不同类型土壤中有机氯农药形态分布规律研究
|
摘要
当前，有机氯农药的污染问题已成为全球面临的重大环境和公共健康问题，其对土壤的污染问题尤为严重。本研究以近年来国内外有机氯农药的研究现状为依据，选取砂土土壤和粘土土壤中有机氯农药为研究对象，通过不同溶剂组合逐级连续提取的方法，采用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱定性定量探讨有机氯农药在土壤中的形态分布及其影响因素。主要结论如下：
（1）本研究建立了气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱测定土壤中有机氯农药的方法，经验证，该方法检出限低，线性关系良好，灵敏度高，定性和定量精确可靠，测试结果能够满足实际土壤样品中有机氯农药残留分析检测的需要；
（2）本研究建立了土壤中有机氯农药样品采集、制备、混匀和保存的一整套方法，并对两种土壤样品的机械组成进行分析，得出两种土壤样品分别为砂土类土壤和粘土类土壤；
（3）本研究对砂土土壤中有机氯农药的残留分布状况和形态分布规律进行探讨。研究表明，HCHs类和DDTs类农药在砂土土壤中主要以吸附态和残留态的形式存在，溶解态和结合态所占比例较小，并对砂土土壤中HCHs类和DDTs类农药的形态分布与其辛醇-水分配系数和溶解度的相关性进行探讨；
（4）本研究对粘土土土壤中有机氯农药的残留分布状况和形态分布规律进行探讨。研究表明，HCHs类和DDTs类农药在粘土土壤中主要以吸附态的形式存在，溶解态、结合态和残留态所占比例较小，并对粘土土壤中HCHs类和DDTs类农药的形态分布与其辛醇-水分配系数和溶解度的相关性进行探讨；
（5）本研究对不同类型土壤中的有机质、矿物质、含水率、阳离子交换量和酸碱度进行测定，探讨不同类型土壤对有机氯农药形态分布的影响。研究表明，土壤有机质和粒径大小对吸附态有机氯农药的含量有较大影响；土壤矿物质对结合态有机氯农药的含量有较大影响；土壤含水率对溶解态有机氯农药的形态分布有一定影响；土壤酸碱度和阳离子交换量对有机氯农药的形态分布影响不大。
Organochlorine pesticides pollution is considered as an urgent risk toenvironment and public health on a globle scale, and its contamination in soils is evenserious. In light of the present research method, two types of soils were sampled,respectively from the sandy soil and the clayey soil, to study their organochlorinepesticides contamination. Various combinations of solvents were adopted forsequential extraction of organochlorine pesticides, and GC-QQQ-MS/MS wasemployed for the quantitative determination. The speciation distribution and itsinfluencing factors were discussed, and the main conclusions were drawn as follows.
（1）A novel analysis method of organochlorine employing GC-QQQ-MS/MSwas established. It has the superiority of low detection limit, high sensitivity, goodlinear correlation, and acute qualitative and quantitative determination. And the resultsmet the standard of analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples.
（2）The soil sampling, preparation, mixing and storing was established. Themechanical compositions of the two soil samples were analyzed, and one soil is sandy,and the other is clayey.
（3）The study on the speciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in thesandy soil indicated that, HCHs and DDTs were primarily in the absorbed andresidual fraction rather than dissolvable and combined fraction. The speciationdistribution of HCHs and DDTs as well as the correlation between octanol-waterpartition coefficient and solubility were also discussed.
（4）The study on the speciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in theclayey soil indicated that, HCHs and DDTs were primarily in the absorbed fractionrather than dissolvable, residual and combined fraction. The species distribution ofHCHs and DDTs as well as the correlation between octanol-water partition coefficientand solubility were also discussed.
（5）Various factors including organics, minerals, moisture content, cationexchange capacity, and acidity, were measured to study their influences on thespeciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in different types of soils. The study shows that the absorbed fraction of organochlorine pesticides is highlycorrelated with the organic content and particle size; The combined fraction oforganochlorine pesticides is highly correlated with the mineral content; certaincorrelation was obtained between dissolvable fraction and the moisture content; noprominent effect was obtained about the acidity and cation exchange capacity on thefraction pattern.
（1）本研究建立了气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱测定土壤中有机氯农药的方法，经验证，该方法检出限低，线性关系良好，灵敏度高，定性和定量精确可靠，测试结果能够满足实际土壤样品中有机氯农药残留分析检测的需要；
（2）本研究建立了土壤中有机氯农药样品采集、制备、混匀和保存的一整套方法，并对两种土壤样品的机械组成进行分析，得出两种土壤样品分别为砂土类土壤和粘土类土壤；
（3）本研究对砂土土壤中有机氯农药的残留分布状况和形态分布规律进行探讨。研究表明，HCHs类和DDTs类农药在砂土土壤中主要以吸附态和残留态的形式存在，溶解态和结合态所占比例较小，并对砂土土壤中HCHs类和DDTs类农药的形态分布与其辛醇-水分配系数和溶解度的相关性进行探讨；
（4）本研究对粘土土土壤中有机氯农药的残留分布状况和形态分布规律进行探讨。研究表明，HCHs类和DDTs类农药在粘土土壤中主要以吸附态的形式存在，溶解态、结合态和残留态所占比例较小，并对粘土土壤中HCHs类和DDTs类农药的形态分布与其辛醇-水分配系数和溶解度的相关性进行探讨；
（5）本研究对不同类型土壤中的有机质、矿物质、含水率、阳离子交换量和酸碱度进行测定，探讨不同类型土壤对有机氯农药形态分布的影响。研究表明，土壤有机质和粒径大小对吸附态有机氯农药的含量有较大影响；土壤矿物质对结合态有机氯农药的含量有较大影响；土壤含水率对溶解态有机氯农药的形态分布有一定影响；土壤酸碱度和阳离子交换量对有机氯农药的形态分布影响不大。
Organochlorine pesticides pollution is considered as an urgent risk toenvironment and public health on a globle scale, and its contamination in soils is evenserious. In light of the present research method, two types of soils were sampled,respectively from the sandy soil and the clayey soil, to study their organochlorinepesticides contamination. Various combinations of solvents were adopted forsequential extraction of organochlorine pesticides, and GC-QQQ-MS/MS wasemployed for the quantitative determination. The speciation distribution and itsinfluencing factors were discussed, and the main conclusions were drawn as follows.
（1）A novel analysis method of organochlorine employing GC-QQQ-MS/MSwas established. It has the superiority of low detection limit, high sensitivity, goodlinear correlation, and acute qualitative and quantitative determination. And the resultsmet the standard of analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples.
（2）The soil sampling, preparation, mixing and storing was established. Themechanical compositions of the two soil samples were analyzed, and one soil is sandy,and the other is clayey.
（3）The study on the speciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in thesandy soil indicated that, HCHs and DDTs were primarily in the absorbed andresidual fraction rather than dissolvable and combined fraction. The speciationdistribution of HCHs and DDTs as well as the correlation between octanol-waterpartition coefficient and solubility were also discussed.
（4）The study on the speciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in theclayey soil indicated that, HCHs and DDTs were primarily in the absorbed fractionrather than dissolvable, residual and combined fraction. The species distribution ofHCHs and DDTs as well as the correlation between octanol-water partition coefficientand solubility were also discussed.
（5）Various factors including organics, minerals, moisture content, cationexchange capacity, and acidity, were measured to study their influences on thespeciation distribution of organochlorine pesticides in different types of soils. The study shows that the absorbed fraction of organochlorine pesticides is highlycorrelated with the organic content and particle size; The combined fraction oforganochlorine pesticides is highly correlated with the mineral content; certaincorrelation was obtained between dissolvable fraction and the moisture content; noprominent effect was obtained about the acidity and cation exchange capacity on thefraction pattern.
引文
[1]牟一萍.持久性有机污染物(POPs)全球环境污染问题[J].中国标准化,2003,1：69-70.
[2]Lohmann R, Breivik K, Dachs J, Muir D. Global fate of POPs:Current and future research directions[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,150:150-165.
[3]沈平.《斯德哥尔摩公约》与持久性有机污染物(POPs)[J]化学教育,2005,26：6-9.
[4]任仁.《斯德哥尔摩公约》禁用的12种持久性有机污染物[J].大学化学,2003,18：38-41.
[5]董亮,张秀蓝,史双听,等.新型持久性有机污染物分析方法研究进展[J].中国科学：化学,2013,43：336-350.
[6]余刚,黄俊,张彭义,等.持久性有机污染物：备受关注的全球性环境问题[J].环境保护,2001,4：37-39.
[7]Breivik K, Gioia R, Chakraborty P, et al. Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(21):9154-9160.
[8]Vlckova K, Hoffman J. A comparison of POPs bioaccumulation in Eisenia fetida in natural and artificial soils and the effects of aging[J]. Environmental Pollution,2012,160(1):49-56.
[9]Trnovec T, Palkovicova L, Sovcikova E, et al. Analysis of the toxicogenomic effects of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Slovakian girls:Correlation between gene expression and disease risk[J]. Environment International,2012,39(1):188-199.
[10]Guo Y Y, Huo X, Wu K S, et al. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in umbilical cord blood of human neonates from Guiyu, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,(427/428):35-40
[11]Petro E M L, Covaci A, Leroy J L M R, et al. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in tissues and body fluids of Belgian dairy cows and its implications for the use of the cow as a model to study endocrine disruption[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(22):5423-5428.
[12]Xu Y, Zhang J, Li W, et al. Endocrine effects of sublethal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)[J]. Environmental Pollution,2002,120(3):683-690.
[13]Rudel R A, Perovich L J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(1):170-191.
[14]P. Manirakiza, A. Covaci, L. Nizigiymana, et al. Persistent chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in selectedfish speciesfrom LakeTanganyika, Burundi, Africa[J]. Environmental Pollution,2002,117:454.
[15]卢冰,陈荣华,王自磐,等北极海洋沉积物中POPs分布特征及分子地层学记录的研究[J].海洋学报,2005,27(4)：168-173.
[16]Kidda K A, Hessleina R H, Ressa B J, et al. Bioaccumulation of organchlorines through a remote freshwater food web in the Canadian Arctic[J]. Environmental Pollution,1998,102:91-103.
[17]周景明,秦占芬,丛琳,等多氯联苯内分泌干扰作用及机理研究进展[J].科学通报,2004,(1)：37.
[18]Martin Scheringer. Long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.2009,28(4):677-690.
[19]Wania F, Mackay D. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in Polar Region[J]. Ambio.,1993,22:10-18.
[20]Wania F, Mackay D. Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,(30):377-392.
[21]许恒智,贾宁,任仁.环境激素类有机氯农药的用途和危害[J].环境科学与管理,2005,30(5)：83-85.
[22]楼迎华.青岛地区大气气溶胶中有机氯农药的研究[D].青岛：青岛大学环境学院,2005.
[23]李国刚,李红莉.持久性有机污染物在中国的环境监测现状[J].中国环境监测,2004,20：53-60.
[24]黄业茹等.持久性有机污染物调查监控与预警技术[C].中国环境科学出版社,2009.4.
[25]王京文,陆宏,厉仁安.慈溪市蔬菜地有机氯农药残留调查[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(1)：40-41.
[26]曹启民,王华,张黎明,等.中国持久性有机污染物污染现状及治理技术进展[J].中国 农学通报,2006,22(2)：361-365.
[27]王佩华,赵大伟,聂春红,等.持久性有机污染物的污染现状与控制对策[J].应用化工,2010,39(11)：1761-1765.
[28]杨文,刘咸德,陈大舟,等.四川西部山区土壤和大气有机氯污染物的区域分布[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(9)：1108-1114.
[29]贺璐璐,宋建中,于赤灵,等.珠江三角洲4种代表性土壤/沉积物中自由态与结合态有机氯农药的含量与分布特征[J].环境科学,2008,29(12)：3462-3468.
[30]薛源,杨永亮,万奎元,等.沈阳市细河周边农田土壤和大气中有机氯农药和多氯联苯初步研究[J].岩矿测试,2011,30(1)：27-32.
[31]王旭.哈尔滨市土壤与大气中OCPs和BFRs分布特征及源汇分析[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学环境工程学院,2009.
[32]金玉善.人参及种植土壤中有机氯农药的残留[C].持久性有机污染物论坛2010暨第五届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会论文集.南京：清华大学持久性有机污染物研究中心.2010：52-53.
[33]朱晓华,杨永亮,路国慧,等.广州市海珠区有机氯农药污染状况及其土-气交换[J].岩矿测试,2010,29(2)：91-96.
[34]孙可,刘希涛,高博,等.北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(5)：1087-1093.
[35]邢新丽,祁士华,张凯,等.地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响：以四川省成都经济区为例[J].2009,18(10)：986-991.
[36]魏中青,刘丛强,梁小兵,等.贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留[J].环境科学,2007,28(2)：255-260.
[37]张海秀,蒋新,王芳,等.南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(2)：76-80.
[38]Park J S, Wade T L, Sweet S T, et al. Atmospheric deposition of PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides to Corpus Christi Bay, Texas[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(10):1707-1720.
[39]朱晓华,杨永亮,路国慧,等.崇明岛东北部表层土壤及近地表大气中HCHs DDTs污染及土-气交换[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(3)：444-450.
[40]张福金.典型科研农田土壤中有机氯农药残留及其生物有效性研究[D].内蒙古：内蒙 古大学生命科学学院,2009.
[41]任婷.兰州地区典型持久性有机污染物环境行为初探[D].甘肃：兰州大学环境科学与工程学院,2010.
[42]南淑清,周培疆,戎征,等.典型农业生产功能区土壤中六六六、滴滴涕类农药残留及其异构体分布[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(6)：81-84.
[43]潘静,杨永亮,何俊,等.崇明岛不同典型功能区表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11)：2286-2292.
[44]安琼,董元华,王辉,等.南京地区土壤中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(4)：470-474.
[45]耿存珍,李明伦,杨永亮,等.青岛地区土壤中OCPs和PCBs污染现状研究[J].青岛大学学报,2006,21(2)：42-48.
[46]Li J, Zhang G, Qi S. H., et al. Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. The Science of the total environment,2006,372:215-224.
[47]赵炳梓,张佳宝,朱安宁,等.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6)：916-922.
[48]Zhang Z L, Huang J, Yu G, et al. Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Tonghui River of Beijing, China[J]. Environ Pollution,2004,130:249-261.
[49]蒋煜峰,王学彤,孙阳昭,等.上海市城区土壤中有机氯农药残留研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(2)：409-414.
[50]Chiou C. T.,Peter L. J.,Freed V. H. A physical concept of soil-water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds [J]. Science,1979,206(4420):831-832.
[51]Wang X J, Piao X Y, Chen J, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soil profiles from Tianjin,China[J]. Chemosphere,2006,64(9):1514-1520.
[52]丛鑫,燕云仲,薛杨,等.污染场地不同深度土壤有机-矿质复合体中有机氯农药的分布[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(8)：2882-2886.
[53]刘红梅,黎小鹏,李文英,等.全自动索氏提取-气相色谱法检测土壤中六六六和滴滴涕农药残留量[J].广东农业科学,2012(11)：188-190.
[54]饶竹.环境有机污染物检测技术及其应用[J].地质学报,2011,85(11)：1948-1962.
[55]陈蓓蓓,李冰清,朱观良,等.超声波萃取-SPE净化-双柱双检测器测定土壤和沉积物中 的20种有机氯[Jl.分析试验室,2012(9)：99-104.
[56]Hussen A, Westbom R, Megersa N, et al.. Selective pressurized liquid extraction for multi-residue analysis of organoclorine pesticides in soil[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1152,247-253.
[57]许桂苹,欧小辉,梁柳玲,等.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取及铜粉净化技术在土壤有机氯农药分析中的应用]J].环境科学学报,2010(11)：2250-2255.
[58]张岩,张景发,陈艳梅,等.加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯[J].岩矿测试,2010(10)：491-496.
[59]Moreno D V, Ferrera Z S, Rodrlguez J J S. Microwave assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid phase microextractin for the determineation of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples[J]. Analytical ChimicaActa,2006,571:51-57.
[60]蒙冰君,刘煜,王文涛,等.提取土壤中23种有机氯农药：微波法与索氏法对比[J].环境化学,2007(6)：854-855.
[61]周鸿.食品中农药残留检测的前处理技术进展[J].中国食物与营养,2006(6)：38-39.
[62]刘静,陈淑芬,孙翠珍,等.超临界CO：流体萃取—气相色谱法测定土壤样品中痕量的滴滴涕类有机氯农药[J].持久性有机污染物论坛2009暨第四届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会论文集,2009.
[63]司秀荣,徐东耀.环境内分泌干扰物前处理方法研究新进展[J].中国食物与营养,2011,36(8)：60-64.
[64]田孟魁,冯喜兰.碳纳米管顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药[J].环境污染与防治,2008(9)：65-69.
[65]姜娜.新型功能化吸附材料的制备及其分离富集痕量组分的应用研究[D].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
[66]王娜.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-色谱法测定土壤中的多环芳烃和有机氯[J].环境化学,2013(3)：524-525.
[67]周相娟,李伟,许华,等.凝胶渗透色谱技术及其在食品安全检测方面的应用[J].现代仪器,2009(1)：1-4.
[68]陈啟荣,郎爽,魏岩,等.加速溶剂萃取-凝胶色谱净化-气质联用测定土壤中15种有机氯农药残留的方法研究[J].分析测试学报,2010(5)：473-477.
[69]朱恒怡,柳文媛,丁曦宁,等.气相色谱-双柱双电子捕获检测器测定土壤及沉积物中23 种有机氯农药[Jl.色谱,2011(8)：773-780.
[70]桂建业,齐继祥,陈宗宇,等.加速溶剂萃取气相色谱负化学离子源质谱法分析土壤中有机氯农药[J].中国环境监测,2012(5)：92-95.
[71]杨佳佳,吴淑琪,佟玲,等.离子阱串联质谱法测定土壤及沉积物中的有机氯农药与多氯联苯[J].分析测试学报,2011(4)：374-380.
[72]李超灿.巢湖沉积物中有机氯农药的污染特征研究[D].沈阳：沈阳航空航天大学,2013.
[73]Medina C M, Pitarche E, Portol S T, et al. GC-MS/MS multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, olychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human breast tissues[J]. Journal of Separation Science,2009,32(12):2090-2102.
[74]余彬彬,秦榜辉,牟义军,等.气相色谱-串联质谱多离子监测分析土壤中的有机氯农药残留[J].分析实验室,2008(12)：191-195.
[75]谢振伟,杨坪,廖翀,等.串联四极杆质谱(GC-QQQ-MS/MS)测定土壤中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯[J].中国环境监测,2008(5)：20-24.
[76]Xing B. Sorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene by soil humic acids [J]. Environmental Pollution,2001(111):303-309.
[77]Chiou C T., Kile D E. Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1998(32):338-343.
[78]Hatzinger P B., Alexader M. Effect of aging of chemical in soil on their biodegradability and extractability [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1995(29):537-545.
[79]Bogan BW, Trbovic V. Effect of sequestration on PAH degradability with Fenton's reagent: roles of total organic carbon, humin, and soil porosity[J]. J Hazard Mater.2003100(1-3):285-300.
[80]Ehlers L J, Luthy R G. Contaminant bioavailability in soil and sediment [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2003(37):295-302.
[81]Tessier A, Campbell, P.G.C., Bisson M., Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-850.
[82]王亚平,黄毅,王苏明,等.土壤和沉积物中元素的化学形态及其顺序提取法[J].地质通报,2005,24(8)：728-734.
[83]曾跃春,高彦征,凌婉婷,等.土壤中有机污染物的形态及植物可利用性[J].土壤通报,2009,40(6)：1479-1484.
[84]Dufour E, Larsson N.G. Understanding aging:Revealing order out of chaos[J]. Biochem Biophys Acta.,2004,1658:122-132.
[85]Sauli F. Fundamental understanding of aging processes:Review of the workshop results[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,515:358-363.
[86]Carroll KM, Harkness MR, Bracco AA, et al. Application of a permeant polymer diffusional model to the desorption of polychlorinated-biphenyls from Hudson River sediments [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,28:253-258.
[87]Pignatello J J, Xing B S. Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,30(1):1-11.
[88]Park JH, Feng YC, Sung YC, et al. Sorbed atrazine shifts into non-desorbable sites of soil organic matter during aging[J]. Water Research,38:3881-3892.
[89]郭丽青,陶澍.不同有机质含量的土壤中DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性[J].生态环境,2003,12(2)：135-138.
[90]Kelsey JW, Alexander M. Declining bioavailability and inappropriate estimation of risk of persistent compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,32:892-902.
[91]Khan S U, Ivarson K C. Microbiological release of unextracted residues from an organic soil treated with prometryn [J]. Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1981(29):1301-1311.
[92]汪海珍,徐建民,谢正苗,等.甲磺隆在土壤腐殖物质中结合残留的动态变化[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(2)：256-260.
[93]Wanner U, Burauel P, Fueher F. Characierization of soil-bound residue of fractions of the fungicide dithianon by gel permeation chromatography and polyacylamide gel electrophoresis [J]. Environment Pollution,2000(108):53-59.
[94]丛鑫.农药污染场地中有机氯化合物的分布及其修复研究[D].北京：中国矿业大学(北京)环境学院,2009.
[95]Means J C, Wood S G, Hassett J J, et al. Sorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1980,14:1524-1528.
[96]Wang X J, Piao X Y, Chen J, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soil profiles from Tianjin, China. Chemosphere[J].2006,64:1514-1520.
[97]郑巍.除草剂普杀特在土壤-水两相中的吸附-脱附和光解[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(5)：476-480.
[98]Gunasekara A S, Xing B. Sorption and desorption of naphthalene by soil organic matter: importance of aromatic and aliphatic components [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32:240-246.
[99]Hatzinger P B, Alexander M. Biodegradation of organic compounds sequestered in organic solids or in nanopores within silica particles[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1997,16:2215-2221.
[100]朴秀英,王学军,陶澍,等.有机氯农药在天津耕作土壤剖面中的[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(2)：26-29.
[101]Hundal L, Thompson M, Laird D, Carmo M. Sorption of phenanthrene by reference smectites[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35:3456-3461.
[102]Hwang S, Cutright T J. Statistical implications of pyrene and phenanthrene sorptive phenomena:Effects of sorbent and solute properties [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44:152-159.
[103]Jaynes W F, Boyd S A. Hydrophobicity of siloxane surfaces in smectites as revealed by aromatic hydrocarbon adsorption from water[J]. Clay and Clay Minerals,1991,39:428-436.
[104]Huang W, Schlautmanm A, Weber Jr WJ. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.5. The influence of near-surface characteristics in mineral domains[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30:2993-3000.
[105]Wilcke W, Zech W, Kobaza J. PAH-pools in soils along a PAH-deposition gradient[J]. Environmental Pollution,1996,92:307-313.
[106]丛鑫,朱书全,薛南冬,等.有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(3)：351-355.
[107]Alawi M, Khalili F, Daas K. Interaction behavior of organochlorine pesticides with dissolved Jordanian humic acid[J]. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology,1995,28:513-518.
[108]Gevno B, Semple K T, Jones K C. Bound pesticide residues in soils:A review[J]. Environmental Pollution.2000,108:3-14.
[109]史雅娟,郭非凡,孟凡乔,等.果园土壤有机氯农药残留的时间趋势研究[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(3)：313-318.
[110]Tao S., Xu F. L., Wang X. J., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin, China[J]. Environment Science and Technology,2005,39(8):2494-2499.
[111]王琪,赵娜娜,黄启飞,等.氯丹和灭蚁灵在污染场地中的空间分布研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5)：1630-1634.
[112]吴水平,曹军,李本纲,等.城区大气颗粒物中有机氯农药的含量与分布[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(4)：36-39.
[113]Zhang G., Parker A., House A., et al. Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36(17):3671-3677.
[114]王树槐.串联四极杆和离子阱质谱仪的性能与用途比较[J].中国兽药杂志,2004,47(12)：52-53.
[115]Espada M C P, Frenich A G, Vidal J L M, et al. Comparative study using ECD, NPD, and MS/MS chromatographic techniques in the determination of pesticides in wetland waters [J]. Analytical Letters,2001,34(4):597-614.
[116]Sandra P, Beltran J, David F. Enhanced selectivity in the determination of trianzines in environmental samples by Benchtop CGC-MS/MS[J]. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography,1995,18(9):545-550.
[117]郑亚辉.串联质谱技术在食品安全分析中的应用[J].现代科学仪器,2006(1)：32-35.
[118]刘毅,郑国灿,王晶,等.气相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中20种有机氯农药残留[J].检验检疫学刊,2012(4)：38-45.
[119]陈其煌,朱曼洁,康燕玉,等.气相色谱-离子阱-多级质谱法测定土壤中14种有机氯农药[J].环境化学,2012,31(8)：1289-1290.
[120]李春鸣.土壤样品的采集和处理[J].西北民族大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(3)：74-75.
[121]王硕,刘永兵,王利军,等.永定河河滨带土壤机械组成特征及异质性分析[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(8)：4653-4656.
[122]任镇江.土地整理工程对紫色土颗粒特性与持水性的影响[D].重庆：西南大学,2011.
[123]国家环境保护总局.HJ/T166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[124]国家环境保护局.GB15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[125]戴树桂.环境化学.北京：高等教育出版社,2004,223-269.
[126]陈邦本,方明,胡蓉卿,等.三种土壤质地分类制的比较—对江苏省沿海土壤适用性的评价[J].南京农学院学报,1983,2：50-60.
[127]国家林业局.LY/T1225-1999,森林土壤颗粒组成(机械组成)的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[128]蒋煜峰.上海地区土壤中持久性有机污染物污染特征、分布及来源初步研究[D].上海：上海大学环境学院,2009.
[129]Walker, k. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloroclohexanes in the environment[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33:4373-4378.
[130]Kalbitz, K., Popp, P., Geyer, W.,et al.[3-HCH mobilization in polluted wetland soils as influenced by dissolved organic matter[J]. Science of Total Environment,1997,204:37-48.
[131]Mackay, D., Shium, W. Y., Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties of Environmental Fate of Organic Chemicals,1997, vol. V. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
[132]Batterman, S., Chemyak, S., Gouden, Y., et al. PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157:654-663.
[133]McConnell, L L, Kucklick, J R, Bildeman, C F, et al. Air-water gas exchange of organochlorine compounds in Lake Baikal, Russia[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30:2975-2983.
[134]Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, k, et al. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the Lake Baikal region, Russia[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1995,29:792-801.
[135]Sovocool, G. W., Lewis, R. G, Harless, R. L., et al. Analysis of technical chlordane by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemestry,1997,49:734-740.
[136]Eitzer, B.D., Mattina, M. J. I., Iannuchi-Berger, W., Compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in soil[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2001,20:2198-2204.
[137]Bidleman, T, E., Jantunen, L. L., M., Helm, P, A,, et al, Chlordane enantiomers and temporal trends of chlordane isomers in Arctic air[J]. Eavironmental Science and Technology,2000,36:539-544.
[138[李海玲.土壤有机质的测定[J].农业科技与信息,2011,10：52-53.
[139]李婧.质测定方法综述[J].分析试验室,2008,5：154-156.
[140]国家林业局.LY/T1237-1999,森林土壤有机质的测定及碳氮比的计算[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[141]龚键,李福春,马芳,等.土壤中常见黏土矿物定量方法的改进研究[J].土壤通报,2013,4(44)：884-888.
[142]杨雅秀,苏昭冰,陈正国.粘土矿物x射线衍射法定量研究[Jl.建材地质,1994,4(1)：28-34.
[143]杨新萍.x射线衍射技术的发展和应用[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,1(21)：72-76.
[144]国家环境保护部.HJ613-2011,土壤干物质和水分的测定重量法[S].北京：中国环境出版社,2011.
[145]国家林业局.LY/T1243-1999,森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[146]国家林业局.LY/T1239-1999,森林土壤pH的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[147]吴平宵.黏土矿物材料与环境修复[C].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,184-386.
[2]Lohmann R, Breivik K, Dachs J, Muir D. Global fate of POPs:Current and future research directions[J]. Environmental Pollution,2007,150:150-165.
[3]沈平.《斯德哥尔摩公约》与持久性有机污染物(POPs)[J]化学教育,2005,26：6-9.
[4]任仁.《斯德哥尔摩公约》禁用的12种持久性有机污染物[J].大学化学,2003,18：38-41.
[5]董亮,张秀蓝,史双听,等.新型持久性有机污染物分析方法研究进展[J].中国科学：化学,2013,43：336-350.
[6]余刚,黄俊,张彭义,等.持久性有机污染物：备受关注的全球性环境问题[J].环境保护,2001,4：37-39.
[7]Breivik K, Gioia R, Chakraborty P, et al. Are reductions in industrial organic contaminants emissions in rich countries achieved partly by export of toxic wastes [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2011,45(21):9154-9160.
[8]Vlckova K, Hoffman J. A comparison of POPs bioaccumulation in Eisenia fetida in natural and artificial soils and the effects of aging[J]. Environmental Pollution,2012,160(1):49-56.
[9]Trnovec T, Palkovicova L, Sovcikova E, et al. Analysis of the toxicogenomic effects of exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Slovakian girls:Correlation between gene expression and disease risk[J]. Environment International,2012,39(1):188-199.
[10]Guo Y Y, Huo X, Wu K S, et al. Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in umbilical cord blood of human neonates from Guiyu, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2012,(427/428):35-40
[11]Petro E M L, Covaci A, Leroy J L M R, et al. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in tissues and body fluids of Belgian dairy cows and its implications for the use of the cow as a model to study endocrine disruption[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(22):5423-5428.
[12]Xu Y, Zhang J, Li W, et al. Endocrine effects of sublethal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)[J]. Environmental Pollution,2002,120(3):683-690.
[13]Rudel R A, Perovich L J. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in indoor and outdoor air[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(1):170-191.
[14]P. Manirakiza, A. Covaci, L. Nizigiymana, et al. Persistent chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in selectedfish speciesfrom LakeTanganyika, Burundi, Africa[J]. Environmental Pollution,2002,117:454.
[15]卢冰,陈荣华,王自磐,等北极海洋沉积物中POPs分布特征及分子地层学记录的研究[J].海洋学报,2005,27(4)：168-173.
[16]Kidda K A, Hessleina R H, Ressa B J, et al. Bioaccumulation of organchlorines through a remote freshwater food web in the Canadian Arctic[J]. Environmental Pollution,1998,102:91-103.
[17]周景明,秦占芬,丛琳,等多氯联苯内分泌干扰作用及机理研究进展[J].科学通报,2004,(1)：37.
[18]Martin Scheringer. Long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.2009,28(4):677-690.
[19]Wania F, Mackay D. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in Polar Region[J]. Ambio.,1993,22:10-18.
[20]Wania F, Mackay D. Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,(30):377-392.
[21]许恒智,贾宁,任仁.环境激素类有机氯农药的用途和危害[J].环境科学与管理,2005,30(5)：83-85.
[22]楼迎华.青岛地区大气气溶胶中有机氯农药的研究[D].青岛：青岛大学环境学院,2005.
[23]李国刚,李红莉.持久性有机污染物在中国的环境监测现状[J].中国环境监测,2004,20：53-60.
[24]黄业茹等.持久性有机污染物调查监控与预警技术[C].中国环境科学出版社,2009.4.
[25]王京文,陆宏,厉仁安.慈溪市蔬菜地有机氯农药残留调查[J].浙江农业科学,2003,(1)：40-41.
[26]曹启民,王华,张黎明,等.中国持久性有机污染物污染现状及治理技术进展[J].中国 农学通报,2006,22(2)：361-365.
[27]王佩华,赵大伟,聂春红,等.持久性有机污染物的污染现状与控制对策[J].应用化工,2010,39(11)：1761-1765.
[28]杨文,刘咸德,陈大舟,等.四川西部山区土壤和大气有机氯污染物的区域分布[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(9)：1108-1114.
[29]贺璐璐,宋建中,于赤灵,等.珠江三角洲4种代表性土壤/沉积物中自由态与结合态有机氯农药的含量与分布特征[J].环境科学,2008,29(12)：3462-3468.
[30]薛源,杨永亮,万奎元,等.沈阳市细河周边农田土壤和大气中有机氯农药和多氯联苯初步研究[J].岩矿测试,2011,30(1)：27-32.
[31]王旭.哈尔滨市土壤与大气中OCPs和BFRs分布特征及源汇分析[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学环境工程学院,2009.
[32]金玉善.人参及种植土壤中有机氯农药的残留[C].持久性有机污染物论坛2010暨第五届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会论文集.南京：清华大学持久性有机污染物研究中心.2010：52-53.
[33]朱晓华,杨永亮,路国慧,等.广州市海珠区有机氯农药污染状况及其土-气交换[J].岩矿测试,2010,29(2)：91-96.
[34]孙可,刘希涛,高博,等.北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(5)：1087-1093.
[35]邢新丽,祁士华,张凯,等.地形和季节变化对有机氯农药分布特征的影响：以四川省成都经济区为例[J].2009,18(10)：986-991.
[36]魏中青,刘丛强,梁小兵,等.贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留[J].环境科学,2007,28(2)：255-260.
[37]张海秀,蒋新,王芳,等.南京市城郊蔬菜生产基地有机氯农药残留特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(2)：76-80.
[38]Park J S, Wade T L, Sweet S T, et al. Atmospheric deposition of PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides to Corpus Christi Bay, Texas[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(10):1707-1720.
[39]朱晓华,杨永亮,路国慧,等.崇明岛东北部表层土壤及近地表大气中HCHs DDTs污染及土-气交换[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(3)：444-450.
[40]张福金.典型科研农田土壤中有机氯农药残留及其生物有效性研究[D].内蒙古：内蒙 古大学生命科学学院,2009.
[41]任婷.兰州地区典型持久性有机污染物环境行为初探[D].甘肃：兰州大学环境科学与工程学院,2010.
[42]南淑清,周培疆,戎征,等.典型农业生产功能区土壤中六六六、滴滴涕类农药残留及其异构体分布[J].中国环境监测,2009,25(6)：81-84.
[43]潘静,杨永亮,何俊,等.崇明岛不同典型功能区表层土壤中有机氯农药分布及风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(11)：2286-2292.
[44]安琼,董元华,王辉,等.南京地区土壤中有机氯农药残留及其分布特征[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(4)：470-474.
[45]耿存珍,李明伦,杨永亮,等.青岛地区土壤中OCPs和PCBs污染现状研究[J].青岛大学学报,2006,21(2)：42-48.
[46]Li J, Zhang G, Qi S. H., et al. Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China[J]. The Science of the total environment,2006,372:215-224.
[47]赵炳梓,张佳宝,朱安宁,等.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(6)：916-922.
[48]Zhang Z L, Huang J, Yu G, et al. Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Tonghui River of Beijing, China[J]. Environ Pollution,2004,130:249-261.
[49]蒋煜峰,王学彤,孙阳昭,等.上海市城区土壤中有机氯农药残留研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(2)：409-414.
[50]Chiou C. T.,Peter L. J.,Freed V. H. A physical concept of soil-water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds [J]. Science,1979,206(4420):831-832.
[51]Wang X J, Piao X Y, Chen J, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soil profiles from Tianjin,China[J]. Chemosphere,2006,64(9):1514-1520.
[52]丛鑫,燕云仲,薛杨,等.污染场地不同深度土壤有机-矿质复合体中有机氯农药的分布[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(8)：2882-2886.
[53]刘红梅,黎小鹏,李文英,等.全自动索氏提取-气相色谱法检测土壤中六六六和滴滴涕农药残留量[J].广东农业科学,2012(11)：188-190.
[54]饶竹.环境有机污染物检测技术及其应用[J].地质学报,2011,85(11)：1948-1962.
[55]陈蓓蓓,李冰清,朱观良,等.超声波萃取-SPE净化-双柱双检测器测定土壤和沉积物中 的20种有机氯[Jl.分析试验室,2012(9)：99-104.
[56]Hussen A, Westbom R, Megersa N, et al.. Selective pressurized liquid extraction for multi-residue analysis of organoclorine pesticides in soil[J]. Journal of Chromatography A,2007,1152,247-253.
[57]许桂苹,欧小辉,梁柳玲,等.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取及铜粉净化技术在土壤有机氯农药分析中的应用]J].环境科学学报,2010(11)：2250-2255.
[58]张岩,张景发,陈艳梅,等.加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药和多氯联苯[J].岩矿测试,2010(10)：491-496.
[59]Moreno D V, Ferrera Z S, Rodrlguez J J S. Microwave assisted micellar extraction coupled with solid phase microextractin for the determineation of organochlorine pesticides in soil samples[J]. Analytical ChimicaActa,2006,571:51-57.
[60]蒙冰君,刘煜,王文涛,等.提取土壤中23种有机氯农药：微波法与索氏法对比[J].环境化学,2007(6)：854-855.
[61]周鸿.食品中农药残留检测的前处理技术进展[J].中国食物与营养,2006(6)：38-39.
[62]刘静,陈淑芬,孙翠珍,等.超临界CO：流体萃取—气相色谱法测定土壤样品中痕量的滴滴涕类有机氯农药[J].持久性有机污染物论坛2009暨第四届持久性有机污染物全国学术研讨会论文集,2009.
[63]司秀荣,徐东耀.环境内分泌干扰物前处理方法研究新进展[J].中国食物与营养,2011,36(8)：60-64.
[64]田孟魁,冯喜兰.碳纳米管顶空固相微萃取—气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药[J].环境污染与防治,2008(9)：65-69.
[65]姜娜.新型功能化吸附材料的制备及其分离富集痕量组分的应用研究[D].兰州：兰州大学,2009.
[66]王娜.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-色谱法测定土壤中的多环芳烃和有机氯[J].环境化学,2013(3)：524-525.
[67]周相娟,李伟,许华,等.凝胶渗透色谱技术及其在食品安全检测方面的应用[J].现代仪器,2009(1)：1-4.
[68]陈啟荣,郎爽,魏岩,等.加速溶剂萃取-凝胶色谱净化-气质联用测定土壤中15种有机氯农药残留的方法研究[J].分析测试学报,2010(5)：473-477.
[69]朱恒怡,柳文媛,丁曦宁,等.气相色谱-双柱双电子捕获检测器测定土壤及沉积物中23 种有机氯农药[Jl.色谱,2011(8)：773-780.
[70]桂建业,齐继祥,陈宗宇,等.加速溶剂萃取气相色谱负化学离子源质谱法分析土壤中有机氯农药[J].中国环境监测,2012(5)：92-95.
[71]杨佳佳,吴淑琪,佟玲,等.离子阱串联质谱法测定土壤及沉积物中的有机氯农药与多氯联苯[J].分析测试学报,2011(4)：374-380.
[72]李超灿.巢湖沉积物中有机氯农药的污染特征研究[D].沈阳：沈阳航空航天大学,2013.
[73]Medina C M, Pitarche E, Portol S T, et al. GC-MS/MS multi-residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, olychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human breast tissues[J]. Journal of Separation Science,2009,32(12):2090-2102.
[74]余彬彬,秦榜辉,牟义军,等.气相色谱-串联质谱多离子监测分析土壤中的有机氯农药残留[J].分析实验室,2008(12)：191-195.
[75]谢振伟,杨坪,廖翀,等.串联四极杆质谱(GC-QQQ-MS/MS)测定土壤中的有机氯农药和多氯联苯[J].中国环境监测,2008(5)：20-24.
[76]Xing B. Sorption of naphthalene and phenanthrene by soil humic acids [J]. Environmental Pollution,2001(111):303-309.
[77]Chiou C T., Kile D E. Deviations from sorption linearity on soils of polar and nonpolar organic compounds at low relative concentrations [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1998(32):338-343.
[78]Hatzinger P B., Alexader M. Effect of aging of chemical in soil on their biodegradability and extractability [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1995(29):537-545.
[79]Bogan BW, Trbovic V. Effect of sequestration on PAH degradability with Fenton's reagent: roles of total organic carbon, humin, and soil porosity[J]. J Hazard Mater.2003100(1-3):285-300.
[80]Ehlers L J, Luthy R G. Contaminant bioavailability in soil and sediment [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2003(37):295-302.
[81]Tessier A, Campbell, P.G.C., Bisson M., Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844-850.
[82]王亚平,黄毅,王苏明,等.土壤和沉积物中元素的化学形态及其顺序提取法[J].地质通报,2005,24(8)：728-734.
[83]曾跃春,高彦征,凌婉婷,等.土壤中有机污染物的形态及植物可利用性[J].土壤通报,2009,40(6)：1479-1484.
[84]Dufour E, Larsson N.G. Understanding aging:Revealing order out of chaos[J]. Biochem Biophys Acta.,2004,1658:122-132.
[85]Sauli F. Fundamental understanding of aging processes:Review of the workshop results[J]. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A,515:358-363.
[86]Carroll KM, Harkness MR, Bracco AA, et al. Application of a permeant polymer diffusional model to the desorption of polychlorinated-biphenyls from Hudson River sediments [J]. Environmental Science and Technology,28:253-258.
[87]Pignatello J J, Xing B S. Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,30(1):1-11.
[88]Park JH, Feng YC, Sung YC, et al. Sorbed atrazine shifts into non-desorbable sites of soil organic matter during aging[J]. Water Research,38:3881-3892.
[89]郭丽青,陶澍.不同有机质含量的土壤中DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性[J].生态环境,2003,12(2)：135-138.
[90]Kelsey JW, Alexander M. Declining bioavailability and inappropriate estimation of risk of persistent compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,32:892-902.
[91]Khan S U, Ivarson K C. Microbiological release of unextracted residues from an organic soil treated with prometryn [J]. Agricultural and Food Chemistry,1981(29):1301-1311.
[92]汪海珍,徐建民,谢正苗,等.甲磺隆在土壤腐殖物质中结合残留的动态变化[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(2)：256-260.
[93]Wanner U, Burauel P, Fueher F. Characierization of soil-bound residue of fractions of the fungicide dithianon by gel permeation chromatography and polyacylamide gel electrophoresis [J]. Environment Pollution,2000(108):53-59.
[94]丛鑫.农药污染场地中有机氯化合物的分布及其修复研究[D].北京：中国矿业大学(北京)环境学院,2009.
[95]Means J C, Wood S G, Hassett J J, et al. Sorption of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by sediments and soils[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1980,14:1524-1528.
[96]Wang X J, Piao X Y, Chen J, et al. Organochlorine pesticides in soil profiles from Tianjin, China. Chemosphere[J].2006,64:1514-1520.
[97]郑巍.除草剂普杀特在土壤-水两相中的吸附-脱附和光解[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(5)：476-480.
[98]Gunasekara A S, Xing B. Sorption and desorption of naphthalene by soil organic matter: importance of aromatic and aliphatic components [J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32:240-246.
[99]Hatzinger P B, Alexander M. Biodegradation of organic compounds sequestered in organic solids or in nanopores within silica particles[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,1997,16:2215-2221.
[100]朴秀英,王学军,陶澍,等.有机氯农药在天津耕作土壤剖面中的[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(2)：26-29.
[101]Hundal L, Thompson M, Laird D, Carmo M. Sorption of phenanthrene by reference smectites[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,2001,35:3456-3461.
[102]Hwang S, Cutright T J. Statistical implications of pyrene and phenanthrene sorptive phenomena:Effects of sorbent and solute properties [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44:152-159.
[103]Jaynes W F, Boyd S A. Hydrophobicity of siloxane surfaces in smectites as revealed by aromatic hydrocarbon adsorption from water[J]. Clay and Clay Minerals,1991,39:428-436.
[104]Huang W, Schlautmanm A, Weber Jr WJ. A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments.5. The influence of near-surface characteristics in mineral domains[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30:2993-3000.
[105]Wilcke W, Zech W, Kobaza J. PAH-pools in soils along a PAH-deposition gradient[J]. Environmental Pollution,1996,92:307-313.
[106]丛鑫,朱书全,薛南冬,等.有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(3)：351-355.
[107]Alawi M, Khalili F, Daas K. Interaction behavior of organochlorine pesticides with dissolved Jordanian humic acid[J]. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology,1995,28:513-518.
[108]Gevno B, Semple K T, Jones K C. Bound pesticide residues in soils:A review[J]. Environmental Pollution.2000,108:3-14.
[109]史雅娟,郭非凡,孟凡乔,等.果园土壤有机氯农药残留的时间趋势研究[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(3)：313-318.
[110]Tao S., Xu F. L., Wang X. J., et al. Organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin, China[J]. Environment Science and Technology,2005,39(8):2494-2499.
[111]王琪,赵娜娜,黄启飞,等.氯丹和灭蚁灵在污染场地中的空间分布研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5)：1630-1634.
[112]吴水平,曹军,李本纲,等.城区大气颗粒物中有机氯农药的含量与分布[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(4)：36-39.
[113]Zhang G., Parker A., House A., et al. Sedimentary records of DDT and HCH in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Science and Technology,2002,36(17):3671-3677.
[114]王树槐.串联四极杆和离子阱质谱仪的性能与用途比较[J].中国兽药杂志,2004,47(12)：52-53.
[115]Espada M C P, Frenich A G, Vidal J L M, et al. Comparative study using ECD, NPD, and MS/MS chromatographic techniques in the determination of pesticides in wetland waters [J]. Analytical Letters,2001,34(4):597-614.
[116]Sandra P, Beltran J, David F. Enhanced selectivity in the determination of trianzines in environmental samples by Benchtop CGC-MS/MS[J]. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography,1995,18(9):545-550.
[117]郑亚辉.串联质谱技术在食品安全分析中的应用[J].现代科学仪器,2006(1)：32-35.
[118]刘毅,郑国灿,王晶,等.气相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中20种有机氯农药残留[J].检验检疫学刊,2012(4)：38-45.
[119]陈其煌,朱曼洁,康燕玉,等.气相色谱-离子阱-多级质谱法测定土壤中14种有机氯农药[J].环境化学,2012,31(8)：1289-1290.
[120]李春鸣.土壤样品的采集和处理[J].西北民族大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(3)：74-75.
[121]王硕,刘永兵,王利军,等.永定河河滨带土壤机械组成特征及异质性分析[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(8)：4653-4656.
[122]任镇江.土地整理工程对紫色土颗粒特性与持水性的影响[D].重庆：西南大学,2011.
[123]国家环境保护总局.HJ/T166-2004,土壤环境监测技术规范[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[124]国家环境保护局.GB15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1995.
[125]戴树桂.环境化学.北京：高等教育出版社,2004,223-269.
[126]陈邦本,方明,胡蓉卿,等.三种土壤质地分类制的比较—对江苏省沿海土壤适用性的评价[J].南京农学院学报,1983,2：50-60.
[127]国家林业局.LY/T1225-1999,森林土壤颗粒组成(机械组成)的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[128]蒋煜峰.上海地区土壤中持久性有机污染物污染特征、分布及来源初步研究[D].上海：上海大学环境学院,2009.
[129]Walker, k. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloroclohexanes in the environment[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1999,33:4373-4378.
[130]Kalbitz, K., Popp, P., Geyer, W.,et al.[3-HCH mobilization in polluted wetland soils as influenced by dissolved organic matter[J]. Science of Total Environment,1997,204:37-48.
[131]Mackay, D., Shium, W. Y., Ma, K. C., Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties of Environmental Fate of Organic Chemicals,1997, vol. V. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
[132]Batterman, S., Chemyak, S., Gouden, Y., et al. PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157:654-663.
[133]McConnell, L L, Kucklick, J R, Bildeman, C F, et al. Air-water gas exchange of organochlorine compounds in Lake Baikal, Russia[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1996,30:2975-2983.
[134]Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, k, et al. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the Lake Baikal region, Russia[J]. Environmental Science and Technology,1995,29:792-801.
[135]Sovocool, G. W., Lewis, R. G, Harless, R. L., et al. Analysis of technical chlordane by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemestry,1997,49:734-740.
[136]Eitzer, B.D., Mattina, M. J. I., Iannuchi-Berger, W., Compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in soil[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2001,20:2198-2204.
[137]Bidleman, T, E., Jantunen, L. L., M., Helm, P, A,, et al, Chlordane enantiomers and temporal trends of chlordane isomers in Arctic air[J]. Eavironmental Science and Technology,2000,36:539-544.
[138[李海玲.土壤有机质的测定[J].农业科技与信息,2011,10：52-53.
[139]李婧.质测定方法综述[J].分析试验室,2008,5：154-156.
[140]国家林业局.LY/T1237-1999,森林土壤有机质的测定及碳氮比的计算[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[141]龚键,李福春,马芳,等.土壤中常见黏土矿物定量方法的改进研究[J].土壤通报,2013,4(44)：884-888.
[142]杨雅秀,苏昭冰,陈正国.粘土矿物x射线衍射法定量研究[Jl.建材地质,1994,4(1)：28-34.
[143]杨新萍.x射线衍射技术的发展和应用[J].山西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,1(21)：72-76.
[144]国家环境保护部.HJ613-2011,土壤干物质和水分的测定重量法[S].北京：中国环境出版社,2011.
[145]国家林业局.LY/T1243-1999,森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[146]国家林业局.LY/T1239-1999,森林土壤pH的测定[S].北京：中国林业出版社,1999.
[147]吴平宵.黏土矿物材料与环境修复[C].北京：化学工业出版社,2004,184-386.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |