全球氮素流通的现状、特点和趋势研究
|
摘要
本文以全球化为背景,研究国家内部农产品氮(包括肥料氮)供需,国与国之间以农产品为载体的氮素贸易,以及氮素流通及输入输出过程中产生的环境效应。通过分析不同案例国采取的农产品安全保障策略,试图揭示全球化背景下农产品的供需规律,以及今后可能的发展方向。本文对研究粮食安全及宏观尺度养分管理具有重要的理论和现实意义。主要结论如下：
1)从1961年到2009年,全球氮不能自给的国家和人口比例持续增加,分别从40%和20%增加到65%和50%左右,而出口者阵营并没有扩充,仍然维持在20%或低于20%的水平。全球氮肥产业布局逐渐发生变化,欧美等发达国家或者缩小氮肥产业规模,或者将氮肥工业向发展中国家转移,越来越多的发展中国家承担起了高污染高能耗的氮肥生产者的角色。全球农产品氮的供需因氮种类不同而不同,土地、能源、水资源对粮食安全的约束越来越强。从1961年到2009年,全球氮肥、植物性食品氮、饲料氮和水产品氮不能自给的国家和人口均在增加；资源约束小的动物性食品氮能够自给的国家和人口不断增加。全球化并没有解决粮食安全问题,却导致生产者价格和消费者价格差距不断拉大,二者都面临不稳定的压力。
2)农产品贸易的全球化带动全球氮素流量和流向发生剧烈变化。从对矿产的进出口情况可以看到,2011年欧洲主销区的地位在逐渐削弱,亚洲和非洲的出口能力在逐渐增强,北美和南美为净进口区域,其对进口增量的贡献分别为39.5%和28.5%。2011年农产品氮贸易以亚洲和非洲进口为主,欧洲和北美为植物性食品氮和动物性食品氮的主要出口区域,南美为饲料氮的主要出口区域。目前的农业全球化是以矿产、土地等自然因素为推动力的,欧美在逐渐缩小资源消耗型的产业规模；亚非发展中及落后地区以矿产换食品,南美地区以土地换矿产和食品。未来全球农产品氮贸易以亚洲、南美和非洲地区承担主要角色。
3)从环境角度来看,欧洲作为工业革命的发源地,以投入外源肥料和有机物质发展农业生产为主要特点,然而,随着时间的推移,过量投入逐渐超出环境承载范围,单位土地氮负载严重超标。20世纪末和21世纪初,欧美转变发展策略,在缩小资源消耗型产业规模的同时减少外源氮素投入,提高体系内氮素循环利用效率,单位土地氮负载在不断下降。然而,全球其他地区,由于经济发展及人口增长的压力,仍在走高投入低效率的发展道路,单位土地氮负载在不断升高,以亚洲地区较明显。按照氮肥用量计算,当前全球12个国家单位可耕地氮负载超过200公斤,而按照所有农产品氮(包括肥料氮)计算,全球33个国家单位耕地氮负载超过200公斤。当前仅美欧部分国家在改善,而包括日韩等在内的绝大多数国家仍在快速走向恶化。
4)在不同的氮贸易策略下,完全依赖于进口食物的石油出口大国(中东)未来环境问题可能最大；小型岛屿发达经济体(日韩)未来环境压力和农业生产压力都较大；新兴人口大国(中印巴)高度追求自给,正在走向农业生产和环境污染的交义路口;欧美发达国家追求动物食品自给是环境压力较大的主要原因;非洲国家化肥投入极低,外部养分输入是其保持农业生产发展的关键。未来的农业全球化中,大部分国家只有将技术和环境纳入政策考虑范畴,像欧美国家一样,才可能实现全球公平和可持续发展。
In the context of globalization, this dissertation studied the self-sufficiency ratio of nitrogen contained in agricultural products (include nitrogen in fertilizer) in countries all over the world, nitrogen flow between countries accompanying world trade of agricultural products and the environmental effects generated in the process of nitrogen input and output, and that of nitrogen flow. We tried to uncover laws of demand and supply of agricultural products under globalization, and possible trends in the future by analyzing food security strategies adopted by typical countries. It is meaningful for studying food security and nutrient management in macroscale-no matter in theory or in practice-by taking this article as reference. The main conclusions of this article are as follow:
1) From1961to2009, the proportion of countries and population that couldn't satisfy their demand for food was consistently increasing from the ratio of40%and20%to65%and50%respectively. At the same time, those were able to export hardly varied, they remained the ratio of around or below20%. The distribution of global N industry gradually changed. Developed countries like Europe and US either minimized its scale of N fertilizer industry, or moved fertilizer industry into developing countries. More and more developing countries undertook the role of fertilizer producer, which is high pollution and high energy-consuming activities. The global N supply of agricultural products relies on different N categories. Land, energy and water was strengthening their constraint over food security. From1961to2009, countries and population that couldn't satisfy their demand for fertilizer, vegetal-origin food and feed was increasing; Animal-origin food that less restrained by resource could satisfy more countries and population. Globalization didn't solve the problem of food security, but widening the difference between producer and consumer price instead, which rendered the two subjects facing the pressure of instability.
2) The globalization of the trade of agricultural products gave rise to tremendous variation of the quantity and direction of nitrogen flow in global scale. When analyzing the import and export situation of mineral products, we could find that European countries were cutting down their capacity in exporting nitrogen fertilizer in2011, while countries in Asia and Africa were increasing this capacity. North and South America was net import areas for nitogen fertilizer, and their contribution to the increment of nitrogen fertilizer import was39.5%and28.5, respectively. In2011, Asia and Africa were the major areas importing nitrogen contained in all agricultural products; Europe and North America were major exporting areas of vegetal-N and animal-N, while South America was main exporting area of feed-N. Natural element, such as mineral products and land, was driver of the globalization of agriculture at present. Europe and America was contracting the scale of resource-consuming industry; while developing and underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa was exchanging mineral products for food, and South America was exchanging land for mineral products and food. Asia, South America and Africa will take leading roles in the trade of nitrogen contained in agricultural products in the future.
3) From the perspective of environment, Europe-birthplace of industrial revolution-characterized by inputing exogenous fertilizer and organic matters to develop its agricultural production. However, as time goes by, the overuse of the exogenous matters gradually exceeded the spectrum that the environment could bear, and the total nitrogen load per ha arable land was out of limits seriously. In the late20th century and early21st century, Europe and American transformed their developing strategy. They contracted the scale of resource-consuming industry, reduced the input of exogenous matter at the same time, and enhanced nitogen use efficiency and recycling within the agricultural system. All this resulted in the decrease of nitrogen load per ha arable land. However, the rest of the world, owing to the pressure of economic development and the constently increasing population for food, still took the way of high input and low efficiency, and the nitrogen load per ha arable land was constantly increasing, and Asia was the typical region of this pattern. In2009,12countries in the world fertilizer N load per ha arable land exceeded200kgN/ha,33countries exceeded the same value when evaluated by total N load. It was only part of countries in Europe and countries that improved their nitrogen input at present, countries including Japan and Republic of Korea still went worse rapidly.
4) Under different N trade strategy, oil exporting countries like the Middle East, they totally depend on food import, and might face the most serious environmental problem in the future. Advanced economies in small islands like Japan and Republic of Korea, they might have great pressure in both agricultural production and environment. Emerging populous countries like China, India and Brazil, they highly pursuit self-sufficiency of agricultural products, and they were moving toward the crossroad of agricultural production and environmental pollution. Countries like Europe and America, satisfying the increasing demand for animal-origin food was the main reason of great environmental pressure. Fertilizer input in African countries was relatively low, exogenous nutrient input was key issue to keep the development of their food production. In the future agricultural globalization, only by including technology and environment into policy consideration for most of the countries-like Europe and America-could they realize justice and sustainable development.
1)从1961年到2009年,全球氮不能自给的国家和人口比例持续增加,分别从40%和20%增加到65%和50%左右,而出口者阵营并没有扩充,仍然维持在20%或低于20%的水平。全球氮肥产业布局逐渐发生变化,欧美等发达国家或者缩小氮肥产业规模,或者将氮肥工业向发展中国家转移,越来越多的发展中国家承担起了高污染高能耗的氮肥生产者的角色。全球农产品氮的供需因氮种类不同而不同,土地、能源、水资源对粮食安全的约束越来越强。从1961年到2009年,全球氮肥、植物性食品氮、饲料氮和水产品氮不能自给的国家和人口均在增加；资源约束小的动物性食品氮能够自给的国家和人口不断增加。全球化并没有解决粮食安全问题,却导致生产者价格和消费者价格差距不断拉大,二者都面临不稳定的压力。
2)农产品贸易的全球化带动全球氮素流量和流向发生剧烈变化。从对矿产的进出口情况可以看到,2011年欧洲主销区的地位在逐渐削弱,亚洲和非洲的出口能力在逐渐增强,北美和南美为净进口区域,其对进口增量的贡献分别为39.5%和28.5%。2011年农产品氮贸易以亚洲和非洲进口为主,欧洲和北美为植物性食品氮和动物性食品氮的主要出口区域,南美为饲料氮的主要出口区域。目前的农业全球化是以矿产、土地等自然因素为推动力的,欧美在逐渐缩小资源消耗型的产业规模；亚非发展中及落后地区以矿产换食品,南美地区以土地换矿产和食品。未来全球农产品氮贸易以亚洲、南美和非洲地区承担主要角色。
3)从环境角度来看,欧洲作为工业革命的发源地,以投入外源肥料和有机物质发展农业生产为主要特点,然而,随着时间的推移,过量投入逐渐超出环境承载范围,单位土地氮负载严重超标。20世纪末和21世纪初,欧美转变发展策略,在缩小资源消耗型产业规模的同时减少外源氮素投入,提高体系内氮素循环利用效率,单位土地氮负载在不断下降。然而,全球其他地区,由于经济发展及人口增长的压力,仍在走高投入低效率的发展道路,单位土地氮负载在不断升高,以亚洲地区较明显。按照氮肥用量计算,当前全球12个国家单位可耕地氮负载超过200公斤,而按照所有农产品氮(包括肥料氮)计算,全球33个国家单位耕地氮负载超过200公斤。当前仅美欧部分国家在改善,而包括日韩等在内的绝大多数国家仍在快速走向恶化。
4)在不同的氮贸易策略下,完全依赖于进口食物的石油出口大国(中东)未来环境问题可能最大；小型岛屿发达经济体(日韩)未来环境压力和农业生产压力都较大；新兴人口大国(中印巴)高度追求自给,正在走向农业生产和环境污染的交义路口;欧美发达国家追求动物食品自给是环境压力较大的主要原因;非洲国家化肥投入极低,外部养分输入是其保持农业生产发展的关键。未来的农业全球化中,大部分国家只有将技术和环境纳入政策考虑范畴,像欧美国家一样,才可能实现全球公平和可持续发展。
In the context of globalization, this dissertation studied the self-sufficiency ratio of nitrogen contained in agricultural products (include nitrogen in fertilizer) in countries all over the world, nitrogen flow between countries accompanying world trade of agricultural products and the environmental effects generated in the process of nitrogen input and output, and that of nitrogen flow. We tried to uncover laws of demand and supply of agricultural products under globalization, and possible trends in the future by analyzing food security strategies adopted by typical countries. It is meaningful for studying food security and nutrient management in macroscale-no matter in theory or in practice-by taking this article as reference. The main conclusions of this article are as follow:
1) From1961to2009, the proportion of countries and population that couldn't satisfy their demand for food was consistently increasing from the ratio of40%and20%to65%and50%respectively. At the same time, those were able to export hardly varied, they remained the ratio of around or below20%. The distribution of global N industry gradually changed. Developed countries like Europe and US either minimized its scale of N fertilizer industry, or moved fertilizer industry into developing countries. More and more developing countries undertook the role of fertilizer producer, which is high pollution and high energy-consuming activities. The global N supply of agricultural products relies on different N categories. Land, energy and water was strengthening their constraint over food security. From1961to2009, countries and population that couldn't satisfy their demand for fertilizer, vegetal-origin food and feed was increasing; Animal-origin food that less restrained by resource could satisfy more countries and population. Globalization didn't solve the problem of food security, but widening the difference between producer and consumer price instead, which rendered the two subjects facing the pressure of instability.
2) The globalization of the trade of agricultural products gave rise to tremendous variation of the quantity and direction of nitrogen flow in global scale. When analyzing the import and export situation of mineral products, we could find that European countries were cutting down their capacity in exporting nitrogen fertilizer in2011, while countries in Asia and Africa were increasing this capacity. North and South America was net import areas for nitogen fertilizer, and their contribution to the increment of nitrogen fertilizer import was39.5%and28.5, respectively. In2011, Asia and Africa were the major areas importing nitrogen contained in all agricultural products; Europe and North America were major exporting areas of vegetal-N and animal-N, while South America was main exporting area of feed-N. Natural element, such as mineral products and land, was driver of the globalization of agriculture at present. Europe and America was contracting the scale of resource-consuming industry; while developing and underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa was exchanging mineral products for food, and South America was exchanging land for mineral products and food. Asia, South America and Africa will take leading roles in the trade of nitrogen contained in agricultural products in the future.
3) From the perspective of environment, Europe-birthplace of industrial revolution-characterized by inputing exogenous fertilizer and organic matters to develop its agricultural production. However, as time goes by, the overuse of the exogenous matters gradually exceeded the spectrum that the environment could bear, and the total nitrogen load per ha arable land was out of limits seriously. In the late20th century and early21st century, Europe and American transformed their developing strategy. They contracted the scale of resource-consuming industry, reduced the input of exogenous matter at the same time, and enhanced nitogen use efficiency and recycling within the agricultural system. All this resulted in the decrease of nitrogen load per ha arable land. However, the rest of the world, owing to the pressure of economic development and the constently increasing population for food, still took the way of high input and low efficiency, and the nitrogen load per ha arable land was constantly increasing, and Asia was the typical region of this pattern. In2009,12countries in the world fertilizer N load per ha arable land exceeded200kgN/ha,33countries exceeded the same value when evaluated by total N load. It was only part of countries in Europe and countries that improved their nitrogen input at present, countries including Japan and Republic of Korea still went worse rapidly.
4) Under different N trade strategy, oil exporting countries like the Middle East, they totally depend on food import, and might face the most serious environmental problem in the future. Advanced economies in small islands like Japan and Republic of Korea, they might have great pressure in both agricultural production and environment. Emerging populous countries like China, India and Brazil, they highly pursuit self-sufficiency of agricultural products, and they were moving toward the crossroad of agricultural production and environmental pollution. Countries like Europe and America, satisfying the increasing demand for animal-origin food was the main reason of great environmental pressure. Fertilizer input in African countries was relatively low, exogenous nutrient input was key issue to keep the development of their food production. In the future agricultural globalization, only by including technology and environment into policy consideration for most of the countries-like Europe and America-could they realize justice and sustainable development.
引文
埃尔·沙吉.1991.第三世界人口问题与经济发展.财经科学6：56-61
安艺明,赵文武.2012.全球气候变化与粮食安全——2012年Planet Under Pressure国际会议评述.生态学报32(15)：4940-4942
安毅,高铁生.2013.世界格局调整中各国确保粮食安全的贸易、流通与储备政策.经济研究参考56：3-29.
北京市科学技术情报研究所.2012.新加坡的都市农业.中国农业信息：38-39
曹维盟.2013.刍议全球粮食危机.经济研究.77-78.
常平凡,李富忠,杨小芳.2005.国际农产品市场的成本、质量与营销竞争格局.世界农业4：27-30.
潮轮.2012.世界水资源现状堪忧,水问题挑战异常严峻.生态经济5：8-13
陈蛰蛰.1986.世界粮食安全形势和展望.世界农业10：3-5
成振华.2013.美国农业的昨天今天明天.国际：75-77
崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁.2003.荷兰基于农场尺度的氮素循环的研究及其应用.世界农业295：47-48
戴孝悌.2013.多产业融合视域中的美国农业发展经验及启示.北京农业：26-31
丁声俊,朱立志.2002.世界粮食安全形势及其保障对策——世界可持续粮食安全会议观点概述.农业经济问题6：46-49
封志明.1994.全球耕地资源变化态势及我国应采取的对策.国土与自然资源研究2：69-73
弗兰克·加朗.2010.全球水资源危机和中国的“水资源外交”.和平与发展3：66-72
耿晔强,马海刚.2007.巴西农业贸易政策发展演变及启示.世界农业8：36-40.
郭志仪,李琴.2009.世界人口最新状况与未来发展.西北人口6(30)：7-10
韩俊.2013.加快构建国家粮食安全保障体系.中国经济报告8：28-35
贺伟程.1992.世界水资源/中国大百科全书·水利.北京：中国大百科全书出版社
侯春梅,张志强,迟秀丽.2006.《联合国世界水资源开发报告》呼吁加强水资源综合管理21(11)：1211-1214
胡锡骥.2000.世界水资源与农业生产.世界农业4：10-11
金恩斌.2010.韩国农业政策的演变及启示.经济导刊11：8-9.
景刚,耿慧敏,李维刚.2013.基于可持续发展下我国粮食安全问题探索.产业经济3：13-15
经世.2004.世界水资源危机.城市公用事业18(4)：40-45
孔德涌.1993.世界人口发展态势.瞭望45：36-38
孔铮,陈炳澍.2011.2011年世界人口与计划生育状况.人口与计划生育12：53-54
李德富.1985.突尼斯的农业.世界各国：57-59
李岩,孙宝玉.2012.我国农业政策演变及对农业经济的影响.农业经济5：22-23.
李毓堂.1993.联合国粮农组织关于发展反刍动物保障世界粮食安全战略的重要意义.中国草地.75-76
梁济民,王洪春.1995.世界人口增长与经济发展.人口与计划生育3：67-70
林自新.1996.世界粮食安全形势日趋严峻.改革2：32-38
刘定华,胡迎春,孙建星.2012.美国农业发展的特点及启示.他山之石：97-100
刘加林.2012.日本农业政策演化过程及其对我国的启示.黄冈师范学院学报32(4)：132-135.
刘星辰,杨振山.2012.从传统农业到低碳农业-国外相关政策分析及启示.中国生态农业学报20(6)：674-680.
刘志雄,董运来.2012.印度农业安全政策与挑战.亚太经济1：80-83
龙晓柏,洪俊杰.2013.韩国海外农业投资的动因、政策及启示.国际贸易问题5：78-86
马润水,樊彩霞,刘明强.2008.从世界水资源状况看我国农业节水发展重点.中国水运8(10)：67-68
南尼,晏春芝.1980.世界人口的发展.人口与经济3：49-54
潘蓓英.1994.摩洛哥农业发展初探.西亚非洲3：44-49
秦生.2003.世界人口安全问题综述.国际资料信息12：34-39
孙亮,商蕾.2014.巴西农业发展及其现代化.世界农业421：160-162
唐正平.1992.联合国粮农组织世界粮食安全委员会第17届会议.世界农业11：58-59
陶金.2012.世界水资源态势.决策与信息.10：6
陶慕华.1986.科威特的农业.世界各国,52-53
王春晓.全球水危机及水资源的生态利用.生态经济30(3)：4-7
王丰.2010.全球化环境中的世界人口与中国的选择.国际经济评论6：70-80
王高华.2012.日本韩国农业补贴政策及效果.世界农业10：61-64.
王婷.2013.日本农业“走出去”经验借鉴.跨国经营：50-54
王新志,张清津.2003.国外主要发达国家农业政策分析及启示.农业经济研究1：121-125.
王应宽,时秀焕,郭君,吴卓晶.2013.21世纪美国农业面临的关键挑战和应对策略.世界农业413：6-10.
文富德.2005.印度农业的全球化对策.南亚研究季刊1：1-7
吴宗舫.1983.世界人口增长趋势和对世界经济发展的影响.人口与经济1：58-62
谢坤.1996.阿拉伯世界人口发展现状及面临的挑战.阿拉伯世界1：46-47
徐建红.1995.持续发展的首要问题——世界人口问题.世界科技研究与发展6：36-38
杨鸿.1983.伊拉克农业今夕.世界各国,56-57
弋颖.2011.耕地数量变化与粮食安全机制研究——基于山东省的实证分析.硕士学位论文,曲阜师范大学,
张善余,陈暄.2001.20世纪：世界人口与经济发展回眸.世界地理研究10(4)：1-7
张善余.1982.世界耕地的演变与展望.世界农业12：9-13
张雅,黄竹.2013.我国粮食安全的现状及其对策分析.粮食流通技术4：1-3
张燕林.2010.中国未来粮食安全研究——基于虚拟耕地进口视角.博士学位论文,西南财经大学
赵贤.2011.尼日利亚农业现状及中尼农业合作研究.亚非纵横2：51-57
赵学新.2007.尼日利亚农业概述.杂粮作物27(4)：315-316
中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处FAO组,中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处综合组.2013.联合国 《2015年后发展议程》关于饥饿、粮食安全与营养议题高级别磋商会议在西班牙马德里召开.世界农业6：157
中国化肥手册.1992.生产·流通·施用[M].化工部科学技术情报研究所和南京化学工业(集团)公司联合出版,22-23.
周秀慧.2007.尼日利亚的农业转型与发展.国际经济合作11：63-67
朱玫.1996.全球粮食供需矛盾仍然突出.瞭望48：42-43
朱明德.2004.科尼亚外向型农业的特点与问题.世界农业7：35-37
朱以青.1994.战后世界人口的增长与发展中国家的人才外流.山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)3：89-93
左合余,张传超.2013.巴西可持续农业发展模式对中国的启示.工会论坛19(1)：103-105
Agricultural research service, United States Department of Agriculture[EB/OL]. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list,2013-06-08
Alemu Yami.2009. Nutrition and feeding of sheep and goats. Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia, chapter seven,103-159.
Amadou I, Gounga ME and Le GW.2013. Millets:Nutritional composition, some health benefits and processing-A review. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 25 (7):501-508.
Amha S.2009. Sheep and goat meat characteristics and quality. Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia, chapter twelve,325-340.
Arlina PP, Lyra SM, and Anggi A.2011. Determination of protein in ketchup dregs and flour of ketchup dregs by using Kjeldahl method. Proceedings of the 2nd international seminar on chemistry, 326-328.
Atasie VN and Akinhanmi TF.2009. Extraction, compositional studies and physico-chemical characteristics of palm kernel oil. Pakistan journal of nutrition 8 (6):800-803.
Babiker MS.2012. Chemical composition of some non-conventional and local feed resources for Poultry in Sudan. International journal of poultry science 11 (4):283-287.
Basak BU, Ayse EP and Ersan P.2006. Fast Pyrolysis of soybean cake:Product yields and compositions. Bioresource technology 97:569-576.
Bruinsma, J.2002. World agriculture:Towards 2015/2030, an FAO perspective. Rome, Italy:FAO
Bungee.2012. Internal production, consumption and trade estimates. Revised 2013
Carpenter SR, Bennett EM.2011. Reconsideratioin of the planetary boundary for phosphorus. Environ. Research Letters 6,1-12
Chalom S, Elrezzi E, Pena P, Astiarsaran I and Bello J.1995. Composition of sulfited potatoes: Comparison with fresh and frozen potatoes. Plant foods for human nutrition 47:133-138.
Clodualdo CM, Sukh B, Hesser JM.1994. Wheat Gluten in food and nonfood systems. Research Department, Technical Bulletin 16 (6):1-8.
Cosgrove and Rijsberman.2000. World Water Vision:Making Water Everybody's Business. World Water Council.
Crews TE, and peoples MB.2004. Legume versus fertilizer sources of nitrogen:ecological tradeoffs and human needs. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102:279-297
Deininger K, Byerlee D, Lindsay J, Norton A, Selod H and Stickler M.2011. Rising global interest in farmland:can it yield sustainable and equitable benefits? Washington, DC, USA:World Bank. Available at:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2263
Enb A, Abou Donia MA, Abd-Rabou NS.2009. Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behavior during processing of milk products. Global Veterinaria 3 (3):268-275.
Erisman JW, Galloway J, Seitzinger S, Bleeker A and Butterbach-Bahl K.2011. Reactive nitrogen in the environment and its effect on climate change. Current Opinion in Environment Sustainability 3: 281-290
Erisman JW, Hensen Arjan, de Vries W, Kros H, Van de Wai T, de Winter W, Wien JE, Elswijk MV, Maat M, Sanders K.2002. NitroGenius:A Nitrogen Decision Support System-A game to develop the optimal policy to solve the Dutch nitrogen pollution problem. Ambio 31:190-196
Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J, Klimont Z and Winiwarter W.2008. How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nature Geoscience 1:636-639
Essam EH and Manzur HH.1987. The State of Global Water Resources. The State of Environment. 15-23
European Commission.1991. Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. Official Journal; L 375 [31/12/1991]
European Commission.2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official journal 2000; L327 [22/12/2000]
European Commission.2011a. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European parliament on implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources based on Member State reports for the period 2004-2007.{COM (2010) 47 final/2}. Brussels,13/07/2011. SEC (2011) 913
European Commission.2011b. Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing rules for the common agricultural policy. [COM (2011) 625 final/2. Burssels, 19.10.2011.SEC(2011)]1153 final:SEC (2011) 1154 final
European Commission.2014. EU legislation on nitrates aims at Reducing water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and at preventing further pollution. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/nitrates/index en.htm
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).2008. Growing demand on agriculture and rising prices of commodities:an opportunity for smallholders in low-income, agricultural-based countries? Trade and Markets and Agricultural Development Economics Divisions of the FAO. Paper prepared for the Round Table, Thirty-first session of IFAD's Governing Council,14 February 2008
Frank WS and Gilbert Ⅱ.1990. Amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for animal and plant foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38:1351-1356.
Galloway JN.1998. The global nitrogen cycle:changes and consequences 102(S1):15-24
Galloway JN and Cowling EB.2002. Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change. Ambio 31: 64-71
Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB and Cosby BJ.2003.The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53:341-356
Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW Bekunda M, Cai ZC, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP and Sutton MA.2008. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science 320:889-892
Gruber N and Galloway JN.2008. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 451: 293-296
Hausmann C and Patrick.2013. Contingency planning:Trade's role in sustainable world food security. Aquatic Procedia.20-29
Helena K, Miia K, Anna K, Mirja M, Lassi L.2014. Taking planetary nutrient boundaries seriously:Can we feed the people? Global Food Security 3:16-21
Hoffmann RC.2001. Frontier foods for late medieval consumers:culture, economy, ecology. Environment and History 7:131-167
IFA. IFA Statistical Databases[EB/OL]. http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/ifadata/search,2013-04-03
Jacques L.2007. Director for Institutional Relations, Strategy and Sustainable Development. The Issue of Water Management:a Global Perspective. Suez Environment.
Jacques M.1990. Nitrogen to protein conversion factor for ten cereals and six legumes or oilseeds.A reappraisal of its definition and determination.Variation according to species and to seed protein content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38:18-24.
Kolleen JR and Norman R.2011. Economic development and food production-consumption balance:A growing global challenge. Food Policy 36:186-196
Kydd J, Buckwell A and Morrison J.1997. The role of the agricultural sector in the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe:an analytical framework. In:Kydd, Jonathan, Davidova, Sophia, Mackay, Miranda, Mech, Thea (Eds.). The role of agriculture in the transition process towards a market economy. United Nations, New York
Masayuki F, Yuko O, Shinji K, Masahiro K, Hiromi Y, Kazuhiko N, Tsunenori I, Yoshikazu H and Matanobu A.2005. Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food. The Canadian journal of veterinary research 69:299-304.
Mckevith B.2005, Nutritional aspects of oilseeds. British nutrition foundation, Nutrition bulletin 30: 13-26.
McMichael AJ, Powles JP, Butler CD and Uauy R.2007. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health 370:1253-1263
Meadows DH, Meadows RJ, Behrens WW.1972. Limits to Growth. A Report to the Club of Rome. Universe Books
Mikkelsen SA, Iversen TM, Jacobsen BH and Kjaer SS.2010. Reducing nutrient losses from intensive livestock operations. Island Press 2:140-153
Mutukumarana RK, Samarasinghe K, Ranjith GWHAA, Wijeratne AW, Wickramanayake DD.2010. Poultry offal meal as a substitute to dietary soybean meal for Japanese quails:Assessing the maximum inclusion level and the effect of supplemental enzymes. Tropical agricultural research 21 (3):293-307.
Nierenberg D.2006. Rethinking the global meat industry. In D. Nierenberg (Ed.).State of the world 2006-a Worldwatch institute report on progress towards a sustainable society. London, UK: Earthscan.24-40
Nimmo Smith RJ, Glegg GA, Parkinson R and Richards JP.2007. Evaluating the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Denmark and England using an Actor-Orientated approach. European Environment 17:124-144
OECD.2001. OECD nitrogen balance database. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/29/0,3343,en_2649_33793_1890205_1_1_1_1.00.html.
Oenema O, Bleeker A, Braathen NA, Budnakova M, Bull K, Cermak P, Geupel M, Hicks K, Hoft R, Kozlova N, Leip A, Spranger T, Valli L, Velthof G, Winiwarter W.2011. Nitrogen in current European policies. The European nitrogen assessment. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.62-81
Oenema O, Salomez J, Branquinho C, Budnakova M, Cermak P, Geupel M, Johnes P, Tompkins C, Spranger T, Erisman JW, Palliere C, Maene L, Alonso R, Maas R, Magid J, Sutton MA, Van Grinsven H.2011. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management. Cambridge University Press
Osti NP and Pandey SB.2006. Use of whole cotton seed cotton seed meal as a protein source in the diet of ruminant animals:Prevailing situation and opportunity. Proceedings of the 6th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research,111-119.
Perkins DH, Radelet S, Snodgrass DR, Gillis M, Roemer M.2001. Economics of Development,5th ed. W. W. Norton and Company, New York
Pingali, P.2006. Westernization of Asian diets and transformation of food systems:implications for research and policy. Food Policy 32:281-298
Rask N.1991. Dynamics of self-sufficiency and income growth. In:Ruppel Fred J., Kellogg, Earl D. (Eds.). National and regional self-sufficiency goals:Implications for international agriculture. Lynne Rienner Publishers Boulder & London
Reference manual for U. S. milk powders.2005. Arlington, VA:U. S. dairy export council,41
Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, Van deer Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P and Foley JA.2009a. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472-475
Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Stuart Ⅲ CF, Lambin E, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber H, Joachim, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, Van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U and Falkenmark M.2009b. Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology & Society 14(2):1-33
Rossi AM, Villarreal M, Juarez MD, Samman NC.2004. Nitrogen contents in food:A comparison between the Kjeldahl and Hach methods. The journal of the Argentine chemical society 92:99-108.
Samper C.2009. Planetary boundaries:rethinking biodiversity. Nature Reports Climate Change 3: 118-119
Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C and Walker B.2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591-596
Schlesinger WH.2009. Thresholds risk prolonged degradation. Nature 3:112-113
Schmidt F.2013. Chapter 5:governing planetary boundaries:limiting or enabling conditions for transitions towards sustainability? In:L. Meuleman (Ed.), Transgovernance, pp.215-234
Shiklomanov IA.1999. World Water Resources and Water Use:Modern Assessment and Outlook for Future. Advances in Water Science 10(3):233
Smil V.2002a. Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets. Ambio 31:126-131
Srilatha K and Krishnakumari K.2003. Proximate composition and protein quality evaluation of recipes containing sunflower cake. Plant foods for human nutrition 58:1-11.
Stehfest E, Bouwman L, Van Vuuren DP, den Elzen MGJ, Eickhout B and Kabat P.2009. Climate benefits of changing diet. Climatic Change 95:83-102
Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G., Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B. 2011. The European nitrogen assessment:sources, effects and policy perspectives (Eds.) Cambridge University Press.612
Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B. 2011. The need to integrate nitrogen science and policies. In:The European Nitrogen Assessment. Cambridge University Press
Talha EE, Abbas and Yagoub MY.2008. Sunflower cake as a substitute for groundnut cake in commercial broiler chicks diets. Pakistan journal of nutrition 7 (6):782-784.
Tilman D, Cassman KG., Matson PA, Naylor R and Polasky S.2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677
Townsend AR and Howarth RW.2010. Fixing the global nitrogen problem. Scientific American 302: 64-71
UNComtrade. UNComtrade Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://comtrade.un.org/db/mr/rfCommoditiesList.aspx,2013-07-08
UnECE.1999. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone (Gothenburg protocol)
UN-FAO. FAO Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://www.fao.org/news/story/zh/item/45322/icode/,2013-06-08
UN-FAO. FAO Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/T/*/E,2013-03-07
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).2001. Economic research service, changing structure of global food consumption and trade. Anita Regmi, editor
Velthof GL, Oudendag D, Witzke HP, Asman WAH, Klimont Z, Oenema O.2009. Integrated assessment of nitrogen emissions from agriculture in EU-27 using MITERRA-Europe. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:402-17
Von B, Joachim.2007. The world food situation:new driving forces and required actions. International food policy research institute. Food Policy Report No.18, December 2007
WHO/UNICEF. 2004. Population without Improved Drinking Water Sources by Region in 2002.
Williams AG., Audsley E, Sandars DL.2006. Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities. Main Report. Defra Research Project IS0205
Williams PG..2007. Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutrition & Dietetics 64 (suppl 4): S113-S119.
World Food Programme.2013. WFP in numbers. Available at:http://www.wfp.org/wfp-numbers/
Zhang RH, El-Mashad HM, Hartman K, Wang FY, Liu GQ, Choate C and Gamble P.2007. Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology 98: 929-935.
安艺明,赵文武.2012.全球气候变化与粮食安全——2012年Planet Under Pressure国际会议评述.生态学报32(15)：4940-4942
安毅,高铁生.2013.世界格局调整中各国确保粮食安全的贸易、流通与储备政策.经济研究参考56：3-29.
北京市科学技术情报研究所.2012.新加坡的都市农业.中国农业信息：38-39
曹维盟.2013.刍议全球粮食危机.经济研究.77-78.
常平凡,李富忠,杨小芳.2005.国际农产品市场的成本、质量与营销竞争格局.世界农业4：27-30.
潮轮.2012.世界水资源现状堪忧,水问题挑战异常严峻.生态经济5：8-13
陈蛰蛰.1986.世界粮食安全形势和展望.世界农业10：3-5
成振华.2013.美国农业的昨天今天明天.国际：75-77
崔振岭,陈新平,张福锁.2003.荷兰基于农场尺度的氮素循环的研究及其应用.世界农业295：47-48
戴孝悌.2013.多产业融合视域中的美国农业发展经验及启示.北京农业：26-31
丁声俊,朱立志.2002.世界粮食安全形势及其保障对策——世界可持续粮食安全会议观点概述.农业经济问题6：46-49
封志明.1994.全球耕地资源变化态势及我国应采取的对策.国土与自然资源研究2：69-73
弗兰克·加朗.2010.全球水资源危机和中国的“水资源外交”.和平与发展3：66-72
耿晔强,马海刚.2007.巴西农业贸易政策发展演变及启示.世界农业8：36-40.
郭志仪,李琴.2009.世界人口最新状况与未来发展.西北人口6(30)：7-10
韩俊.2013.加快构建国家粮食安全保障体系.中国经济报告8：28-35
贺伟程.1992.世界水资源/中国大百科全书·水利.北京：中国大百科全书出版社
侯春梅,张志强,迟秀丽.2006.《联合国世界水资源开发报告》呼吁加强水资源综合管理21(11)：1211-1214
胡锡骥.2000.世界水资源与农业生产.世界农业4：10-11
金恩斌.2010.韩国农业政策的演变及启示.经济导刊11：8-9.
景刚,耿慧敏,李维刚.2013.基于可持续发展下我国粮食安全问题探索.产业经济3：13-15
经世.2004.世界水资源危机.城市公用事业18(4)：40-45
孔德涌.1993.世界人口发展态势.瞭望45：36-38
孔铮,陈炳澍.2011.2011年世界人口与计划生育状况.人口与计划生育12：53-54
李德富.1985.突尼斯的农业.世界各国：57-59
李岩,孙宝玉.2012.我国农业政策演变及对农业经济的影响.农业经济5：22-23.
李毓堂.1993.联合国粮农组织关于发展反刍动物保障世界粮食安全战略的重要意义.中国草地.75-76
梁济民,王洪春.1995.世界人口增长与经济发展.人口与计划生育3：67-70
林自新.1996.世界粮食安全形势日趋严峻.改革2：32-38
刘定华,胡迎春,孙建星.2012.美国农业发展的特点及启示.他山之石：97-100
刘加林.2012.日本农业政策演化过程及其对我国的启示.黄冈师范学院学报32(4)：132-135.
刘星辰,杨振山.2012.从传统农业到低碳农业-国外相关政策分析及启示.中国生态农业学报20(6)：674-680.
刘志雄,董运来.2012.印度农业安全政策与挑战.亚太经济1：80-83
龙晓柏,洪俊杰.2013.韩国海外农业投资的动因、政策及启示.国际贸易问题5：78-86
马润水,樊彩霞,刘明强.2008.从世界水资源状况看我国农业节水发展重点.中国水运8(10)：67-68
南尼,晏春芝.1980.世界人口的发展.人口与经济3：49-54
潘蓓英.1994.摩洛哥农业发展初探.西亚非洲3：44-49
秦生.2003.世界人口安全问题综述.国际资料信息12：34-39
孙亮,商蕾.2014.巴西农业发展及其现代化.世界农业421：160-162
唐正平.1992.联合国粮农组织世界粮食安全委员会第17届会议.世界农业11：58-59
陶金.2012.世界水资源态势.决策与信息.10：6
陶慕华.1986.科威特的农业.世界各国,52-53
王春晓.全球水危机及水资源的生态利用.生态经济30(3)：4-7
王丰.2010.全球化环境中的世界人口与中国的选择.国际经济评论6：70-80
王高华.2012.日本韩国农业补贴政策及效果.世界农业10：61-64.
王婷.2013.日本农业“走出去”经验借鉴.跨国经营：50-54
王新志,张清津.2003.国外主要发达国家农业政策分析及启示.农业经济研究1：121-125.
王应宽,时秀焕,郭君,吴卓晶.2013.21世纪美国农业面临的关键挑战和应对策略.世界农业413：6-10.
文富德.2005.印度农业的全球化对策.南亚研究季刊1：1-7
吴宗舫.1983.世界人口增长趋势和对世界经济发展的影响.人口与经济1：58-62
谢坤.1996.阿拉伯世界人口发展现状及面临的挑战.阿拉伯世界1：46-47
徐建红.1995.持续发展的首要问题——世界人口问题.世界科技研究与发展6：36-38
杨鸿.1983.伊拉克农业今夕.世界各国,56-57
弋颖.2011.耕地数量变化与粮食安全机制研究——基于山东省的实证分析.硕士学位论文,曲阜师范大学,
张善余,陈暄.2001.20世纪：世界人口与经济发展回眸.世界地理研究10(4)：1-7
张善余.1982.世界耕地的演变与展望.世界农业12：9-13
张雅,黄竹.2013.我国粮食安全的现状及其对策分析.粮食流通技术4：1-3
张燕林.2010.中国未来粮食安全研究——基于虚拟耕地进口视角.博士学位论文,西南财经大学
赵贤.2011.尼日利亚农业现状及中尼农业合作研究.亚非纵横2：51-57
赵学新.2007.尼日利亚农业概述.杂粮作物27(4)：315-316
中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处FAO组,中国常驻联合国粮农机构代表处综合组.2013.联合国 《2015年后发展议程》关于饥饿、粮食安全与营养议题高级别磋商会议在西班牙马德里召开.世界农业6：157
中国化肥手册.1992.生产·流通·施用[M].化工部科学技术情报研究所和南京化学工业(集团)公司联合出版,22-23.
周秀慧.2007.尼日利亚的农业转型与发展.国际经济合作11：63-67
朱玫.1996.全球粮食供需矛盾仍然突出.瞭望48：42-43
朱明德.2004.科尼亚外向型农业的特点与问题.世界农业7：35-37
朱以青.1994.战后世界人口的增长与发展中国家的人才外流.山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)3：89-93
左合余,张传超.2013.巴西可持续农业发展模式对中国的启示.工会论坛19(1)：103-105
Agricultural research service, United States Department of Agriculture[EB/OL]. http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list,2013-06-08
Alemu Yami.2009. Nutrition and feeding of sheep and goats. Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia, chapter seven,103-159.
Amadou I, Gounga ME and Le GW.2013. Millets:Nutritional composition, some health benefits and processing-A review. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 25 (7):501-508.
Amha S.2009. Sheep and goat meat characteristics and quality. Sheep and goat production handbook for Ethiopia, chapter twelve,325-340.
Arlina PP, Lyra SM, and Anggi A.2011. Determination of protein in ketchup dregs and flour of ketchup dregs by using Kjeldahl method. Proceedings of the 2nd international seminar on chemistry, 326-328.
Atasie VN and Akinhanmi TF.2009. Extraction, compositional studies and physico-chemical characteristics of palm kernel oil. Pakistan journal of nutrition 8 (6):800-803.
Babiker MS.2012. Chemical composition of some non-conventional and local feed resources for Poultry in Sudan. International journal of poultry science 11 (4):283-287.
Basak BU, Ayse EP and Ersan P.2006. Fast Pyrolysis of soybean cake:Product yields and compositions. Bioresource technology 97:569-576.
Bruinsma, J.2002. World agriculture:Towards 2015/2030, an FAO perspective. Rome, Italy:FAO
Bungee.2012. Internal production, consumption and trade estimates. Revised 2013
Carpenter SR, Bennett EM.2011. Reconsideratioin of the planetary boundary for phosphorus. Environ. Research Letters 6,1-12
Chalom S, Elrezzi E, Pena P, Astiarsaran I and Bello J.1995. Composition of sulfited potatoes: Comparison with fresh and frozen potatoes. Plant foods for human nutrition 47:133-138.
Clodualdo CM, Sukh B, Hesser JM.1994. Wheat Gluten in food and nonfood systems. Research Department, Technical Bulletin 16 (6):1-8.
Cosgrove and Rijsberman.2000. World Water Vision:Making Water Everybody's Business. World Water Council.
Crews TE, and peoples MB.2004. Legume versus fertilizer sources of nitrogen:ecological tradeoffs and human needs. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102:279-297
Deininger K, Byerlee D, Lindsay J, Norton A, Selod H and Stickler M.2011. Rising global interest in farmland:can it yield sustainable and equitable benefits? Washington, DC, USA:World Bank. Available at:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2263
Enb A, Abou Donia MA, Abd-Rabou NS.2009. Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behavior during processing of milk products. Global Veterinaria 3 (3):268-275.
Erisman JW, Galloway J, Seitzinger S, Bleeker A and Butterbach-Bahl K.2011. Reactive nitrogen in the environment and its effect on climate change. Current Opinion in Environment Sustainability 3: 281-290
Erisman JW, Hensen Arjan, de Vries W, Kros H, Van de Wai T, de Winter W, Wien JE, Elswijk MV, Maat M, Sanders K.2002. NitroGenius:A Nitrogen Decision Support System-A game to develop the optimal policy to solve the Dutch nitrogen pollution problem. Ambio 31:190-196
Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J, Klimont Z and Winiwarter W.2008. How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nature Geoscience 1:636-639
Essam EH and Manzur HH.1987. The State of Global Water Resources. The State of Environment. 15-23
European Commission.1991. Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. Official Journal; L 375 [31/12/1991]
European Commission.2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. Official journal 2000; L327 [22/12/2000]
European Commission.2011a. Report from the Commission to the Council and the European parliament on implementation of Council Directive 91/676/EEC concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources based on Member State reports for the period 2004-2007.{COM (2010) 47 final/2}. Brussels,13/07/2011. SEC (2011) 913
European Commission.2011b. Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing rules for the common agricultural policy. [COM (2011) 625 final/2. Burssels, 19.10.2011.SEC(2011)]1153 final:SEC (2011) 1154 final
European Commission.2014. EU legislation on nitrates aims at Reducing water pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources and at preventing further pollution. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/envir/nitrates/index en.htm
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).2008. Growing demand on agriculture and rising prices of commodities:an opportunity for smallholders in low-income, agricultural-based countries? Trade and Markets and Agricultural Development Economics Divisions of the FAO. Paper prepared for the Round Table, Thirty-first session of IFAD's Governing Council,14 February 2008
Frank WS and Gilbert Ⅱ.1990. Amino acid composition and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for animal and plant foods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38:1351-1356.
Galloway JN.1998. The global nitrogen cycle:changes and consequences 102(S1):15-24
Galloway JN and Cowling EB.2002. Reactive nitrogen and the world:200 years of change. Ambio 31: 64-71
Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB and Cosby BJ.2003.The nitrogen cascade. BioScience 53:341-356
Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW Bekunda M, Cai ZC, Freney JR, Martinelli LA, Seitzinger SP and Sutton MA.2008. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science 320:889-892
Gruber N and Galloway JN.2008. An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature 451: 293-296
Hausmann C and Patrick.2013. Contingency planning:Trade's role in sustainable world food security. Aquatic Procedia.20-29
Helena K, Miia K, Anna K, Mirja M, Lassi L.2014. Taking planetary nutrient boundaries seriously:Can we feed the people? Global Food Security 3:16-21
Hoffmann RC.2001. Frontier foods for late medieval consumers:culture, economy, ecology. Environment and History 7:131-167
IFA. IFA Statistical Databases[EB/OL]. http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/ifadata/search,2013-04-03
Jacques L.2007. Director for Institutional Relations, Strategy and Sustainable Development. The Issue of Water Management:a Global Perspective. Suez Environment.
Jacques M.1990. Nitrogen to protein conversion factor for ten cereals and six legumes or oilseeds.A reappraisal of its definition and determination.Variation according to species and to seed protein content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38:18-24.
Kolleen JR and Norman R.2011. Economic development and food production-consumption balance:A growing global challenge. Food Policy 36:186-196
Kydd J, Buckwell A and Morrison J.1997. The role of the agricultural sector in the transition to a market economy in Central and Eastern Europe:an analytical framework. In:Kydd, Jonathan, Davidova, Sophia, Mackay, Miranda, Mech, Thea (Eds.). The role of agriculture in the transition process towards a market economy. United Nations, New York
Masayuki F, Yuko O, Shinji K, Masahiro K, Hiromi Y, Kazuhiko N, Tsunenori I, Yoshikazu H and Matanobu A.2005. Evaluation of meat meal, chicken meal, and corn gluten meal as dietary sources of protein in dry cat food. The Canadian journal of veterinary research 69:299-304.
Mckevith B.2005, Nutritional aspects of oilseeds. British nutrition foundation, Nutrition bulletin 30: 13-26.
McMichael AJ, Powles JP, Butler CD and Uauy R.2007. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health 370:1253-1263
Meadows DH, Meadows RJ, Behrens WW.1972. Limits to Growth. A Report to the Club of Rome. Universe Books
Mikkelsen SA, Iversen TM, Jacobsen BH and Kjaer SS.2010. Reducing nutrient losses from intensive livestock operations. Island Press 2:140-153
Mutukumarana RK, Samarasinghe K, Ranjith GWHAA, Wijeratne AW, Wickramanayake DD.2010. Poultry offal meal as a substitute to dietary soybean meal for Japanese quails:Assessing the maximum inclusion level and the effect of supplemental enzymes. Tropical agricultural research 21 (3):293-307.
Nierenberg D.2006. Rethinking the global meat industry. In D. Nierenberg (Ed.).State of the world 2006-a Worldwatch institute report on progress towards a sustainable society. London, UK: Earthscan.24-40
Nimmo Smith RJ, Glegg GA, Parkinson R and Richards JP.2007. Evaluating the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in Denmark and England using an Actor-Orientated approach. European Environment 17:124-144
OECD.2001. OECD nitrogen balance database. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/29/0,3343,en_2649_33793_1890205_1_1_1_1.00.html.
Oenema O, Bleeker A, Braathen NA, Budnakova M, Bull K, Cermak P, Geupel M, Hicks K, Hoft R, Kozlova N, Leip A, Spranger T, Valli L, Velthof G, Winiwarter W.2011. Nitrogen in current European policies. The European nitrogen assessment. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.62-81
Oenema O, Salomez J, Branquinho C, Budnakova M, Cermak P, Geupel M, Johnes P, Tompkins C, Spranger T, Erisman JW, Palliere C, Maene L, Alonso R, Maas R, Magid J, Sutton MA, Van Grinsven H.2011. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management. Cambridge University Press
Osti NP and Pandey SB.2006. Use of whole cotton seed cotton seed meal as a protein source in the diet of ruminant animals:Prevailing situation and opportunity. Proceedings of the 6th national workshop on livestock and fisheries research,111-119.
Perkins DH, Radelet S, Snodgrass DR, Gillis M, Roemer M.2001. Economics of Development,5th ed. W. W. Norton and Company, New York
Pingali, P.2006. Westernization of Asian diets and transformation of food systems:implications for research and policy. Food Policy 32:281-298
Rask N.1991. Dynamics of self-sufficiency and income growth. In:Ruppel Fred J., Kellogg, Earl D. (Eds.). National and regional self-sufficiency goals:Implications for international agriculture. Lynne Rienner Publishers Boulder & London
Reference manual for U. S. milk powders.2005. Arlington, VA:U. S. dairy export council,41
Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Chapin FS, Lambin EF, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber HJ, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, Van deer Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U, Falkenmark M, Karlberg L, Corell RW, Fabry VJ, Hansen J, Walker B, Liverman D, Richardson K, Crutzen P and Foley JA.2009a. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472-475
Rockstrom J, Steffen W, Noone K, Persson A, Stuart Ⅲ CF, Lambin E, Lenton TM, Scheffer M, Folke C, Schellnhuber H, Joachim, Nykvist B, de Wit CA, Hughes T, Van der Leeuw S, Rodhe H, Sorlin S, Snyder PK, Costanza R, Svedin U and Falkenmark M.2009b. Planetary boundaries:exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology & Society 14(2):1-33
Rossi AM, Villarreal M, Juarez MD, Samman NC.2004. Nitrogen contents in food:A comparison between the Kjeldahl and Hach methods. The journal of the Argentine chemical society 92:99-108.
Samper C.2009. Planetary boundaries:rethinking biodiversity. Nature Reports Climate Change 3: 118-119
Scheffer M, Carpenter S, Foley JA, Folke C and Walker B.2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413:591-596
Schlesinger WH.2009. Thresholds risk prolonged degradation. Nature 3:112-113
Schmidt F.2013. Chapter 5:governing planetary boundaries:limiting or enabling conditions for transitions towards sustainability? In:L. Meuleman (Ed.), Transgovernance, pp.215-234
Shiklomanov IA.1999. World Water Resources and Water Use:Modern Assessment and Outlook for Future. Advances in Water Science 10(3):233
Smil V.2002a. Nitrogen and food production:proteins for human diets. Ambio 31:126-131
Srilatha K and Krishnakumari K.2003. Proximate composition and protein quality evaluation of recipes containing sunflower cake. Plant foods for human nutrition 58:1-11.
Stehfest E, Bouwman L, Van Vuuren DP, den Elzen MGJ, Eickhout B and Kabat P.2009. Climate benefits of changing diet. Climatic Change 95:83-102
Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G., Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B. 2011. The European nitrogen assessment:sources, effects and policy perspectives (Eds.) Cambridge University Press.612
Sutton MA, Howard CM, Erisman JW, Billen G, Bleeker A, Grennfelt P, van Grinsven H, Grizzetti B. 2011. The need to integrate nitrogen science and policies. In:The European Nitrogen Assessment. Cambridge University Press
Talha EE, Abbas and Yagoub MY.2008. Sunflower cake as a substitute for groundnut cake in commercial broiler chicks diets. Pakistan journal of nutrition 7 (6):782-784.
Tilman D, Cassman KG., Matson PA, Naylor R and Polasky S.2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677
Townsend AR and Howarth RW.2010. Fixing the global nitrogen problem. Scientific American 302: 64-71
UNComtrade. UNComtrade Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://comtrade.un.org/db/mr/rfCommoditiesList.aspx,2013-07-08
UnECE.1999. Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone (Gothenburg protocol)
UN-FAO. FAO Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://www.fao.org/news/story/zh/item/45322/icode/,2013-06-08
UN-FAO. FAO Statistical Databases [EB/OL]. http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/T/*/E,2013-03-07
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).2001. Economic research service, changing structure of global food consumption and trade. Anita Regmi, editor
Velthof GL, Oudendag D, Witzke HP, Asman WAH, Klimont Z, Oenema O.2009. Integrated assessment of nitrogen emissions from agriculture in EU-27 using MITERRA-Europe. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:402-17
Von B, Joachim.2007. The world food situation:new driving forces and required actions. International food policy research institute. Food Policy Report No.18, December 2007
WHO/UNICEF. 2004. Population without Improved Drinking Water Sources by Region in 2002.
Williams AG., Audsley E, Sandars DL.2006. Determining the environmental burdens and resource use in the production of agricultural and horticultural commodities. Main Report. Defra Research Project IS0205
Williams PG..2007. Nutritional composition of red meat. Nutrition & Dietetics 64 (suppl 4): S113-S119.
World Food Programme.2013. WFP in numbers. Available at:http://www.wfp.org/wfp-numbers/
Zhang RH, El-Mashad HM, Hartman K, Wang FY, Liu GQ, Choate C and Gamble P.2007. Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technology 98: 929-935.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |