刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka）养殖池塘不同混养模式生物沉积作用及其生态效应
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摘要
本研究采用野外现场围隔实验,研究了刺参养殖池塘基本水质特征、初级生产力变化特征、刺参与不同生物(栉孔扇贝、海蜇、中国对虾)混养过程中的养殖系统水质、颗粒物质沉降特征及其对海参养殖的作用、刺参参与的不同养殖系统底质变化特点及刺参在不同养殖系统的生态学作用、人工参礁(附着基)表层生物膜及颗粒物质生物化学过程,通过实验的数据结果初步建立一种新型立体式、交错式刺参综合养殖模式。首次尝试了对于北美加利福尼亚红海参的育苗初步探索,并对一系列外源因子(饵料质量和数量,幼体放养密度,水温)对加利福尼亚红海参浮游幼体的影响进行了初步研究,为不久的将来展开新品种海参养殖及建立新品种海参育苗规范提供科学依据。1.刺参养殖池塘水质特征
调查了山东荣成刺参养殖池塘水体浮游植物种类组成、生物量、初级生产力变化以及底泥沉积物中初级生产力的变化。结果表明,海参养殖池塘水体中浮游植物共有7门,44属,62种,主要以硅藻为主,甲藻生物量在夏季较高。海参夏眠期间,沉积物中叶绿素及脱镁叶绿素含量最高。研究结果表明,刺参养殖池塘浮游植物以硅藻为主,养殖池塘水体浮游植物生物量较低,多样性指数较高,增加浮游植物沉降速率,增加养殖系统初级生产力可为海参提供更多食物。
2.刺参单养池塘水体颗粒物沉降作用及底质变化
研究了海参养殖池塘颗粒物沉降、再悬浮及营养循环。结果表明,海参养殖池塘沉降颗粒物包括外源输入、新生和再悬浮。海参养殖池塘颗粒物平均沉积速率约为25.4g/m2d, TOC平均沉积量为925.7mg/m2d,TN平均沉积量为66.8mg/m2d,TP平均沉积量为25.0mg/m2d,沉降颗粒物中叶绿素平均沉积量为913.9μg/m2d,脱镁叶绿素平均沉积量为1139.1μg/m2d。池塘夏秋季沉降颗粒再悬浮量达到了75-94%,有风的秋季的再悬浮量大于弱风的夏季。底泥沉积物中TOC平均含量为2.6mg/g, TN为1.3mg/g, TP为1.0mg/g,叶绿素为1.0μg/g,脱镁叶绿素为4.6μg/g。
3.刺参参与的不同混养系统底栖—表层耦合及对刺参的影响
多层次综合养殖在当今世界水产养殖业中占有重要地位。本研究现场测定了刺参扇贝混养系统、刺参对虾混养系统及刺参海蜇混养系统水体颗粒物(TPM)沉降作用及底质的周年变化。研究结果表明：刺参扇贝混养系统TPM平均沉积量为72.2g/m2d,最高可达119.7g/m2d；刺参海蜇混养系统TPM平均沉积量为75.6g/m2d；刺参对虾混养系统水体TPM平均沉积量为32.8g/m2d；刺参与扇贝、海蜇及对虾混养系统内TPM、TOC. TN. TP沉积量均显著高于其单养系统(P<0.05)。栉孔扇贝滤食作用能够加速水体表层颗粒物质以粪便和假粪的形式沉降到海底,海蜇养殖过程中可将水体表层生产力快速转移到底部,中国对虾由于其对底部的扰动作用可引起底部沉积物的再悬浮,对虾的粪便起到肥底作用,有助于底栖硅藻的繁殖。混养过程能够显著提高底部沉积物的有机质含量,摄食混养系统沉积物的刺参生长率及成活率均显著高于单养系统刺参(P<0.05)。同时刺参对底部有机质的摄食,减少底泥有机物含量。
4.人工参礁生物膜及参礁生态作用
人工参礁在中国海参养殖业中被广泛应用。本研究调查了春、秋季海参池塘人工礁的生态特征及不同混养系统中人工参礁表面颗粒物质的生物化学过程。结果表明,春季礁体底栖动物生物量及生物多样性高于秋季,底栖动物均集中在礁体外表面的缝隙内,人工礁为海参提供遮蔽,礁体有机碎屑聚集体及底栖硅藻为海参提供食物。4月人工礁表面Chlα/Pheo>1,表明礁体活的藻类较多。10月人工礁表面Chlα/Pheo<1,表明礁体表面降解物质较多。人工参礁为海参提供良好的栖息环境,其表面生物膜为海参提供优质食物,同时可增加池塘底面积,增强养殖系统稳定性。由于不同养殖模式水体颗粒物沉降作用不同,导致不同混养系统内人工参礁表面颗粒营养物质含量不同,混养模式人工参礁表面有机碳、氮、磷含量显著高于单养养殖模式。
5.一种新型综合养殖模式
为了充分利用刺参养殖系统水体资源,通过不同生物混养的结论,我们初步建立一种新型的立体式、交互式综合养殖模式。在养殖系统内底播刺参,利用北方刺参夏季休眠的特性,养殖对虾和海蜇,收获对虾和海蜇后水层吊笼养殖扇贝直到翌年新的养殖循环开始。多层次综合养殖除了获得更高的刺参产量外,还收获了扇贝、对虾、海蜇等收益较高的水产养殖动物,同时刺参可以很好利用底部生物性沉积物,并将部分沉积物转化成自身组织,从而收获更多海参产品。
6.外源因子对加利福尼亚海参浮游幼体的影响
初步研究探索了加利福尼亚海参Parastichopus californicus浮游幼体期间摄食不同饵料(单一和混合饵料),不同的幼体放养密度和饵料配给量及不同水温下的生长、存活及变态。结果表明,单一饵料Chaetoceros calcitrans在所有测试的单一饵料中支持了海参幼体最高的成活率72.3%和变态率62.8%,然而单一饵料3H和Ts导致了海参幼体最低的成活率59.3%和55.7%,摄食该两种单胞藻的海参幼体体长仅达到681.8μm和714.0μm,变形率仅为0.5%和0.7%。摄食含有Cc的混合饵料的海参幼体和摄食单一Cc饵料的海参幼体在体长,存活和变态方面无显著性差异(P>0.05)。因此,Cc作为单一饵料,是满足P. californicus浮游幼体营养需求和生长发育的最佳饵料。而同时,Cm和P1单一或者混合后,也可以作为参考饵料使用。实验设置六个放养密度(0.2,0.5,1,2,4,8larvae/ml)和两个饵料配给量(20000,40000cell/ml)下研究P. californicus幼体的生长、存活和变态,设置六个温度条件(10,12,14,16,18,22℃)探讨P. californicus幼体对温度的适应。实验表明,加利福尼亚海参幼体在养殖密度为0.2-0.5ind/ml下,配给20000cell/ml的饵料浓度,16-18℃的水温条件下可达到较快的发育和变态。当密度达到或超过1ind/ml时,出现明显的拥挤效应。
In order to establish a muti-trophic integrated aquaculture system with sea cucumber, the sedimentation and ite related ecological effects in different sea cucumber co-culture ponds were investigatd. Especially, the water quality and primary production, particulate deposition and sediment characteristics in co-culture pond of sea cucumber with other organisms (e.g. scallop, jellyfish and shrimp), and the biochemical process on biofilm of sea cucubmer reef/substrates were estimated in field. The present study was targeted to make full use of the water space and the culture season, and help to establish methodologies for ingegrated muti-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). In order to develop new holothurian species for aquaculture, the present study first explored to rear red giant sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus in the hatchery. We conducted a series of experiments to figure out the effects of exogenous factors (e.g. quatity and quality of microalgal diets, larval stocking density and diet ration, temperature) to the growth, survival and metamorphosis for larval P. californicus. The results obtained in the present study will obviously help to establish protocols for the hatchery-rearing of P. californicus in near future.
1. Water quality in sea cucumber culture pond
In the present study, the structure and biomass of phytoplankton community and the changes of chlorophyll content and primary production were assessed in the water and sediment, respectively. There62species in44generas belonging to seven phylum of phytoplankton were identified during the experiment, and it indicated that the phytoplankton in the present study were dominated by diatoms in sea cucumber pond. The dinoflagellate concentration in the water was higher during summer time. The sediment content of chlorophyll and pheophytin reached the maximum during sea cucumber aestivation period. The results indicated that the water of sea cucumber culture pond had lower biomass of phytoplankton but higher diversity index. It is suggested to improve the primary production level and the accelerate sedimentation rate with the purpose to supply more natural food resource and energy for the sea cucumber pond.
2. Bio-deposition, re-suspension and sediment properties in sea cucumber monoculture pond
Sedimentation of total particulate matter (TPM) and sediment chemical change (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous) were first examined in sea cucumber monoculture pond. The results showed that the sinking particles in the sea cucumber culture pond are origined from exogenous input, newly born in the water and resuspension of the sediment. The sedimentation rate of TPM in the pond water was25.4g/m2d, in which sedimentation rate of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) was925.7mg/(m2·d),66.8mg/(m2-d) and25.0mg/(m2·d), respectively. Sedimentation rate of chlorophyll and pheophytin in the sinking particles was913.9μg/(m2·d) and1139.1p.g/(m2·d), respectively. The resuspension rate of sinking particles in the pond reached75-94%. Resuspension rate of sinking particles was higher in spring and autumn than those in summer and winter. The mean sediment content of TOC, TN, TP, chlorophyll and pheophytin was2.6mg/g,1.3mg/g,1.0mg/g,1.0μg/g and4.6μg/g, respectively.
3. Benthic-pelagic couplings and the their effects to sea cucumber in different co-culture system
Integtated aquaculture plays important role in modern aquaculture industry. The present study investigated bio-deposition and its effects to the sediment in three different polyculture systems, i.e., sea cucumger polyculture with scallop, sea cucumber polyculture with shrimp and sea cucumber polyculture with jellyfish. The results showed that the mean TPM sedimentation rate in sea cucumber and scallop polyculture system was70.1g/m2d, the maximal reaching119.7g/m2d, and mean sedimentation rate of TPM in sea cucumber and jellyfish polyculture system was75.6g/m2d. TPM sedimentation rate in sea cucumber and shrimp polyculture system was ranged from21.6to57.7g/m2d. The sedimentation rates of TPM, TOC, TN and TP in sea cucubmer polyculture system were all higher than those in sea cucumber monoculture system (P<0.05). The faeces and pseudofaeces produced by scallop termed as biodeposites as a result of filter feeding effect accelerated sedimentation of total particles from the water layer to the bottom. Jellyfish was able to transfer the productivity from the water to the bottom more efficiently. The activity of Chinese shrimp at the bottom could cause the resuspension of benthic sediment, accelerate the inorganic matter back to the water, meanwhile, shrimp excretion would fertilize the mud sediment which increased benthic diatoms biomass. The co-culture significantly increased the organic matter in the sediment supporting higher growth and suvival rate of sea cucubmer. Meanwhile, sea cucubmer feeding had the potential to alleviate hight nutrition loadings at the pond bottom.
4. Biofilm on the sea cucubmer reefs and its ecological effect
The artificial reefs are widely used in sea cucumber aquaculture industry to supply habitat for sea cucubmer. The present study investigated the ecological effects of artificial reefs. The results showed that the biomass and diversity of benthic animals were liigher in spring than in autumn. The benthic animals were mainly assemblaged in the gap of reefs, indicating the reefs supply shelters for sea cucumber. The aggregates of organic detritus and benthic diatoms on the reef supplied food source for sea cucumber. The Chi α/Pheophytin ratio of particulate matter on the reef was greater than1in spring period which indicated more living microalga, however, the ratio of Chl a/Pheo of particulate matter on the reef was lower than1in autumn indicating more degraded matter. The artificial reefs in pond acted as shelters for sea cucumbers and the biofilm on the reef contained high nutrition. Furture, the biofilm increased the bottom area of pond inhancing the stablity of the culture system, and absorb more nutrition from the water. The sedimentation in the water of different culture mode were significantly different, and it might cause different nutrition content on reef.
5. Integrated aquaculture with sea cucumber
In order to make full use of the water source in sea cucumber culture pond, a new integrated culture mode of spatialformula and staggeredform were established. In the integrated culture mode, the juvenile sea cucumber was released to the pond in spring, juvenile shrimp and jellyfish are stocked in summer time when the sea cucumber being in aestivation, after the shrimp and jellyfish being harvested, scallop were hanged-culture in pond until next spring. The results showed that the newly designed integrated aquaculture system was able to yield more sea cucumber product. Further, we obtained extra cash crop by harvesting the commercial product of scallop, shrimp and jellyfish. Sea cucumber feeding on the biodeposits effectively alleviated organic loading in the seidment.
6. Effects of exogenous factors to the growth, survival and metamorphosis of Parastichopus californicus
The body length, survival, and metamorphosis of auricularia larval Parastichopus californicus were tested respectively by feeding eight single species of microalgal diets, following the single diet trial, five superior single species were selected and mixed in binary to test the "synergistic" or "non-additive" effect to the growth, survival and metamorphosis of larval P. californicus. In single diet trial, the mono-species of Cc provided a superior diet for P. californicus larvae, yielding a survival rate of72.3%and the highest metamorphic rate of62.8%. Single3H and Ts contain really poor food value diet for P. californicus larvae, resulting in the lowest survival rate of59.3%and55.7%, final body length of681.8-μm and714.0-μm, and metamorphic rate of0.5%and0.7%, respectively. The microalgal mixtures with Cc showed no significant (P<0.05) differences in metamorphic rate compared with
调查了山东荣成刺参养殖池塘水体浮游植物种类组成、生物量、初级生产力变化以及底泥沉积物中初级生产力的变化。结果表明,海参养殖池塘水体中浮游植物共有7门,44属,62种,主要以硅藻为主,甲藻生物量在夏季较高。海参夏眠期间,沉积物中叶绿素及脱镁叶绿素含量最高。研究结果表明,刺参养殖池塘浮游植物以硅藻为主,养殖池塘水体浮游植物生物量较低,多样性指数较高,增加浮游植物沉降速率,增加养殖系统初级生产力可为海参提供更多食物。
2.刺参单养池塘水体颗粒物沉降作用及底质变化
研究了海参养殖池塘颗粒物沉降、再悬浮及营养循环。结果表明,海参养殖池塘沉降颗粒物包括外源输入、新生和再悬浮。海参养殖池塘颗粒物平均沉积速率约为25.4g/m2d, TOC平均沉积量为925.7mg/m2d,TN平均沉积量为66.8mg/m2d,TP平均沉积量为25.0mg/m2d,沉降颗粒物中叶绿素平均沉积量为913.9μg/m2d,脱镁叶绿素平均沉积量为1139.1μg/m2d。池塘夏秋季沉降颗粒再悬浮量达到了75-94%,有风的秋季的再悬浮量大于弱风的夏季。底泥沉积物中TOC平均含量为2.6mg/g, TN为1.3mg/g, TP为1.0mg/g,叶绿素为1.0μg/g,脱镁叶绿素为4.6μg/g。
3.刺参参与的不同混养系统底栖—表层耦合及对刺参的影响
多层次综合养殖在当今世界水产养殖业中占有重要地位。本研究现场测定了刺参扇贝混养系统、刺参对虾混养系统及刺参海蜇混养系统水体颗粒物(TPM)沉降作用及底质的周年变化。研究结果表明：刺参扇贝混养系统TPM平均沉积量为72.2g/m2d,最高可达119.7g/m2d；刺参海蜇混养系统TPM平均沉积量为75.6g/m2d；刺参对虾混养系统水体TPM平均沉积量为32.8g/m2d；刺参与扇贝、海蜇及对虾混养系统内TPM、TOC. TN. TP沉积量均显著高于其单养系统(P<0.05)。栉孔扇贝滤食作用能够加速水体表层颗粒物质以粪便和假粪的形式沉降到海底,海蜇养殖过程中可将水体表层生产力快速转移到底部,中国对虾由于其对底部的扰动作用可引起底部沉积物的再悬浮,对虾的粪便起到肥底作用,有助于底栖硅藻的繁殖。混养过程能够显著提高底部沉积物的有机质含量,摄食混养系统沉积物的刺参生长率及成活率均显著高于单养系统刺参(P<0.05)。同时刺参对底部有机质的摄食,减少底泥有机物含量。
4.人工参礁生物膜及参礁生态作用
人工参礁在中国海参养殖业中被广泛应用。本研究调查了春、秋季海参池塘人工礁的生态特征及不同混养系统中人工参礁表面颗粒物质的生物化学过程。结果表明,春季礁体底栖动物生物量及生物多样性高于秋季,底栖动物均集中在礁体外表面的缝隙内,人工礁为海参提供遮蔽,礁体有机碎屑聚集体及底栖硅藻为海参提供食物。4月人工礁表面Chlα/Pheo>1,表明礁体活的藻类较多。10月人工礁表面Chlα/Pheo<1,表明礁体表面降解物质较多。人工参礁为海参提供良好的栖息环境,其表面生物膜为海参提供优质食物,同时可增加池塘底面积,增强养殖系统稳定性。由于不同养殖模式水体颗粒物沉降作用不同,导致不同混养系统内人工参礁表面颗粒营养物质含量不同,混养模式人工参礁表面有机碳、氮、磷含量显著高于单养养殖模式。
5.一种新型综合养殖模式
为了充分利用刺参养殖系统水体资源,通过不同生物混养的结论,我们初步建立一种新型的立体式、交互式综合养殖模式。在养殖系统内底播刺参,利用北方刺参夏季休眠的特性,养殖对虾和海蜇,收获对虾和海蜇后水层吊笼养殖扇贝直到翌年新的养殖循环开始。多层次综合养殖除了获得更高的刺参产量外,还收获了扇贝、对虾、海蜇等收益较高的水产养殖动物,同时刺参可以很好利用底部生物性沉积物,并将部分沉积物转化成自身组织,从而收获更多海参产品。
6.外源因子对加利福尼亚海参浮游幼体的影响
初步研究探索了加利福尼亚海参Parastichopus californicus浮游幼体期间摄食不同饵料(单一和混合饵料),不同的幼体放养密度和饵料配给量及不同水温下的生长、存活及变态。结果表明,单一饵料Chaetoceros calcitrans在所有测试的单一饵料中支持了海参幼体最高的成活率72.3%和变态率62.8%,然而单一饵料3H和Ts导致了海参幼体最低的成活率59.3%和55.7%,摄食该两种单胞藻的海参幼体体长仅达到681.8μm和714.0μm,变形率仅为0.5%和0.7%。摄食含有Cc的混合饵料的海参幼体和摄食单一Cc饵料的海参幼体在体长,存活和变态方面无显著性差异(P>0.05)。因此,Cc作为单一饵料,是满足P. californicus浮游幼体营养需求和生长发育的最佳饵料。而同时,Cm和P1单一或者混合后,也可以作为参考饵料使用。实验设置六个放养密度(0.2,0.5,1,2,4,8larvae/ml)和两个饵料配给量(20000,40000cell/ml)下研究P. californicus幼体的生长、存活和变态,设置六个温度条件(10,12,14,16,18,22℃)探讨P. californicus幼体对温度的适应。实验表明,加利福尼亚海参幼体在养殖密度为0.2-0.5ind/ml下,配给20000cell/ml的饵料浓度,16-18℃的水温条件下可达到较快的发育和变态。当密度达到或超过1ind/ml时,出现明显的拥挤效应。
In order to establish a muti-trophic integrated aquaculture system with sea cucumber, the sedimentation and ite related ecological effects in different sea cucumber co-culture ponds were investigatd. Especially, the water quality and primary production, particulate deposition and sediment characteristics in co-culture pond of sea cucumber with other organisms (e.g. scallop, jellyfish and shrimp), and the biochemical process on biofilm of sea cucubmer reef/substrates were estimated in field. The present study was targeted to make full use of the water space and the culture season, and help to establish methodologies for ingegrated muti-trophic aquaculture (IMTA). In order to develop new holothurian species for aquaculture, the present study first explored to rear red giant sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus in the hatchery. We conducted a series of experiments to figure out the effects of exogenous factors (e.g. quatity and quality of microalgal diets, larval stocking density and diet ration, temperature) to the growth, survival and metamorphosis for larval P. californicus. The results obtained in the present study will obviously help to establish protocols for the hatchery-rearing of P. californicus in near future.
1. Water quality in sea cucumber culture pond
In the present study, the structure and biomass of phytoplankton community and the changes of chlorophyll content and primary production were assessed in the water and sediment, respectively. There62species in44generas belonging to seven phylum of phytoplankton were identified during the experiment, and it indicated that the phytoplankton in the present study were dominated by diatoms in sea cucumber pond. The dinoflagellate concentration in the water was higher during summer time. The sediment content of chlorophyll and pheophytin reached the maximum during sea cucumber aestivation period. The results indicated that the water of sea cucumber culture pond had lower biomass of phytoplankton but higher diversity index. It is suggested to improve the primary production level and the accelerate sedimentation rate with the purpose to supply more natural food resource and energy for the sea cucumber pond.
2. Bio-deposition, re-suspension and sediment properties in sea cucumber monoculture pond
Sedimentation of total particulate matter (TPM) and sediment chemical change (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous) were first examined in sea cucumber monoculture pond. The results showed that the sinking particles in the sea cucumber culture pond are origined from exogenous input, newly born in the water and resuspension of the sediment. The sedimentation rate of TPM in the pond water was25.4g/m2d, in which sedimentation rate of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) was925.7mg/(m2·d),66.8mg/(m2-d) and25.0mg/(m2·d), respectively. Sedimentation rate of chlorophyll and pheophytin in the sinking particles was913.9μg/(m2·d) and1139.1p.g/(m2·d), respectively. The resuspension rate of sinking particles in the pond reached75-94%. Resuspension rate of sinking particles was higher in spring and autumn than those in summer and winter. The mean sediment content of TOC, TN, TP, chlorophyll and pheophytin was2.6mg/g,1.3mg/g,1.0mg/g,1.0μg/g and4.6μg/g, respectively.
3. Benthic-pelagic couplings and the their effects to sea cucumber in different co-culture system
Integtated aquaculture plays important role in modern aquaculture industry. The present study investigated bio-deposition and its effects to the sediment in three different polyculture systems, i.e., sea cucumger polyculture with scallop, sea cucumber polyculture with shrimp and sea cucumber polyculture with jellyfish. The results showed that the mean TPM sedimentation rate in sea cucumber and scallop polyculture system was70.1g/m2d, the maximal reaching119.7g/m2d, and mean sedimentation rate of TPM in sea cucumber and jellyfish polyculture system was75.6g/m2d. TPM sedimentation rate in sea cucumber and shrimp polyculture system was ranged from21.6to57.7g/m2d. The sedimentation rates of TPM, TOC, TN and TP in sea cucubmer polyculture system were all higher than those in sea cucumber monoculture system (P<0.05). The faeces and pseudofaeces produced by scallop termed as biodeposites as a result of filter feeding effect accelerated sedimentation of total particles from the water layer to the bottom. Jellyfish was able to transfer the productivity from the water to the bottom more efficiently. The activity of Chinese shrimp at the bottom could cause the resuspension of benthic sediment, accelerate the inorganic matter back to the water, meanwhile, shrimp excretion would fertilize the mud sediment which increased benthic diatoms biomass. The co-culture significantly increased the organic matter in the sediment supporting higher growth and suvival rate of sea cucubmer. Meanwhile, sea cucubmer feeding had the potential to alleviate hight nutrition loadings at the pond bottom.
4. Biofilm on the sea cucubmer reefs and its ecological effect
The artificial reefs are widely used in sea cucumber aquaculture industry to supply habitat for sea cucubmer. The present study investigated the ecological effects of artificial reefs. The results showed that the biomass and diversity of benthic animals were liigher in spring than in autumn. The benthic animals were mainly assemblaged in the gap of reefs, indicating the reefs supply shelters for sea cucumber. The aggregates of organic detritus and benthic diatoms on the reef supplied food source for sea cucumber. The Chi α/Pheophytin ratio of particulate matter on the reef was greater than1in spring period which indicated more living microalga, however, the ratio of Chl a/Pheo of particulate matter on the reef was lower than1in autumn indicating more degraded matter. The artificial reefs in pond acted as shelters for sea cucumbers and the biofilm on the reef contained high nutrition. Furture, the biofilm increased the bottom area of pond inhancing the stablity of the culture system, and absorb more nutrition from the water. The sedimentation in the water of different culture mode were significantly different, and it might cause different nutrition content on reef.
5. Integrated aquaculture with sea cucumber
In order to make full use of the water source in sea cucumber culture pond, a new integrated culture mode of spatialformula and staggeredform were established. In the integrated culture mode, the juvenile sea cucumber was released to the pond in spring, juvenile shrimp and jellyfish are stocked in summer time when the sea cucumber being in aestivation, after the shrimp and jellyfish being harvested, scallop were hanged-culture in pond until next spring. The results showed that the newly designed integrated aquaculture system was able to yield more sea cucumber product. Further, we obtained extra cash crop by harvesting the commercial product of scallop, shrimp and jellyfish. Sea cucumber feeding on the biodeposits effectively alleviated organic loading in the seidment.
6. Effects of exogenous factors to the growth, survival and metamorphosis of Parastichopus californicus
The body length, survival, and metamorphosis of auricularia larval Parastichopus californicus were tested respectively by feeding eight single species of microalgal diets, following the single diet trial, five superior single species were selected and mixed in binary to test the "synergistic" or "non-additive" effect to the growth, survival and metamorphosis of larval P. californicus. In single diet trial, the mono-species of Cc provided a superior diet for P. californicus larvae, yielding a survival rate of72.3%and the highest metamorphic rate of62.8%. Single3H and Ts contain really poor food value diet for P. californicus larvae, resulting in the lowest survival rate of59.3%and55.7%, final body length of681.8-μm and714.0-μm, and metamorphic rate of0.5%and0.7%, respectively. The microalgal mixtures with Cc showed no significant (P<0.05) differences in metamorphic rate compared with
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