气流分配式牧草播种机关键部件优化与试验
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摘要
牧草种子特殊的生长特性和物理特性,以及草地土壤状况有别于大田作物土壤状况,国内现有播种机对牧草种子播种适应性较差。针对这一问题,论文根据牧草种子播种工艺流程,对气流分配式牧草播种机的总体布局、功能结构、电子监测系统和关键部件的主要技术参数进行了设计与优化,并进行了不同牧草种子的播种试验验证。
主要研究内容如下：
1)通过对牧草种子主要物理特性的系统分析,设计了一种中央外槽轮装置集中向分配器供料的排种机构,可以根据不同种子类型,精确控制排种量,克服了传统独立式外槽轮排种器播牧草种子时,稳定性差、堵塞、架空等问题。
2)设计了单体仿形多连杆开沟镇压机构,应用Adams分析软件,对其进行了运动学分析以及仿真模拟,设计出与机架铰接的平行四连杆-拉簧结构,保证了开沟器在不平整地面保持最佳入土角,提升了开沟器作业质量；开沟深度由开沟器弹簧来精确控制,每组开沟器都有独立的安全拉簧,通过对开沟器弹簧的设计,得出选用材料为油淬火碳素弹簧钢丝B类,钢丝直径d=8mm,圈数n=241/4圈,中径D=41.7mm。
3)为了保证均匀一致的破茬深度,设计了装有独立安全大压簧的波纹圆盘破茬器,通过对破茬器压力弹簧的设计,得出选用材料油淬火碳素弹簧钢丝B类,钢丝直径d=15mm,圈数n=14圈,中径D=60mm；通过磨损试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,对不同材料常用波纹圆盘破茬刀进行组织性能分析和耐磨性评价,结果显示,65Mn钢在磨损过程中发生形变诱导相变,而被加工硬化,提高其耐磨性。
4)利用Ansys软件对整机机架进行有限元分析,在不增加重量的前提下,进行了结构优化,提高了整机强度和刚度。
5)完成了播种机测控系统的设计,对风机转速、工作速度、播种面积等参数的采集分析,实现对播种机工作状态的监控。
6)完成了气流分配式牧草播种机性能试验和生产试验。结果表明,开沟深度和宽度测定结果全部合格；浅松深度稳定性测定结果全部合格;浅松层膨松度为63%；滑移率为3.7%；各行排量一致性变异系数分别为：苜蓿3.41%,披碱草6.04%；总排量稳定性变异系数分别为：苜蓿1.6%,披碱草3.77%；苜蓿破碎率0.92%,披碱草破碎率1.61%,以上数据均达到国家标准要求。
Growth characteristics and physical properties of forage seeds are specific. The grassland soil conditions are different from crops to crops. The existing domestic seeders have low adaptability for forage seed. According to the forage seed sowing process, it this paper, the following parts of the seeder were designed and optimized:the air distributing type forage seeder's overall layout, functional structure, electronic monitoring systemsk, and the main technical parameters of critical components, respectively.
The main contents of this study are as follows:
1) Through the system analysis of the forage seed's main physical characteristics, a kind of seeding mechanism which concentrately fed to the distributor through central outer sheave was designed. The seeding mechanism can control the amount of the different types of the seeds precisely. It can overcome the problems of poor stability, congestion, overhead and other issues unlike the old stand-alone outside sheave seeder sowing forage seed.
2) A single profiling multi-link ditching repressive mechanism was designed and analyzed by ADAMS analysis software. A parallelogram linkage-Tension spring structure hinged with rack was designed to maintain optimum buried angle and enhance the quality of opener operations. Opener depth was precisely controlled by the opener spring. Each group opener had its own security extension spring. The oil carbon spring steel hardened class B was chosen through designing the opener spring, its wire diameter was8mm, the number of turns was24.25circles, the pitch diameter D was41.7mm.
3) In order to ensure a uniform depth of broking stubble, a corrugated disc stubble broking device equipped with a large independent safety spring was designed. The oil carbon spring steel hardened class B was chosen through designing the opener spring, its wire diameter was15mm, the number of turns was14circles, the pitch diameter D was60mm. Through the abrasion test and SEM analysis, the analysis of microstructure and properties and the abrasive resistance evaluation of the common corrugated disc breaking stubble knife with different materials were studied:The results showed that65Mn steel occurred deformation and was work-hardened to improve the wear resistance.
4) The finite element of the machine frame was analyzed by using ANSYS software. The structure was optimized to improve the overall strength and stiffness without increasing the weight.
5) The design of the seeder monitoring system was completed, and the parameters of the fan speed, working speed, plantings to monitor the planter working condition were collected and analyzed.
6) The air distributing forage seeder performance experiment and production experiment were completed. The results showed that the measurement results of depth and width of opener were qualified. The measurement results of loose shallow depths of stability were qualified, loose shallow layer bulkiness was63%; slip rate was3.7%; each line displacement consistency variation coefficients of Alfalfa and Elymus were3.41%and6.04%, respectively. Total displacement stability variation coefficients were of Alfalfa and Elymus were1.6%and3.77%, respectively. The broken rate of Alfalfa seed was0.92%and the Elymus was1.61%.
主要研究内容如下：
1)通过对牧草种子主要物理特性的系统分析,设计了一种中央外槽轮装置集中向分配器供料的排种机构,可以根据不同种子类型,精确控制排种量,克服了传统独立式外槽轮排种器播牧草种子时,稳定性差、堵塞、架空等问题。
2)设计了单体仿形多连杆开沟镇压机构,应用Adams分析软件,对其进行了运动学分析以及仿真模拟,设计出与机架铰接的平行四连杆-拉簧结构,保证了开沟器在不平整地面保持最佳入土角,提升了开沟器作业质量；开沟深度由开沟器弹簧来精确控制,每组开沟器都有独立的安全拉簧,通过对开沟器弹簧的设计,得出选用材料为油淬火碳素弹簧钢丝B类,钢丝直径d=8mm,圈数n=241/4圈,中径D=41.7mm。
3)为了保证均匀一致的破茬深度,设计了装有独立安全大压簧的波纹圆盘破茬器,通过对破茬器压力弹簧的设计,得出选用材料油淬火碳素弹簧钢丝B类,钢丝直径d=15mm,圈数n=14圈,中径D=60mm；通过磨损试验和扫描电镜(SEM)分析,对不同材料常用波纹圆盘破茬刀进行组织性能分析和耐磨性评价,结果显示,65Mn钢在磨损过程中发生形变诱导相变,而被加工硬化,提高其耐磨性。
4)利用Ansys软件对整机机架进行有限元分析,在不增加重量的前提下,进行了结构优化,提高了整机强度和刚度。
5)完成了播种机测控系统的设计,对风机转速、工作速度、播种面积等参数的采集分析,实现对播种机工作状态的监控。
6)完成了气流分配式牧草播种机性能试验和生产试验。结果表明,开沟深度和宽度测定结果全部合格；浅松深度稳定性测定结果全部合格;浅松层膨松度为63%；滑移率为3.7%；各行排量一致性变异系数分别为：苜蓿3.41%,披碱草6.04%；总排量稳定性变异系数分别为：苜蓿1.6%,披碱草3.77%；苜蓿破碎率0.92%,披碱草破碎率1.61%,以上数据均达到国家标准要求。
Growth characteristics and physical properties of forage seeds are specific. The grassland soil conditions are different from crops to crops. The existing domestic seeders have low adaptability for forage seed. According to the forage seed sowing process, it this paper, the following parts of the seeder were designed and optimized:the air distributing type forage seeder's overall layout, functional structure, electronic monitoring systemsk, and the main technical parameters of critical components, respectively.
The main contents of this study are as follows:
1) Through the system analysis of the forage seed's main physical characteristics, a kind of seeding mechanism which concentrately fed to the distributor through central outer sheave was designed. The seeding mechanism can control the amount of the different types of the seeds precisely. It can overcome the problems of poor stability, congestion, overhead and other issues unlike the old stand-alone outside sheave seeder sowing forage seed.
2) A single profiling multi-link ditching repressive mechanism was designed and analyzed by ADAMS analysis software. A parallelogram linkage-Tension spring structure hinged with rack was designed to maintain optimum buried angle and enhance the quality of opener operations. Opener depth was precisely controlled by the opener spring. Each group opener had its own security extension spring. The oil carbon spring steel hardened class B was chosen through designing the opener spring, its wire diameter was8mm, the number of turns was24.25circles, the pitch diameter D was41.7mm.
3) In order to ensure a uniform depth of broking stubble, a corrugated disc stubble broking device equipped with a large independent safety spring was designed. The oil carbon spring steel hardened class B was chosen through designing the opener spring, its wire diameter was15mm, the number of turns was14circles, the pitch diameter D was60mm. Through the abrasion test and SEM analysis, the analysis of microstructure and properties and the abrasive resistance evaluation of the common corrugated disc breaking stubble knife with different materials were studied:The results showed that65Mn steel occurred deformation and was work-hardened to improve the wear resistance.
4) The finite element of the machine frame was analyzed by using ANSYS software. The structure was optimized to improve the overall strength and stiffness without increasing the weight.
5) The design of the seeder monitoring system was completed, and the parameters of the fan speed, working speed, plantings to monitor the planter working condition were collected and analyzed.
6) The air distributing forage seeder performance experiment and production experiment were completed. The results showed that the measurement results of depth and width of opener were qualified. The measurement results of loose shallow depths of stability were qualified, loose shallow layer bulkiness was63%; slip rate was3.7%; each line displacement consistency variation coefficients of Alfalfa and Elymus were3.41%and6.04%, respectively. Total displacement stability variation coefficients were of Alfalfa and Elymus were1.6%and3.77%, respectively. The broken rate of Alfalfa seed was0.92%and the Elymus was1.61%.
引文
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