147-159.
Dubach, M., Russelle, M.P.,1995. Reducing the cost of estimating root turnover with horizontally installed minirhizotrons. Agronomy Journal.87,258-263.
Dugardeyn, J., Van Der Straeten, D.,2008. Ethylene:fine-tuning plant growth and development by stimulation and inhibition of elongation. Plant Science,175,59-70.
Eckert, D.J.,1984. Tillage systemxplanting date interactions in corn production. Agronomy. Journal.76, 580-582.
Eissenstat, D.M., Yanai, R.D.,2002. Root life span, efficiency, and turnover. In:Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (Eds.), Plant Roots, the Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, NewYork, pp.221-238.
Else, M.A., Davies, W.J., Malone, M., Jackson, M.B.,1995. A negative hydraulic message from oxygen-deficient roots of tomato plants? (influence of soil flooding on leaf water potential, leaf expansion, and synchrony between stomatal conductance and root hydraulic conductivity). Plant Physiology,109,1017-1024.
Else, M.A., Jackson, M.B.,1998. Transport of 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the transpiration stream of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in relation to foliar ethylene production and petiole epinasty. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology.25,453-458
El-Sharkawy, M.A., Cock, J.H., Lynam, J.K., del Pilar Hernandez, A., Cadavid, L.F.L.1990. Relationships between biomass, root-yield and single-leaf photosynthesis in field-grown cassava. Field Crops Research,25,183-201.
Engels, C, Marschner, H.,1993. Influence of the form of nitrogen supply on root uptake and translocation of cations in the xylem exudate of maize(Zea mays L). Environmental and Experimental Botany,44,1695-1701.
Fageria, N.K.,2004. Influence of dry matter and length of roots on growth of five field crops at varying soil zinc and copper levels. Journal of Plant Nutrition,27,1517-1523.
Fan, J. B., Zhang, Y. L., Turner, D., Duan, Y. H., Wang, D. S., Shen, Q. R.,2010. Root physiological and morphological characteristics of two rice cultivars with different nitrogen-use efficiency. Pedosphere,20,446-455.
Fang, Q.X., Ma, L., Green, T.R., Yu, Q., Wang, T.D., Ahuja, L.R.,2010a. Water resources and water use efficiency in the North China Plain:Current status and agronomic management options. Agricultural water management,97,1102-1116.
Fang, Q., Ma, L., Yu, Q., Ahuja, L.R., Malone, R.W., Hoogenboom, G.2010b. Irrigation strategies to improve the water use efficiency of wheat-maize double cropping systems in North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,97,1165-1174.
Fang, Q.X., Chen, Y.H., Yu, Q., Ouyang, Z., Li, Q.Q., Yu, S.Z.,2007. Much improved irrigation use efficiency in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,49,1517-1526.
Fang, Y., Xu, B. C., Turner, N. C., Li, F. M.2010c. Grain yield, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, and root respiration in winter wheat as affected by seeding rate and root pruning. European Journal of Agronomy,33,257-266.
Fang,Y., Xu, B.C., Liu, L. Gu, Y.J., Liu, Q.Q., Turner, N.C., Li, F.M.,2014. Does a mixture of old and modern winter wheat cultivars increase yield and water use efficiency in water-limited environments? Field Crops Research,156.12-21
Ferreras, L.A., Costab, J.L., Garciab, F.O., Pecoraric, C.,2000. Effect of no-tillage on some soil physical properties of a structural degraded Petrocalcic Paleudoll of the southern "Pampa" of Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research.54,31-39.
Fischer, S., Berti, M., Wilckens, R., Del Pozo, A.,2006. Development of vegetative propagation for Actaea racemosa Nutt. Industrial Crops and Products,24,244-252.
Fitter, A.H.,1985. Functional significance of root morphology and root system architecture. In:Fitter, A.H., Atkinson, D., Read, D.J., Usher, M.B. (Eds.), Ecological interactions in Soil: Plants,Microbes and Animals, vol.4. British Ecological Society Special Publication, Oxford, UK, pp.87-106.
Flavin, C., Gardner, G.,2006. China, India, and the New World Order. The World Watch Institute Pressing, p.12.
Fortin, M.C.,1993. Soil temperature, soil water, and no-till corn development following in-row residue removal. Agronomy Journal,85,571-576.
Gajri, P.R., Arora, V.K., Prihar, S.S.,1992. Tillage management for efficient water and nitrogen use in wheat following rice. Soil and Tillage Research,24,167-182.
Gantzer, C.J., Blake, G.R.,1978. Physical characteristics of Le Sueur clay loam soil following no-till and conventional tillage. Agronomy Journal,70,853-857.
Gao, X., Brown, K.R., Racz, G.J., Grant, C.A.,2010. Concentration of cadmium in durum wheat as affected by time, source and placement of nitrogen fertilization under reduced and conventional-tillage management. Plant Soil,337,341-354.
Gardner, W.,1983. Soil properties and efficient water use:An overview. In Limitations to efficient water use in crop production, Taylor H, Cambridege 91,91-102
Geiser, K.M., Slack, D.C., Allred, E.R., Stange, K.W.1980. Irrigation scheduling using crop canopy-air temperature difference. ASAE Paper,80-2568.
Girona, J., Mata, M., Del Campo, J., Arbones, A., Bartra, E., Marsal, J.2006. The use of midday leaf water potential for scheduling deficit irrigation in vineyards. Irrigation Science,24,115-127.
Gollan, T. et al.1992 Stomatal response to drying soil in relation to changes in the xylem sap composition of Helianthus annus. I. The concentration of cations, anions, amino acids in, and pH of, the xylem sap. Plant Cell Environment,15,551-559
Goto, T., Matsuno, T., Yoshida, Y., Kageyama, Y.,2002. Photosynthetic, evapotranspiratory and leaf morphological properties of chrysanthemum grown under root restriction as affected by fertigation frequency. J. Jpn. Soc. Hortic. Sci.71,277-283.
Guerrero-Campo, J., Palacio, S., Perez-Rontome, C., Montserrat-Marti, G.,2006. Effect of root system morphology on root-sprouting and shoot-rooting abilities in 123 plant species from eroded lands in north-east Spain. Ann. bot.98,439-447.
Hajabbasi, M.A.,2001. Tillage effects on soil compactness and wheat root morphology. J. Agric. Sci.3, 67-77.
Hamblin, R.A., Tennant, D., Perry, M.W.,1991. The cost of stress:dry matter partitioning changes with seasonal supply of water and nitrogen to dryland wheat. Plant and soil,122:47-58
Hammel, J.E.,1989. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on bulk density and soil impedance in northern Idaho. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.53,1515-1519.
Hammer, G. L., Dong, Z., McLean, G., Doherty, A., Messina, C., Schussler, J., Zinselmeier, C., Paszkiewicz, S., Cooper, M.2009. Can changes in canopy and/or root system architecture explain historical maize yield trends in the US corn belt?. Crop Science,49,299-312.
Han, Z.J., Yu, Z.W., Wang, D., Zhang Y.Li.,2010. Effects of Supplemental Irrigation Based on Testing Soil Moisture on Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat. Acta Agronomica Sinica,36:457-465.
Hatfield, J.L., Sauer, T.J., Prueger, J.H.,2001. Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency:a review. Agronomy Journal,93,271-280.
Haubrick, L.L., Torsethaugen, G., Assmann, S.M.,2006. Effect of brassinolide, alone and in concert with abscisic acid, on control of stomatal aperture and potassium currents of Vicia faba guard cell protoplasts. Physiol. Plant 128,134-143.
Hendrick, R.L., Pregitzer, K.S.,1993. Patterns of fine root mortality in two sugar maple forests. Nature, 361,59-61.
Hendrick, R.L., Pregitzer, K.S.,1996. Applications of minirhizotrons to understand root function in forest and other natural ecosystem. Plant Soil,185,293-304.
Hodge, A.,2006. Plastic plants and patchy soils. J. Exp. Bot.57,401-411
Hoogenboom, G., Nuck, M.G., Peterson, C.M.,1987. Root growth rate of soybean as affected by drought stress. Agronomy Journal,79,607-614.
Howell, T.A.,2001. Enhancing water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture. Agron. J.93,182-289.
Hu, X. T., Chen, H., Wang, J., Meng, X. B., Chen, F. H.2009. Effects of soil water content on cotton root growth and distribution under mulched drip irrigation. Agricultural Sciences in China,8, 709-716.
Huang, G.B., Chai, Q., Fang F.X., Yu, A.Z.,2012. Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, root growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China. J. Integr. Agric.11,1286-1296.
Hurd, E.A.,1974. Phenotype and drought tolerance in wheat. Agric. Meteorol.14,39-45.
Hussain, I.,Olson,K.R., Ebelhar, S.A.,1999. Impacts of tillage and no-till on production of maize and soybean on an eroded Illinois silt loam soil. Soil Till. Res.52,37-49.
Huwe, B.,2003. The role of soil tillage for soil structure. In:El Titi, A. (Ed.), Soil tillage in agroecosystems. CRC Press., Florida, pp.27-49
Itoh, S.,1985. In situ measurement of rooting density by micro-rhizotron. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr.31,653-656.
Izzi, G., Farahani,H.J., Bruggeman, A., Oweis, T.Y.,2008. In-season wheat root growth and soil water extraction in the Mediterranean environment of northern Syria.Agric.Water Manage.95,259-270.
Jackson, R. D., Idso, S. B., Reginato, R. J., Pinter, P. J.1981. Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator. Water Resources Research,17,1133-1138.
Jensen R.E, Taylor S.A, Wiebe H.H,1961. Negative transport and resistance to water flow through plants. Plant Physiology,36:633-638
Jeschke, W.D., Baig, A., Hilpert, A.,1997. Sink-stimulated photosynthesis, increased transpiration and increased demand-dependent stimulation of nitrate uptake:nitrogen and carbon relations in the parasitic association Cuscuta reflexa-Coleus blumei. J. Exp. Bot.48,915-925.
Jin, M.G., Zhang, R.Q., Gao, Y.F.,1999. Temporal and spatial soil water management:a case study in the Heilonggang region, PR China. Agriculture Water Management,42:173-187.
Johnson, M.G., Tingey, D.T., Phillips, D.L., Storm, M.J.,2001. Advancing fine root research with minirhizotrons. Environmental and Experimental Botany,45,263-289.
Jones, H.G.,2004. Irrigation scheduling:advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2427-2436.
Jones, H.G.,2008. Irrigation scheduling-comparison of soil, plant and atmosphere monitoring approaches. Acta Horticulturae,792,16.
Kaiser, W.M. and Hartung, W.1981. Uptake and release of abscisic acid by isolated photoautotrophic mesophyll cells, depending on pH gradients. Plant Physiology,68,202-206
Kang, S.Z., Liang, Z.S., Hu, W., Zhang, J.H.,1998. Water use efficiency of controlled alternate irrigation on root-divided maize plants. Agricultural Water Management,38,69-76.
Kang, S.Z., Zhang, J.H.,2004. Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2437-2446.
Kang, S.Z., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.L., Hu, X.T., Cai, H.J., Gu, B.J.,2002. Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,55,203-216.
Karunatilake, U., van Es, H.M., Schindelbeck, R.R.,2000. Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York. Soil and Tillage Research,55,31-42.
Kasele, I. N., Nyirenda, F., Shanahan, J. F., Nielsen, D. C., d'Andria, R.1994. Ethephon alters corn growth, water use, and grain yield under drought stress. Agronomy Journal,86,283-288.
Kramer, P.J.,1969. Plant and Soil Water Relationships:A Modern Synthesis. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, p.482
Laclau, J.P., Bouillet, J.P., Goncalves, J.L.M., Silva, E.V., Jourdan, C., Cunha, M.C.S., Moreira, M.R. Saint-Andre, L., Maquere, V., Nouvellon, Y., Ranger, J.,2008. Mixed-species plantations of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil:1. Growth dynamics and aboveground net primary production. Forest Ecology and Management,255,3905-3917.
Lampurlanes, J., Angas, P., Cantero-Martinez, C.,2001. Root growth, soil water content and yield of barley under different tillage systems on two soils in semiarid conditions. Field Crops Research,69, 27-40.
Landi, P., Sanguineti, M. C., Darrah, L. L., Giuhani, M. M., Salvi, S., Conti, S., Tuberosa, R.2002. Detection of QTLs for vertical root pulling resistance in maize and overlap with QTLs for root traits in hydroponics and for grain yield under different water regimes. Maydica,47,233-243.
Li, F.M., Wang P, Wang J, et al.2004. Effects of irrigation before sowing and plastic film mulching on yield and water uptake of spring wheat in semiarid Loess Plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management,67,77-88.
Li, F.M., Liu, X.R., Wang, J.,2001. Effects of pre-sowing irrigation and P fertilization on spring wheat yield information. Acta Ecologica Sinica,21,1941-1946.
Li, F.S., Liang, J.H., Kang, S.Z., Zhang, J.H.,2007a. Benefits of alternate partial root-zone irrigation on growth, water and nitrogen use efficiencies modified by fertilization and soil water status in maize. Plant and Soil,295,279-291.
Li, L., Nielsen, D.C., Yu, Q., Ma, L., Ahuja, L.R.,2010. Evaluating the Crop Water Stress Index and its correlation with latent heat and CO2 fluxes over winter wheat and maize in the North China plain. Agricultural Water Management,97,1145-1154.
Li, Q.Q., Dong, B.D., Qiao, Y.Z., Liu, M.Y., Zhang, J.W.,2010. Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China. Agriculture Water Management,97,1676-1682.
Li, R., Shi, F., Fukuda, K.2010. Interactive effects of various salt and alkali stresses on growth, organic solutes, and cation accumulation in a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae). Environmental and Experimental Botany,68,66-74.
Liedgens, M., Richner, W.,2001. Relation between maize (Zea mays L.) leaf area and root density observed with minirhizotrons. European Journal of Agronomy,15,131-141.
Lilley, J.M., Kirkegaard, J.A.,2007. Seasonal variation in the value of subsoil water to wheat: simulation studies in southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,58, 1115-1128.
Lin, Y.M., Ren, H.Z., Yu, J.J., Yao, Z.J.,2000. Blance between land use and water resources in the North China Plain. Journal of natural resources.15,252-258.
Lipiec, J., Stepniewski, W.,1995. Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil and Tillage Research,35,37-52.
Liu C M, Yu J J, Kendy E.2001. Ground water exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain. Water International,26,265-272.
Liu, C.M.,Wei, Z.Y. (Eds.),1989. Agricultural Hydrology andWater Resources in the North China Plain. Science Publishing House, Beijing, pp.96-127.
Liu, H.S., Li, F.M., Xu, H.,2004. Deficiency of water can enhance root respiration rate of drought-sensitive but not drought-tolerant spring wheat. Agricultural Water Management.64,41-48.
Liu, S., Zhang XY., Yang JY., Drury C.F.,2013. Effect of conservation and conventional tillage on soil water storage, water use efficiency and productivity of corn and soybean in Northeast China, Acta Agricult. Scand. Section B-Soil Plant Sci.63,383-394
Liu, S.Q., Song, F.B., Liu, F.L., Zhu, X.C., Xu, H.B.,2012. Effect of Planting Density on Root Lodging Resistance and Its Relationship to Nodal Root Growth Characteristics in Maize (Zea mays L.) Journal of Agricultural Science,4,182-189.
Liu, X., Huang, B.2005. Root physiological factors involved in cool-season grass response to high soil temperature. Environmental and Experimental Botany,53,233-245.
Lv, L.H., Wang, H.J., Jia, X.L., Wang, Z.M.,2011. Analysis on water requirement and water-saving amount of wheat and corn in typical regions of the North China Plain. Frontiers of Agriculture in China,5,556-562.
Lv, S., Zhao, H., Parsons, E. P., Xu, C., Kosma, D. K., Xu, X., Chao, D., Lohrey, G., Bangarusamy, D.K., Wang, G., Bressan, R.A., Jenks, M.A.,2011. The glossyheadl allele of ACC1 reveals a principal role for multidomain acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the biosynthesis of cuticular waxes by Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology,157,1079-1092.
Lynch J.P.,2011. Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and phosphorus acquisition:tools for future crops. Plant Physiology,156,1041-1049
Lynch, J.M., Whipps, J.M.,1990. Substrate flow in the rhizophere. Plant Soil,129,1-10.
Lzumi, Y., Uchida, K., Iijima,M.,2004. Crop production in successive wheat-soybean rotation with no-tillage practice in relation to the root system development. Plant Prod. Sci.7,329-336.
Ma, S.C., Li, F.M., Xu, B.C., Huang, Z.B.2010. Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat. Field Crops Research,115,158-164.
Machado, R.M.A., Oliveira,M.R.G.,2003. Comparison of tomato root distributions by minirhizotron and destructive sampling. Plant Soil,255,375-385.
Majdi, H.,1996. Root sampling methods-applications and limitations of minirhizotron technique. Plant Soil,185,255-258
Malhi, S.S., Nyborg, M.,1992. Placement of urea fertilizer under zero and conventional tillage for barley. Soil and Tillage Research,23,193-197.
Martinez, E., Fuentes, J.P., Silva, P., Valle, S., Acevedo, E.,2008. Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile. Soil and Tillage Research,99,232-244.
Merrill, S.D., Black, A.L., Bauer, A.,1996. Conservation tillage affects root growth of dryland spring wheat under drought. Soil Science Society of America Journal,60,575-583.
Merrill, S.D., Rawlins, S.L.,1979. Distribution and growth of sorghum roots in response to irrigation frequency. Agronomy Journal.71,738-745.
Merrill, S.D., Tanaka, D.L., Hanson, J.D.,2002. Root length growth of eight crop species in Haplustoll soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal,66,913-923.
Morita, S., Okamoto, M., Abe, J., Yamagishi, J.,2000. Bleeding rate of field-grown maize with reference to root system development. Japanese Journal of Crop Science,69,80-85 (in Janpanese).
Mosaddeghi, M.R., Mahboubi, A.A., Safadoust, A.2009.Short-term effects of tillage and manure on some soil physical properties and Wheat root growth in a sandy loam soil in western Iran. Soil and Tillage Research,104,173-179.
Motzo, R.,1993. Genotypic variation in durum wheat root systems at different stages of development in a Mediterranean environment. Euphytica,1993,66,197-206
Mugabe, F.T., Nyakatawa, E.Z.,2000. Effect of deficit irrigation on wheat and opportunities of growing wheat on residual soil moisture in southeast Zimbabwe. Agric. water manag.46,111-119.
Munkholm, L.J., Hansen, E.M., Olesen, J.E.2008. The effect of tillage intensity on soil structure and winter wheat root/shoot growth. Soil Use Manag,392-400.
Munoz-Romero, V., Benitez-Vega, J., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., Fontan, J.M., Lopez-Bellido, L.,2010. Effect of tillage system on the root growth of spring wheat. Plant Soil,326,97-107.
Munoz-Romero, V., Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J.,2012. The effects of the tillage system on chickpea root growth. Field Crops Research,128,76-81.
Munoz-Romero. V., Benitez-Vega, J., L6pez-Bellido, L., L6pez-Bellido, R.J.,2010. Monitoring wheat root development in a rainfed vertisol:Tillage effect. European Journal of Agronomy.33,182-187.
Noguchi, A., Kageyama, M., Shinmachi, F., Schmidhalter, U., Hasegawa, I.,2005. Potential for using plant xylem sap to evaluate inorganic nutrient availability in soil:I. Influence of inorganic nutrients present in the rhizosphere onthose in the xylem sap of Luffa cylindrica Roem. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,51,333-341.
Ogawa A., C. Kawashima, A. Yamauchi.2005. Sugar accumulation along the seminar root axis as affected by osmotic stress in maize:A possible physiological basis for plastic lateral root development. Plant Prodution Science,8,173-180.
Ojeniyi, S.O.,1986. Effects of zero-tillage and disk plowing on soil water, soil temperature and growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Soil Tillage Res.7,173-182.
Okita, T.W., Is there an alternative pathway for starch synthesis? 1992. Plant Physiology,100,560-564.
Passioura, J.B.,1983. Root and drought resistance. Agricultural water management,7,265-280
Pate, J.S.,1973. Uptake, assimilation and transport of nitrogen compounds by plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,5,109-119.
Petelkau, H., Dannowski, M.,1990. Effect of repeated vehicle traffic in traffic lanes on soil physical properties, nutrient uptake and yield of oats. Soil and Tillage Research,15,217-225.
Peuke, A.D.,2000. The chemical composition of xylem sap in vitis vinifera L.cv, Riesling during vegetative vineyard soils and as influenced by nitrogen fertilizer. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,51,329-339.
Pezeshki, S.R., Santos, M.I.,1998. Relationships among rhizosphere oxygen deficiency, root restriction, photosynthesis, and growth in baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) seedlings. Photosynthetica,35, 381-390.
Pikul, J.L., Kristian, J.S.,2003. Water infiltration and storage affected by subsoiling and subsequent tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.3,859-866.
Pierret, A., Moran, C.J., Doussan, C.,2005. Conventional detection methodology is limiting our ability to understand the roles and functions of fine roots. New Phytologist,166,967-980.
Postma, J. A., Schurr, U., Fiorani, F.2013. Dynamic root growth and architecture responses to limiting nutrient availability:linking physiological models and experimentation. Biotechnology advances, 32,53-65
Przulj, N., Momcilovic, V.2001. Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley:Ⅰ. Dry matter translocation. European Journal of Agronomy,15,241-254.
Qi, W.Z., Liu, H.H., Liu, P., Dong, S.T., Zhao, B.Q., So, H.B., Li, G., Liu, H.D., Zhang, J.W., Zhao, B., 2012. Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) roots from cultivars with different yield potentials. European Journal of Agronomy,38,54-63
Qian., Y.L. Rooting and drught avoidance of warm-season turgrasses and tall fescue in Kansas.1997. Crop Science,37,905-910
Qin, R.J., Stamp, P., Richner. W.,2006. Impact of tillage on maize rooting in a Cambisol and Luvisol in Switzerland. Soil and Tillage Research,85,50-61.
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., Tjoelker, M. G., Vanderklein, D., Buschena, C.1998. Photosynthesis and respiration rates depend on leaf and root morphology and nitrogen concentration in nine boreal tree species differing in relative growth rate. Functional Ecology,12,395-405.
Richards, J.H., Caldwell, M.M.,1987. Hydraulic lift:Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots. Oecologia,73,486-489.
Rieger, S., Richner, W., Streit, B., Frossard, E., Liedgens, M.2008. Growth, yield, and yield components of winter wheat and the effects of tillage intensity, preceding crops, and N fertilization. Europ. J. Agron.28,405-411
Robertson, M. J., Fukai, S., Ludlow, M. M., Hammer, G. L.,1993. Water extraction by grain sorghum in a sub-humid environment. II. Extraction in relation to root growth. Field Crop Res.33,99-112.
Sarkar, S., Singh, S.R.,2007. Interactive effect of tillage depth and mulch on soil temperature, productivity and water use pattern of rainfed barley. Soil and Tillage Research,92,79-86.
Schachtman, D.P., Goodger, J.Q.2008. Chemical root to shoot signaling under drought. Trends in plant science,13,281-287.
Shanahan,J.F., Nielsen, D.C.,1987. Influence of growth retardants (Anti-gibberellins) on corn vegetative growth, water use and grain yield under different levels of water stress. Agronomy Journal,79,103-109
Sharp, R. E., Davies, W. J.1985. Root growth and water uptake by maize plants in drying soil. Journal of Experimental Botany,36,1441-1456.
Sharp, R. E., Wu, Y., Voetberg, G. S., Saab, I. N., LeNoble, M. E.1994. Confirmation that abscisic-acid accumulation is required for maize primary root elongation at low water potentials. Journal of Experimental Botany.45,1743-1751
Shatters, R.G., R. Wheeler, and S.H. West.1998. Ethephon induces changes in vegetative growth of Tifton 85'bermudagrass. Crop Science,38,97-103.
Shekoofa, A., Emam, Y.2008. Plant Growth Regulator (Ethepon) Alters Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth, Water Use and Grain Yield under Water Stress. Journal of Agronomy,7,41-48
Sheng, M., Lalande, R., Hamel, C., Ziadi, N., Shi, Y.,2012. Growth of corn roots and associated arbuscular mycorrhizae are affected by long-term tillage and phosphorus pertilization. Agronomy Journal,104,1672-1678.
Shone M.G.T., Flood, A.V.,1980. Studies on the uptake and loss of water by barley roots in relation to changes in root resistance. Journal of Experimental Botany,31,1147-1159.
Siddique, K.H.M., Belford, P.K., Tennant, D.,1990. Root:shoot ratio of old and modern, tall and semi-dwarf wheat in a Mediterranean environment. Plant and Soil,121,89-98.
Sivanesan, I., Son, M.S., Lim, C.S., Jeong, B.R.,2013. Effect of soaking of seeds in potassium silicate and uniconazole on germination and seedling growth of tomato cultivars, Seogeon and Seokwang. African Journal of Biotechnology,10,6743-6749.
Smith, J.S.C., Duvick, D. N., Smith, O. S., Cooper, M., Feng, L. Z.,2004. Changes in pedigree backgrounds of pioneer brand maize hybrids widely grown from 1930 to 1999. Crop Science,44, 1935-1946.
Sobeih, W.Y. et al. (2004) Long-distance signals regulating stomatal conductance and leaf growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants subjected to partial root-zone drying. Journal of Experimental Botany,55,2353-2363
Soundharajan, B., Sudheer, K.P.,2009. Deficit irrigation management for rice using crop growth simulation model in an optimization framework. Paddy Water Environment,7,135-149.
Spedding, T.A., Hamela, C., Mehuysa, G.R., Madramootoo, C.A.,2004. Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry.36,499-512.
Sponchiado, B.N., White, J.W., Castillo, J.A., Jones, P.G.,1980. Root growth of four common bean cultivars in relation to drought tolerance in environments with contrasting soil types. Experimental Agriculture,25,249-257.
Su, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, W., Cai, D., Lv, J., Jiang, G., Huang, J., Gao, J., Hartmann, R., Gabriels, D.,2007. Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water-use efficiency and crop yield on the loess plateau, China. Agric Water Manag.87:307-314.
Sun, H.Y., Liu, C.M., Zhang, X.Y., Shen, Y.J., Zhang, Y.Q.,2006. Effects of irrigation on water balance, yield and WUE of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,85,211-218.
Sun, Q.P., Krobel, R., Miiller, T., Romheld, V., Cui, Z.L., Zhang, F.S., Chen, X.P.,2011. Optimization of yield and water-use of different cropping systems for sustainable groundwater use in North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,98,808-814.
Takeda, T., Suwa, Y., Suzuki, M., Kitano, H., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M., Matsuoka, M., Ueguchi, C.,2003. The OsTB1 gene negatively regulates lateral branching in rice. Plant Journal, 33,513-520.
Tao, F., Yokozawa, M., Hayashi, Y., Lin, E.,2005. A perspective on water resources in China: interactions between climate change and soil degradation. Climatic Change,68,169-197.
Tardieu, F., Bruckler, L., Lafolie, F.,1992. Root clumping may affect the root water potential and the resistance to soil-root water transport. Plant Soil 140,291-301
Teplova, I.R., Farkhutdinov, R.G., Mitrichenko, A.N., Ivanov, I.I., Veselov, S.Yu., Valcke, R. L. Kudoyarova, G.R.,2000. Response of tobacco plants transformed with the ipt gene to elevated temperature. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,47,367-369
Thomas, R.J., Feller, U., Erismann, K.H.,1979. The effect of different inorganic nitrogen sources and plant age on the composition of bleeding sap of Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytologist.82,657-669.
Tilling, A.K., O'Leary, G.J., Ferwerda, J.G., Jones, S.D., Fitzgerald, G.J., Rodriguez, D., Belford, R. 2007. Remote sensing of nitrogen and water stress in wheat. Field Crops Research,104,77-85.
Tracy, S.R., Black, C.R., Roberts, J.A., Mooney, S.J.2013. Exploring the interacting effect of soil texture and bulk density on root system development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany,91,38-47.
Tripathi, R.P., Misra, R.K.,1986. Wheat root growth and seasonal water use as affected by irrigation under shallow water table conditions. Plant Soil,92,181-188.
Triplett, G.B., Dick, W.A.,2008. No-tillage crop production:A revolution in agriculture. Agronomy Journal,100,153-165.
Tso, T.C., Tuan, F., Faust, M.,1998. Agriculture in China:1949-2030. IDEALS Inc, p.51.
Tuberosa, R., Sanguineti, M.C., Landi, P., Giuliani, M.M., Salvi, S., Conti, S.,2002. Identification of QTLs for root characteristics in maize grown in hydroponics and analysis of their overlap with QTLs for grain yield in the field at two water regimes. Plant molecular biology,48,697-712.
Tucker, C.J.,1980. Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared. Remote sensing of Environment,10,23-32.
Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B.,Nelissen, V., Sayre, K.D., Crossa, J., Raes, D., Deckers, J.,2011. The effect of tillage, crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor. Field Crop Res.120, 58-67.
Vogt, K.A., Vogt, D.J., Bloomfield, J.,1998. Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level. Plant Soil,200,71-89.
Vyn, T.J., Galic, D.M., Janovicek, K.J.,2002. Corn response to potassium placement in conservation tillage. Soil and Tillage Research,67,159-169.
Waddell, J.T., Weil, R.R.,2006. Effect of fertilizer placement on solute leaching under ridge tillage and no tillage. Soil and Tillage Research,90,194-204.
Waisel, Y., Eshel, A.,2002. Functional diversity of various constituents of a single root system. In: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., Kafkafi, U. (Eds.), Plant Roots, the Hidden Half. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.157-174.
Wang, H.X., Liu, C.M., Zhang, L.,2002. Water-saving agriculture in China:an overview. Advances in Agronomy,75,135-171.
Wang, H.X., Zhang, L., Dawes, W.R., Liu, C.M.,2001a. Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain-measurements and modelling. Agricultural Water Management,48, 151-167.
Wang, J., Huang, J., Rozelle, S., Huang, Q., Blanke, A.,2007. Agricultural and groundwater development in Northern China:trends, institutional response and policy options. Water Policy,9, 61-74.
Wang, K.J., Zheng, H.J., Liu, K.C., Zhang, J.W., Dong, S.T., Hu, C.H.,2001b. Evolution of physiological characteristics of maize root during varieties replacing in China. Acta Phytoecol. Sinica,25,472-475.
Wang, P., Song, X.F., Han, D.M., Zhang, Y.H., Liu, X.,2010a. A study of root water uptake of crops indicated by hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes:a case in Shanxi Province, China. Agricultural Water Management,97,475-482.
Wang, X.B., Cai, D.X.,2000. Studies on tillage and residuemanagement in semihumid arid regions of North China. In:Proceeding of 15th International Soil Tillage Research Organization Conference, July 2-7, FortWorth, TX, USA.
Wang, X.B., Dai, K., Zhang, D.C., Zhang, X.M., Wang, Y., Zhao Q.S., Cai D.X., Hoogmoed W.B., Oenema, O.,2011. Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China. Field Crops Research,120,47-57.
Wang, Y., Du, M.W., A.egrinya. E., Wang, B.M., Duan, L.S., Li Z.H., Tian X.L.,2012. Mechanism of phytohormone involvement in feedback regulation of cotton leaf senescenceinduced by potassium deficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany.63,5887-5901.
Wang, Y., Liu, F., Andersen, M.N., Jensen, C.R.2010b. Improved plant nitrogen nutrition contributes to higher water use efficiency in tomatoes under alternate partial root-zone irrigation. Functional Plant Biology,37,175-182.
Watson, G. W.2001. Soil applied paclobutrazol affects root growth, shoot growth, and water potential of American elm seedlings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture,19,119-122.
Wilkinson,S.1999. pH as a stress signal. Plant Growth Regulator,29,87-99
Xia, J., Liu, M.Y., Jia, S.F.,2005.Water security problemin North China:research and perspective. Pedosphere,15,563-575.
Xiong, W., Declan, C., Erda, L., Xu, Y.L., Ju, H., Jiang, J.H., Holman, I., Li, Y.,2009. Future cereal production in China:the interaction of climate change, water availability and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 19,34-44.
Xu, D., Mermoud, A.,2001. Topsoil properties as affected by tillage practices in North China. Soil and Tillage Research,60,11-19.
Xu, F.A., Zhao, B.Z.,2001. Development of crop yield and water use efficiency in Fengqiu county, China. Acta Pedologica Sinica 38,491-497.
Xu, X., Taylor, H. M.1992. Increase in drought resistance of cotton seedlings treated with mepiquat chloride. Agronomy Journal,84,569-574.
Xue, Q., Zhu, Z., Musick, J.T., Stewart, B.A., Dusek, D.A.,2003. Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation. Plant Soil,257,151-161.
Yan, W., Yanhong, Y., Wenyu, Y., Taiwen, Y., Weiguo, L., Xiaochun, W.,2013. Responses of Root Growth and Nitrogen Transfer Metabolism to Uniconazole, a Growth Retardant, during the Seedling Stage of Soybean under Relay Strip Intercropping System. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,44,3267-3280.
Yang, H., Zehnder, A.,2001. China's regional water scarcity and implications for grain supply and trade. Environment and Planning A,33,79-95.
Yang, J.C., Zhang, J.H., Wang, Z.Q., Zhu, Q.S., Liu, J.J.,2002. Abscisic acid and cytokinins in the root exudates and leaves and their relationship to senescence and remobilization of carbon reserves in rice subjected to water stress during grain filling. Planta,215,645-652.
Zeng, G., Birchfield, S.T., Wells, C.E.,2006. Detecting and measuring fine roots in minirhizotron images using matched filtering and local entropy thresholding. Mach. Vision Appl.17,265-278.
Zhang, B., Li, F.M., Huang, G., Cheng, Z.Y., Zhang, Y.2006. Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area. Agricultural Water Management,79,28-42.
Zhang, D.Y., Sun, G.J., Jiang, X.H.,1999a. Donald's ideotype and growth redundancy:agame theoretical analysis. Field Crops Research,61,179-187.
Zhang, H., Qweis, T.,1999. Water relations and optimal irrigation scheduling of wheat in the Mediterranean region. Agricultural Water Management,38,195-211
Zhang, H.,Wang, X., You, M.Z., Liu, C.M.,1999b. Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheatin the North China Plain. Irrigation Science,19,37-45.
Zhang, M., Duan, L., Tian, X., He, Z., Li, J., Wang, B., Li, Z.2007. Uniconazole-induced ance of soybean to water deficit stress in relation to changes in photosynthesis, hormones and antioxidant system. Journal of plant physiology,164,709-717.
Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y.,2004. Root growth and soil water utilization of winter wheat in the North China Plain. Hydrol. Process.18,2275-2287.
Zhang, X.Y., Pei, D., Chen, S.Y., Sun, H.Y., Yang, Y.H.,2006. Performance of double-cropped winter wheat-summer maize under minimum irrigation in the North China Plain. Agronomy Journal,98, 1620-1626.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, Z.2011. Characteristics of canopy structure and contributions of non-leaf organs to yield in winter wheat under different irrigated conditions. Field Crops Research,123,187-195.
Zhang, Y.Q., Kendy, E., Yu, Q., Liu, C.M., Shen, Y.J., Sun, H.Y.,2004. Effect of soil water deficit on evapotranspiration, crop yield, and water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management,64,107-122.
Zhao, R.F., Chen, X.P., Zhang, F.S., Zhang, H.L., Schardor, J., Roemheld, V.,2007. Fertilization and nitrogen balance in a wheat-maize rotation system in Northern China Plain. Agronomy Journal,98, 938-945.
蔡永萍,左震东.1998.杂交稻开花后根系活力与旗叶衰老和产量形成的关系.中国农学通报.14,17-20.
陈四龙,陈素英,孙宏勇,张喜英.裴冬耕作方式对冬小麦棵间蒸发及水分利用效率的影响.土壤通报.2006,37：817-820.
川田信一郎.水稻的根.北京：农业出版社,1984：1-60.
崔世明,于振文,王东,张永丽.灌水时期和数量对小麦耗水特性及产量的影响.2009.麦类作物学报,29：442-446
段舜山,谷文祥,张大勇,李凤民.1997.半干旱地区小麦群体的根系特征与抗旱性的关系.应用生态学报,2：134-138.
冯广龙,刘昌明,1996.土壤水分对作物根系生长及分布的调控作用.生态农业研究.3：5-9
高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导.北京：高等教育出版社.2006
韩惠芳,杨文钰,樊高琼,任万军.2003.烯效唑干拌种对不同群体小麦分蘖成穗的调控.麦类作物学报,2003,23：113-116
郝晓玲,苗果园.小麦不同根群对产量形成的作用.中国小麦栽培研究新进展.北京：农业出版社,1993,473-479.
何照范.双波长法测定谷物中直链、支链及总淀粉含量.粮油籽粒品质及其分析技术.北京：农业出版社,1985：290--294
胡廷积,郭天财,王志和.小麦穗粒重研究.北京：中国农业出版社,1995,163-176.
姜杰,张永强.2004.华北平原灌溉农田的土壤水量平衡和水分利用效率.水土保持学报.18,61-65
李少昆,涂华玉,张旺峰.1991.乙烯利对玉米株型和产量的影响及其在生产上的应用.耕作与栽培,5：25-28.
李少昆,王崇桃.乙烯利对玉米根系的影响.1990.植物生理学通讯.5：26-28.
李素娟,李琳,陈阜,张海林.2007.保护性耕作对华北平原冬小麦水分利用的影响.华北农学报,2007,22,115-120
李忠.植物生理学.北京：中国农业出版社.2000
凌启鸿,陆卫平,蔡建中,曹显祖.1989.水稻根系分布与叶角关系的研究初报.作物学报,15：123—131.
刘殿英,黄炳茹,董庆裕.1991.土壤水分对冬小麦根系的影响.山东农业大学学报.22：259-364
刘殿英,石立岩,董庆裕,董庆余.1993.冬小麦根系与地上部性状相关性的研究.作物学报,24:359--364
刘海英,郭天财,朱云集,王晨阳,康国章.2006.开花期喷施表油菜素内酯对豫麦49蔗糖代谢和产量的影响.麦类作物学报,26：77-81
吕孟雨,马民强,谢晓亮,赵和,柴建芳,孙果忠,王海波.2000.营养元素和矮壮素浸种对小麦幼苗发育的影响.河北农业科学,4：48-50
骆兰平,于振文,王东,张永丽,石玉.2011.土壤水分和种植密度对小麦旗叶光合性能和干物质积累与分配的影响.作物学报,37：1049-1059
马元喜,王晨阳,贺德先,刘殿英.小麦的根.北京：中国农业出版社,1999
马元喜.不同土壤中小麦根系生长动态的研究.1987.作物学报,13：37-44
郭云峰.2012.供氮对玉米根系和土壤无机氮时空分布及地上部叶穗间碳氮分配的影响.博士学位论文,北京：中国农业大学.
石在臣,刘宗亮.2007.烯效唑干拌种对冬小麦生理,形态特征及产量的影响.安徽农业科学,5：3508-3509
孙书娈,陈秀敏,乔文臣,孟祥海,魏建伟.2008.冬小麦干旱胁迫下不同土层根量分布与产量的关系.河北农业科学,12：6—8.
涂华玉,董志新,于亚珍,李少昆.玉米田化学控制效果及技术研究.1989.新疆农垦科技,3：7—9.
王晨阳,马元喜.不同土壤条件下小麦根系生理生态效应的研究.1992.华北农学报,7： 1-8.
王德梅,于振文.灌溉量和灌溉时期对小麦耗水特性和产量的影响.2008.应用生态学报,19：1965-1970
王绍忠,茹天祥.1997.丘陵红黏土旱地冬小麦根系生长规律的研究.植物生态学报,21：175-190
王学奎,骆炳山,屈映兰.1990.油菜素内酯促进小麦灌浆结实及其生理基础的研究.华中农业大学学报,9：123-128
卫晓轶,张明才,李召虎,段留生.2011.不同基因型玉米对乙烯利调控反应敏感性的差异.作物学报,2011,37:1819-1827.
薛丽华,张英华,段俊杰,刘娜,王志敏.2011.调亏灌溉下冬小麦根系分布与耗水的关系.麦类作物学报,30:693-697.
杨文钰,樊高琼,董兆勇,任万君,刘卫国.2005.烯效唑干拌种对小麦根系生长及吸收功能的影响.核农学报,19:222-227
杨晓亚,于振文,许振柱.2009.灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响.生态学报,29：846—853
张喜英,裴冬,由懋正.太行山前平原冬小麦优化灌溉制度的研究.2001.水利学报,1：90-95
张荣,张大勇.2000.半干旱区不同年代春小麦品种根系生长冗余的比较实验研究.植物生态学报,24:298-303
张骁,荆家海,卜芸华,王晓东.1998.2,4-D和乙烯利对玉米幼苗抗旱性效应的研究.西北植物学报,18：97-102
张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导.高等教育出版社.2003.
张正斌,崔玉亭,陈兆波,徐萍,黄玲,刘孟雨,刘健.2003.华北平原水资源平衡和节水农业发展的若干问题探讨.中国农业科技导报.5：42-47
朱维琴,吴良欢,陶勤南.2002.作物根系对干旱胁迫逆境的适应性研究进展.土壤与环境,11：430—433
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |