非常规突发事件背景下恐惧情绪感染神经生理过程研究
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摘要
恐惧情绪感染是非常规突发事件中群体心理行为扩散的重要因素之一恐惧情绪感染一方面会引起群体心理,可能给非常规突发事件带来次生或衍生危害,另一方面也可以为管理者利用,对群体心理进行有效疏导。
为了考察非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染问题,有四个关键问题需要解决：第一,非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染是否存在?第二,非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染的生理机制如何?第三,影响恐惧情绪感染的因素有哪些?第四,如何运用恐惧情绪感染的机理更有效解决非常规突发事件管理问题?为了解决上述问题,本文递进式地设计了四个研究。
研究—模拟了自然或事故灾难、社会安全事件以及公共卫生事件的非常规突发事件情境下,采用问卷考察恐惧情绪感染是否存在,探讨了个体性别在恐惧情绪感染上是否存在差异,该项研究将本研究与前人研究进行衔接。
研究二在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件情境,借助功能性近红外和生物反馈仪研究恐惧情绪感染发生时,个体的生理反应,从行为和神经科学层面分析恐惧情绪感染发生时的机理①。
研究三在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件中的社会安全事件,借助事件相关电位研究了恐惧情绪感染发生后,个体的认知变化,从行为和神经科学层面分析恐惧情绪感染发生后个体认知变化的现象。
研究四在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件中时间紧迫情况下做出判断的情境,探讨了恐惧情绪感染的影响因素,考察他人情绪一致性对恐惧情绪感染的影响,分析当他人情绪不一致时,恐惧情绪感染是否仍然存在。
对四项研究的综合分析得到如下结论：
1.非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染存在,女性比男性更容易感染恐惧情绪；
2.恐惧情绪感染发生时,个体的镜像神经系统中内侧前额叶会激活,该脑区的含氧血红蛋白浓度增加,个体的皮肤导电性也增加;
3.恐惧情绪感染发生后,个体的认知发生了变化,当看到他人对某面孔表现出恐惧情绪时,个体对该面孔评分更低,该面孔诱发的脑成分P300会更小；
4.他人情绪一致性会影响恐惧情绪感染,当他人对某面孔的情绪不一致时,恐惧情绪感染消失,个体对该面孔的评分不会受他人情绪影响,由面孔诱发的脑成分P300也不会受到他人情绪的调节。
5.在实验室中对恐惧情绪感染的研究,所得到到的生理指标可以对情绪进行量化,也能够帮助管理者建立群体情绪监控系统,以最快捷、经济、省力的方式寻找到影响群体情绪变化的因素,从而以全新角度来解决非常规突发事件管理问题。
本研究的创新之处在于：第一,本文通过设定非常规突发事件情境,设计问卷研究恐惧情绪感染是否存在以及性别差异的影响,以往情绪感染研究中没有基于非常规突发事件情境,该项研究将前人的研究联系起来,为后续研究做了准备,同时为性别差异对恐惧情绪感染的研究提供了更多的证据；第二,本文借助功能性近红外和生物反馈仪探讨恐惧情绪感染发生时的生理过程,在实验室情境中模拟了非常规突发事件,有效而客观量化群体行为发生时情绪因素,此外,功能性近红外工具的使用也回避了以往磁共振研究中对个体身体活动的限制以及噪声大的缺点,对于恐惧情绪感染发生机制所存在的争议,提供了更多证据；第三,借助事件相关电位探讨恐惧情绪感染后个体认知的变化,在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件的紧急性,以往研究关注他人的认知和行为影响个体的认知和行为,而本研究指出他人情绪维度也会影响个体的认知,乃至行为决策,这种跨维度的社会影响将有助于人们更全面了解非常规突发事件下群体之间的互动规律。此外,受到他人情绪影响后,个体对面孔知觉时诱发的脑成分P300的改变,为后人利用事件相关电位考察情绪感染问题提供了示范；第四,借助事件相关电位考察他人情绪一致性对恐惧情绪感染的研究,增加了恐惧情绪感染影响因素的研究证据。而且,通过寻找到生理指标来说明恐惧情绪感染影响因素,可以帮助管理者客观、准备而且省力地寻找到影响群体心理因素和控制群体心理的方法。
In recent years, unconventional emergencies frequently happened in China, which caused huge damages to human life and properties. Fear contagion is one of reasons for the diffusion of group behavior in unconventional emergencies. Individuals show fearful responses when they watch others' fearful responses. Fear contagion leads to group behavior, which may cause second-level damages in unconventional emergencies.
In order to examine fear contagion in unconventional emergencies, we need to solve two problems:first, whether fear contagion exists in unconventional emergencies and what's the neural mechanism of fear contagion? Second, what's the influential factors of fear contagion? Whether gender or types of others' emotions play a role in fear contagion? What's the reason for the influence of gender or types of others' emotions on fear contagion? Thus, we designed four studies to solve these problems.
In the first study, we used questionaires to test whether fear contagion existed in unconventional emergencies. This method was used by prior researchers. Also, we would examine whether gender had an effect on fear contagion. This study was compared with previous studies.
In the second study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy and biotracing equipment were used to examine the neural mechanism of individuals when fear contagion happened. We collected evidences from behavioral and neural levels to explain the mechanism of fear contagion.
In the third study, event-related potential was employed to test whether individuals' cognition would change after fear contagion. After others showed fearful responses to someone or something, we examined that whether individuals changed cognitive processes on someone or something.
In the fourth study, we explored the influential factors of fear contagion. Whether types of others' emotions had an effect on fear contagion. When others showed different emotions to someone or something, we tested whether fear contagion existed or not.
According to the above four studies, we come to the following conclusions: First, fear contagion existed in unconventional emergencies. In addition, females are more likely to be influenced by others' fearful responses than males. Second, when fear contagion happened, medial prefrontal cortex, which located in mirror system, was activated. Oxygen-hemoglobin concentration increased when individuals watched others' fearful responses. Furthermore, skin conductance responses were larger when individuals watched others' fearful responses.
Third, after fear contagion, individuals' cognitive processes on someone or something would change. When individuals watched others showing fearful expressions to faces, individuals would give lower facial attractiveness ratings compared with that showing smiling expressions. Mean amplitudes of P300decreased during facial attractiveness ratings after fear contagion.
Fourth, types of others' emotions had an effect on fear contagion. When others showed different emotions to faces, facial attractiveness ratings was not influenced by others emotions. Also, mean amplitudes of P300was not influenced by others' emotions.
The present research is insightful for the following reasons. First, the research was based on unconventional emergencies. Previous studies on fear contagion was not under the context of unconventional emergencies. The research is associated with previous researches and lays the foundation of future studies. Second, with the employment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and biotracing equipment, the present research avoids the demerits of too much noise, which was popular in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In addition, the tools in our study are flexible and allow participants to move during experiments. Also, our study provides more evidences to explain mechanism of fear contagion. We observed increased oxygenate-hemoglobin concentration in medial prefrontal cortex. This result may be another evidence for imitation-feedback model. Third, event-related potential was used to test change of cognitive process after fear contagion. This study expands previous research field of social influence. We found that mean amplitudes of P300were influenced by others' emotions during facial attractiveness perception. This would be an good example for researchers to study emotion contagion by using neuroscientific tools. Fourth, with the help of event-related potential, we examined the influence of types of others' emotions on fear contagion.
为了考察非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染问题,有四个关键问题需要解决：第一,非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染是否存在?第二,非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染的生理机制如何?第三,影响恐惧情绪感染的因素有哪些?第四,如何运用恐惧情绪感染的机理更有效解决非常规突发事件管理问题?为了解决上述问题,本文递进式地设计了四个研究。
研究—模拟了自然或事故灾难、社会安全事件以及公共卫生事件的非常规突发事件情境下,采用问卷考察恐惧情绪感染是否存在,探讨了个体性别在恐惧情绪感染上是否存在差异,该项研究将本研究与前人研究进行衔接。
研究二在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件情境,借助功能性近红外和生物反馈仪研究恐惧情绪感染发生时,个体的生理反应,从行为和神经科学层面分析恐惧情绪感染发生时的机理①。
研究三在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件中的社会安全事件,借助事件相关电位研究了恐惧情绪感染发生后,个体的认知变化,从行为和神经科学层面分析恐惧情绪感染发生后个体认知变化的现象。
研究四在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件中时间紧迫情况下做出判断的情境,探讨了恐惧情绪感染的影响因素,考察他人情绪一致性对恐惧情绪感染的影响,分析当他人情绪不一致时,恐惧情绪感染是否仍然存在。
对四项研究的综合分析得到如下结论：
1.非常规突发事件下恐惧情绪感染存在,女性比男性更容易感染恐惧情绪；
2.恐惧情绪感染发生时,个体的镜像神经系统中内侧前额叶会激活,该脑区的含氧血红蛋白浓度增加,个体的皮肤导电性也增加;
3.恐惧情绪感染发生后,个体的认知发生了变化,当看到他人对某面孔表现出恐惧情绪时,个体对该面孔评分更低,该面孔诱发的脑成分P300会更小；
4.他人情绪一致性会影响恐惧情绪感染,当他人对某面孔的情绪不一致时,恐惧情绪感染消失,个体对该面孔的评分不会受他人情绪影响,由面孔诱发的脑成分P300也不会受到他人情绪的调节。
5.在实验室中对恐惧情绪感染的研究,所得到到的生理指标可以对情绪进行量化,也能够帮助管理者建立群体情绪监控系统,以最快捷、经济、省力的方式寻找到影响群体情绪变化的因素,从而以全新角度来解决非常规突发事件管理问题。
本研究的创新之处在于：第一,本文通过设定非常规突发事件情境,设计问卷研究恐惧情绪感染是否存在以及性别差异的影响,以往情绪感染研究中没有基于非常规突发事件情境,该项研究将前人的研究联系起来,为后续研究做了准备,同时为性别差异对恐惧情绪感染的研究提供了更多的证据；第二,本文借助功能性近红外和生物反馈仪探讨恐惧情绪感染发生时的生理过程,在实验室情境中模拟了非常规突发事件,有效而客观量化群体行为发生时情绪因素,此外,功能性近红外工具的使用也回避了以往磁共振研究中对个体身体活动的限制以及噪声大的缺点,对于恐惧情绪感染发生机制所存在的争议,提供了更多证据；第三,借助事件相关电位探讨恐惧情绪感染后个体认知的变化,在实验室中模拟了非常规突发事件的紧急性,以往研究关注他人的认知和行为影响个体的认知和行为,而本研究指出他人情绪维度也会影响个体的认知,乃至行为决策,这种跨维度的社会影响将有助于人们更全面了解非常规突发事件下群体之间的互动规律。此外,受到他人情绪影响后,个体对面孔知觉时诱发的脑成分P300的改变,为后人利用事件相关电位考察情绪感染问题提供了示范；第四,借助事件相关电位考察他人情绪一致性对恐惧情绪感染的研究,增加了恐惧情绪感染影响因素的研究证据。而且,通过寻找到生理指标来说明恐惧情绪感染影响因素,可以帮助管理者客观、准备而且省力地寻找到影响群体心理因素和控制群体心理的方法。
In recent years, unconventional emergencies frequently happened in China, which caused huge damages to human life and properties. Fear contagion is one of reasons for the diffusion of group behavior in unconventional emergencies. Individuals show fearful responses when they watch others' fearful responses. Fear contagion leads to group behavior, which may cause second-level damages in unconventional emergencies.
In order to examine fear contagion in unconventional emergencies, we need to solve two problems:first, whether fear contagion exists in unconventional emergencies and what's the neural mechanism of fear contagion? Second, what's the influential factors of fear contagion? Whether gender or types of others' emotions play a role in fear contagion? What's the reason for the influence of gender or types of others' emotions on fear contagion? Thus, we designed four studies to solve these problems.
In the first study, we used questionaires to test whether fear contagion existed in unconventional emergencies. This method was used by prior researchers. Also, we would examine whether gender had an effect on fear contagion. This study was compared with previous studies.
In the second study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy and biotracing equipment were used to examine the neural mechanism of individuals when fear contagion happened. We collected evidences from behavioral and neural levels to explain the mechanism of fear contagion.
In the third study, event-related potential was employed to test whether individuals' cognition would change after fear contagion. After others showed fearful responses to someone or something, we examined that whether individuals changed cognitive processes on someone or something.
In the fourth study, we explored the influential factors of fear contagion. Whether types of others' emotions had an effect on fear contagion. When others showed different emotions to someone or something, we tested whether fear contagion existed or not.
According to the above four studies, we come to the following conclusions: First, fear contagion existed in unconventional emergencies. In addition, females are more likely to be influenced by others' fearful responses than males. Second, when fear contagion happened, medial prefrontal cortex, which located in mirror system, was activated. Oxygen-hemoglobin concentration increased when individuals watched others' fearful responses. Furthermore, skin conductance responses were larger when individuals watched others' fearful responses.
Third, after fear contagion, individuals' cognitive processes on someone or something would change. When individuals watched others showing fearful expressions to faces, individuals would give lower facial attractiveness ratings compared with that showing smiling expressions. Mean amplitudes of P300decreased during facial attractiveness ratings after fear contagion.
Fourth, types of others' emotions had an effect on fear contagion. When others showed different emotions to faces, facial attractiveness ratings was not influenced by others emotions. Also, mean amplitudes of P300was not influenced by others' emotions.
The present research is insightful for the following reasons. First, the research was based on unconventional emergencies. Previous studies on fear contagion was not under the context of unconventional emergencies. The research is associated with previous researches and lays the foundation of future studies. Second, with the employment of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and biotracing equipment, the present research avoids the demerits of too much noise, which was popular in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. In addition, the tools in our study are flexible and allow participants to move during experiments. Also, our study provides more evidences to explain mechanism of fear contagion. We observed increased oxygenate-hemoglobin concentration in medial prefrontal cortex. This result may be another evidence for imitation-feedback model. Third, event-related potential was used to test change of cognitive process after fear contagion. This study expands previous research field of social influence. We found that mean amplitudes of P300were influenced by others' emotions during facial attractiveness perception. This would be an good example for researchers to study emotion contagion by using neuroscientific tools. Fourth, with the help of event-related potential, we examined the influence of types of others' emotions on fear contagion.
引文
① 资料来源法制网舆情监测中心,http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/The analysis of public opinion/content/2012-12/27/content.40 921382.htm
① 资料来源法制网舆情监测中心,http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/The analysis of public opinion/content/2012-12-27/content 40 92138_2.htm
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