中国食品工业市场力量的形成与影响研究
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摘要
本文构建了一个系统性分析框架,对中国主要食品工业部门市场力量的形成与影响进行了全面、深入的实证分析。
首先,本文首次采用最前沿的原始—对偶索洛余值法,同时估测出各行业的买方和卖方市场力量。估测结果表明,我国烟草、食糖和大米加工业在原材料收购环节和产品销售环节同时具有较强的买方和卖方市场力量,而且买方市场力量比卖方市场力量更大。本研究是首次对中国食品工业买方市场力量进行估测。
然后,文章构建了一个计量模型,实证分析了影响我国食品加工业市场力量的主要因素。研究结果表明,广告、研发、职工培训等投入费用,以及长期投资和税收等变量对市场力量的影响在不同行业中存在较大差异,既有正向影响,又有负向影响；而补贴、存货和国有控股对所有行业中企业的市场力量基本上都产生负向影响。本研究是首次对影响市场力量形成的因素进行实证分析。
最后,文章采用计量方法实证分析了市场力量对价格传递、资源配置效率、x效率、利润效率的短期影响,以及对规模报酬、生产率和技术效率的长期影响。研究结果表明：其一,我国猪肉产业价格传递存在明显的不对称性,疫病对猪肉零售价格的冲击要大于其对生猪收购价格的冲击；我国猪肉零售商拥有一定的市场力量,这是导致猪肉产业价格传递不对称的一个重要原因；不同类型的安全事件冲击对猪肉价格及其传递的影响方向和大小不尽一致。其二,市场力量会带来一定程度的配置效率损失,由于各行业市场力量相差较大,相应的配置效率损失也不尽一致；在不同行业中,企业市场力量与配置效率损失之间基本上呈现出正相关关系,市场力量越大,配置效率损失也越高(甜菜糖加工业除外)。其三,大部分行业中,企业市场力量的增强会促进X效率的提升,拒绝了“安逸生活假说”;所有行业国企市场力量对X效率的影响均小于非国企,一定程度上反映出国企效率较非国企低。其四,大部分行业中企业市场力量的上升,会促进其利润效率的提高；所有行业国有企业市场力量对利润效率的影响均小于非国有企业,间接表明了非国有企业比国有企业更有效率。其五,在本章所讨论的食品工业中,除烟草加工业存在规模报酬递增外,其余行业均为规模报酬递减；在大部分行业中,市场力量对生产率和规模报酬均产生显著的负向影响。其六,不同行业中企业市场力量对技术效率的影响既有正向的,也有负向的,而且显著程度也各不一样,总体上来看,显著的多于不显著的。说明市场力量究竟对企业的技术效率产生何种影响,不能一概而论。
In this paper, a systematic analysis framework has been constructed and applied to empirically investigate the formation and influences of market power in China's main food industry sectors fully and deeply.
Firstly, the dissertation takes the first step to employ the most frontier Primal-Dual Solow Residual approach to simultaneously measure oligopoly and oligopsony power of the selected sectors. Results indicate that China's cigarette, sugar and rice processing sectors exert both strong oligopsony and oligopoly power in the raw material market and product market respectively, and the former is stronger. It's the first time to measure oligopsony power of China's food industry.
Then, the main elements influencing market power in China's food processing sectors has been empirically analyzed via an econometrical model. Results show that, in different sectors, the inputs of advertising, research&development (R&D) and employee training, as well as long investment and tax exert different influences on market power, including positive and negative effects. The variables such as subsidy, inventory and state-controlling, however, generate negative effects on market power in all sectors. It's also the first time to analyze the formation of market power empirically.
Finally, econometrical approaches are used to analyze the impacts of market power on price transmission, allocative efficiency, X-efficiency and profit efficiency at short term, as well as return of scale, productivity and technical efficiency at long term. Results indicate that:(1) as significant asymmetric price transmission exists in China's pork industry, diseases' impact on retail prices of pork is greater than that on purchase prices of hogs. China's pork retailers have a certain degree of market power, which is the main source of the asymmetry of price transmission in pork industry. Different types of security incidents impact pork price and its transmission at different directions and size.(2) Some degree of allocative efficiency losses is proved to be induced by market power. This effect varies across all sectors, for the market powers are significant different in these sectors. A kind of positive correlation is basically shown between market power and allocative efficiency loss, which means stronger market power tends to produce more allocative efficiency loss, except in beet sugar industry.(3) Reinforcement of market power will promote firms'X efficiency in most sectors, which refuses the Quiet Life Hypothesis. In all sectors, influence of market power on X efficiency in state-controlled enterprises is weaker than that in non-state enterprises, reflecting the state-controlled enterprises are less efficient than the non-state enterprises in a certain degree.(4) Increase of market power will rise firms' profit efficiency in most sectors. And influence of market power on profit efficiency in state-controlled enterprises is weaker than that in non-state enterprises, which indirectly manifests non-state enterprises are more efficient than state-controlled enterprises.(5) There is increasing return of scale in cigarette industry, but decreasing return of scale in the other industries. In most sectors, market power generates significant negative influences on productivity and scale economy.(6) The effects of market power on technical efficiency vary in both direction and significance in different sectors. Overall, significant effects are more than insignificant effects. The results indicate that we can not make a certain conclusion of market power's influences on technical efficiency in all sectors.
首先,本文首次采用最前沿的原始—对偶索洛余值法,同时估测出各行业的买方和卖方市场力量。估测结果表明,我国烟草、食糖和大米加工业在原材料收购环节和产品销售环节同时具有较强的买方和卖方市场力量,而且买方市场力量比卖方市场力量更大。本研究是首次对中国食品工业买方市场力量进行估测。
然后,文章构建了一个计量模型,实证分析了影响我国食品加工业市场力量的主要因素。研究结果表明,广告、研发、职工培训等投入费用,以及长期投资和税收等变量对市场力量的影响在不同行业中存在较大差异,既有正向影响,又有负向影响；而补贴、存货和国有控股对所有行业中企业的市场力量基本上都产生负向影响。本研究是首次对影响市场力量形成的因素进行实证分析。
最后,文章采用计量方法实证分析了市场力量对价格传递、资源配置效率、x效率、利润效率的短期影响,以及对规模报酬、生产率和技术效率的长期影响。研究结果表明：其一,我国猪肉产业价格传递存在明显的不对称性,疫病对猪肉零售价格的冲击要大于其对生猪收购价格的冲击；我国猪肉零售商拥有一定的市场力量,这是导致猪肉产业价格传递不对称的一个重要原因；不同类型的安全事件冲击对猪肉价格及其传递的影响方向和大小不尽一致。其二,市场力量会带来一定程度的配置效率损失,由于各行业市场力量相差较大,相应的配置效率损失也不尽一致；在不同行业中,企业市场力量与配置效率损失之间基本上呈现出正相关关系,市场力量越大,配置效率损失也越高(甜菜糖加工业除外)。其三,大部分行业中,企业市场力量的增强会促进X效率的提升,拒绝了“安逸生活假说”;所有行业国企市场力量对X效率的影响均小于非国企,一定程度上反映出国企效率较非国企低。其四,大部分行业中企业市场力量的上升,会促进其利润效率的提高；所有行业国有企业市场力量对利润效率的影响均小于非国有企业,间接表明了非国有企业比国有企业更有效率。其五,在本章所讨论的食品工业中,除烟草加工业存在规模报酬递增外,其余行业均为规模报酬递减；在大部分行业中,市场力量对生产率和规模报酬均产生显著的负向影响。其六,不同行业中企业市场力量对技术效率的影响既有正向的,也有负向的,而且显著程度也各不一样,总体上来看,显著的多于不显著的。说明市场力量究竟对企业的技术效率产生何种影响,不能一概而论。
In this paper, a systematic analysis framework has been constructed and applied to empirically investigate the formation and influences of market power in China's main food industry sectors fully and deeply.
Firstly, the dissertation takes the first step to employ the most frontier Primal-Dual Solow Residual approach to simultaneously measure oligopoly and oligopsony power of the selected sectors. Results indicate that China's cigarette, sugar and rice processing sectors exert both strong oligopsony and oligopoly power in the raw material market and product market respectively, and the former is stronger. It's the first time to measure oligopsony power of China's food industry.
Then, the main elements influencing market power in China's food processing sectors has been empirically analyzed via an econometrical model. Results show that, in different sectors, the inputs of advertising, research&development (R&D) and employee training, as well as long investment and tax exert different influences on market power, including positive and negative effects. The variables such as subsidy, inventory and state-controlling, however, generate negative effects on market power in all sectors. It's also the first time to analyze the formation of market power empirically.
Finally, econometrical approaches are used to analyze the impacts of market power on price transmission, allocative efficiency, X-efficiency and profit efficiency at short term, as well as return of scale, productivity and technical efficiency at long term. Results indicate that:(1) as significant asymmetric price transmission exists in China's pork industry, diseases' impact on retail prices of pork is greater than that on purchase prices of hogs. China's pork retailers have a certain degree of market power, which is the main source of the asymmetry of price transmission in pork industry. Different types of security incidents impact pork price and its transmission at different directions and size.(2) Some degree of allocative efficiency losses is proved to be induced by market power. This effect varies across all sectors, for the market powers are significant different in these sectors. A kind of positive correlation is basically shown between market power and allocative efficiency loss, which means stronger market power tends to produce more allocative efficiency loss, except in beet sugar industry.(3) Reinforcement of market power will promote firms'X efficiency in most sectors, which refuses the Quiet Life Hypothesis. In all sectors, influence of market power on X efficiency in state-controlled enterprises is weaker than that in non-state enterprises, reflecting the state-controlled enterprises are less efficient than the non-state enterprises in a certain degree.(4) Increase of market power will rise firms' profit efficiency in most sectors. And influence of market power on profit efficiency in state-controlled enterprises is weaker than that in non-state enterprises, which indirectly manifests non-state enterprises are more efficient than state-controlled enterprises.(5) There is increasing return of scale in cigarette industry, but decreasing return of scale in the other industries. In most sectors, market power generates significant negative influences on productivity and scale economy.(6) The effects of market power on technical efficiency vary in both direction and significance in different sectors. Overall, significant effects are more than insignificant effects. The results indicate that we can not make a certain conclusion of market power's influences on technical efficiency in all sectors.
引文
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