创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效的影响机制研究
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摘要
创业能够提供就业岗位，塑造创新向上的文化氛围，促进经济增长，维护社会稳定，还能够满足消费者需求，为创业者带来财富、成就和地位。正因为如此，创业活动成为引起社会各界共同关注、各级政府高度鼓励的热点问题。随着整体环境的日益改善，创业机会的不断增多，全民创业理念的深入人心，我国早期创业活跃度指数不断攀升，已经成为创业活动最活跃的国家之一。但是，大多数创业企业的绩效却并不乐观，成立之初就面临着“死亡之谷”，其原因在于新创企业存在的新进入缺陷以及老牌企业所设置的进入障碍和防备门槛。根据《2011年中国企业长期激励调研报告》以及《中国中小企业人力资源管理白皮书2012》的数据显示，我国创业企业的平均寿命仅为2.5年。
然而，在大多数创业企业举步维艰的情况下，创业的队伍中也不乏成功者。总结这些少数成功者的似然规律发现，网络的应用以及技术创新行为对企业生存发展起着不可忽视的作用。与老牌企业不同，新创企业先天资源不足，内部自我创造和积累的能力弱，因此对外部资源的需求更强，但其声誉、经验、合法性都处于低层次水平，不容易获得合作伙伴和资源拥有者的信任与支持，因此在这一阶段，很难立即形成企业的组织网络，也就难以通过组织网络获取外部资源来提升绩效。此时，创业者掌握的个人网络理所当然的显得倍加重要，是新创企业获取信息、技术、资金、知识等资源最重要的渠道和最合适的机会，可以说，创业者的个人网络类似一个“婴儿的脐带”，源源不断的为新创企业提供“养分”。而且，其中的关系变量在传统“乡土中国”的“差序格局”基础上，发挥着通路、先机和举荐的作用，成为缩短新创企业与资源拥有者距离的最好方法。在技术创新方面，唯有凭借技术上的优势，新创企业才能提供与老牌企业差异化的产品、服务、营销渠道，进而降低甚至打破原有的进入壁垒，后期更是提升购买其他产品的转换成本，创造收益增长点。
抛开将创业者的个人网络与企业的组织网络整体研究的思维框架，并且兼顾创业者网络特征的主效应要素与创业演进过程的协同，基于新创期企业绩效的提升主要是由“创业者——关系人”多主体共同完成的这一逻辑基础，本文试图围绕“创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效作用的微观机理”这一问题展开研究。并且，阅读大量文献后发现，越来越多的新创企业开始在创业者的外部关系中寻找技术创新的来源，创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效可能存在直接的促进作用，也可能还通过企业的技术创新行为间接影响绩效。为此，本文尝试构建了“创业者网络关系——技术创新——新创企业绩效”的理论框架，并将环境的不确定性纳入其中，试图探索创业者网络关系视阈下，新创企业绩效的具体形成机制。
经过大样本的实证调研以及对所得数据进行统计分析，本文得出如下结论：第一，创业者的个人网络关系能够直接有效提升新创企业绩效，强关系和弱关系这两个主要维度会使创业者有更多的机会获取到信任、资金、信息等支持性资源，以弥补新进入缺陷的劣势；第二，技术创新在创业者网络关系与新创企业绩效之间发挥部分中介作用，这表明创业者网络关系产生的影响一定程度上还需要通过技术创新才能够得以实现，正是创业者网络关系开启了新创企业获取信息和知识的窗口，通过这个窗口使其开展创新性的设计、研发、生产、销售等活动，成为企业获取新创期绩效最立竿见影的方式。在维度层面，创业者网络中的强关系和弱关系分别通过利用性技术创新和探索性技术创新促进新创企业绩效，这一结论从强关系和弱关系发挥作用的不同路径为解决两者悖论的研究提供了另外一种思路，而且也为新创企业寻找技术创新驱动力提供了差异化来源；第三，环境不确定性在技术创新与新创企业绩效之间发挥着一定的调节作用。由于新创企业不像老牌企业那样具有充足的资金、信誉、声望和经验，难以同时具备技术创新二元平衡的基础和实力，因此寻求利用性和探索性技术创新与环境要素互动下的间断平衡成为新创企业的理性选择。具体表现为随着环境动态性的加剧，消费者的偏好越来越难以捉摸，行业内产品、技术的生命周期短，敦促着期待获得高收益的新创企业不断以开放性的思维，加速研发新产品、开发新技术的探索性活动。当行业内竞争性越来越强，尤其是这种竞争集中表现在某类产品和服务上时，新创企业针对当前技术和知识反复推敲的利用性活动，必然能够找到改善产品质量、提高生产效率、压缩成本的方法，赢得生存和发展空间，而此时探索性活动的结果在激烈的竞争中容易迅速扩散，所带来的收益可能无法弥补大量的资源投入。
综上所述，本文构建了创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效影响机制的框架，不仅有助于从微观层面弥合了网络理论与创业过程的协同演化研究，其结论对于创业者有的放矢的利用个人关系提升企业绩效也具有一定的参考价值。对有意于拓展和提升新创企业绩效的创业者来说，个人网络关系是极具潜力的工具，然而随着社会规范和法律制度的日益完善，往往关系所带来的收益并不如从前那样即刻显现或者直接显现，创业者要具备一定的耐心，注意关注于在网络关系和绩效之间起作用的技术创新活动，还要发挥事前战略定位的作用，充分审视内外部环境，作出适当的创新选择以及设置明确的创新目标。如在行业竞争性较强的环境下，需要以更多的利用性技术创新活动提升新创企业绩效，则有必要对创业者的弱关系进行强化，再通过强关系人获得更加直接的支持和更加复杂深入的知识和信息；在外部环境表现得较为动态时，要以探索性技术创新活动为绩效的主要驱动力，创业者则应当适当的增加弱关系成员的数量和规模，以获得更多异质性的信息和非冗余的资源。
Entrepreneurial activities can provide jobs, create a positive cultural atmosphere,promote economic growth, maintain social stability, and also can meet consumers’demand, bring wealth, achievement and status for entrepreneurs. Just because of theseadvantages, entrepreneurial activities attract public concern and governments’encouragement. Along with the overall environment improve effectively andopportunities raise increasingly, the concept of nation-wide entrepreneurship hastaken deep roots in the heart of our people, TEA（Total Early-stage EntrepreneurialActivity）rate keep rising, our country has become one of the most dynamic countriesof entrepreneurial activities. However, behind the flourishing of entrepreneurialactivities, the performance of the most entrepreneurial firms is not so optimistic.Because of the high entry barriers and threshold from established firms, at thebeginning of start-up stage, entrepreneurial firms are faced with the “the valley ofdeath”. According to the “Enterprise Long-term Incentive Research Report in China2011” and the “Human Resources Management of SME in China2012”, the averagelifetime of entrepreneurial firms is2.5years.
Most of the entrepreneurial firms are facing with a very difficult situation, whilethere are no lacks of successful ones. Summarizes the possible laws of these fewwinners, we find that social networking and technological innovation are important.Unlike the established firms, the start-up business is congenitally deficient, itscreation and accumulation ability are weak, while the demand and the dependency onexternal resources are strong. But the reputation, experience and legitimacy of thestart-up business are all at the lower level, it is hard to get partners’ and resourcesowners’ trust and supports, which means that would be unlikely to get externalresources in this stage by organizational network. At this point, of course, theentrepreneurs’ network is significant, which is the most important channel andopportunity of getting information, technology, capital, knowledge and otherresources. We can say that the entrepreneurs’ network like the baby’s umbilical cordsupply the start-up business nutrients. Meanwhile, on the basis of China’s ruralsociety and difference sequence pattern, the relationship variable plays the role of access, timing and referrals, which is also shorten the distance between start-upbusiness and resources holders. On the other hand, only with the advantage oftechnology, the start-up business can provide different products, services andmarketing channels, which can bresk the original entry barriers, raise customershifting cost and then creat earnings growth.
Aside from the integration research of entrepreneurs’ network and organizationalnetwork, in view of the synchrony evolving between the main effect factors ofentrepreneurs’ network characteristics and the evolution process of entrepreneurial,acconding to the logic that the start-up business performance mainlyentrepreneurs-contacts driven, this dissertation tries to focus on the problem of themechanism of entrepreneurs’ network ties forms productive force and promote theperformance. Referred to the previous literatures, this dissertation finds that theentrepreneurs’ network ties may have the direct impact on start-up businessperformance on the one hand, and on the other hand, it may be also have the indirectimpact through technological innovation. In view of this, the dissertation tries to buildthe basic framework of “entrepreneurs’ network ties——technological innovation——start-up business performance”, and also put the environmental uncertainty in theframework in order to test the establishing conditions of it.
Based on large sample empirical research and statistical tests on the datacollected, this dissertation acquired the following conclusions. Firstly, entrepreneurs’network ties effectively improve start-up business performance, strong ties and weakties will help entrepreneurs have more chance to get the supporting resources such astrust, fund and information, which can make up the liability of newness. Secondly,technological innovation plays a mediating role between entrepreneurs’ network tiesand start-up business performance. This indicates that the impact of entrepreneurs’`network ties on start-up business performance can be achieved in large part bytechnological innovation. The entrepreneurs’ network ties open a window, throughwihich new ventures can carry out innovative activities such as design newproductions, research and development. And these antivities are the most immediateways to acquire performance. In the aspect of dimensions, the strong ties and weakties of the entrepreneur’s network promote the start-up performance throughexploitative technological innovation and exploratory technological innovationrespectively. This conclusion provides another approach to solve the paradox betweenstrong ties and weak ties, and it also provides the different sources of driving forcesfor technological innovation.Thirdly, environmental uncertainty plays a significant moderate role between technological innovation and start-up business performance.Owing to the deficient resources, it is difficult for the start-up business to have thestrength to get ambidexterity equilibrium, and therefore pursuing punctuatedequilibrium between exploitative and exploratory technological innovation will be therational choice.With the increasing environment dynamic, consumer preferenceschange elusively, the life cycle of products and technology become shorter, all ofthese urged new ventures conduct exploratory activities such as develop new productsand new technology. Owing to the strong competition in the market, especially thecompetition focus on the quality and the price of some products, exploitative activitieswill improve products quality, increase productivity and reduce the cost, those whostill carry out exploratory activities would be sank into the position of spending isgreater than the incoming.
In this dissertation, a new research framework is formed which is focus on theinfluence mechanism of entrepreneurs’ network ties on start-up business performance.This not only helps to bridge the research gap of synchrony evolving betweennetwork theory and entrepreneurial process, the conclusions are also of importantreference value for entrepreneurs of targeted use personal relationships in the processof improving new venture performance. For those entrepreneurs, personal networkties are potential tools.However, with the perfection of social norms and legal system,the benefits from the ties are not immediately and directly apparent as those in thepast. At this point, entrepreneurs should pay attention to the technological innovationwhich plays the indirect effect between entrepreneurs’ network ties and performance,check for the external environmental changes, and select the appropriate innovationtarget. Under the circumstance of strong industry competitiveness, it needs muchmore exploitative technological innovation to promote performance. Strengthing theweak ties, the new venture would get more direct supports and in-depth knowledgeand information. While under the dynamic environment, it makes the exploratorytechnological innovation as a major driver force for the performance, entrepreneursshould increase the number of weak ties, in order to get more heterogeneousinformation and redundant resources.
然而，在大多数创业企业举步维艰的情况下，创业的队伍中也不乏成功者。总结这些少数成功者的似然规律发现，网络的应用以及技术创新行为对企业生存发展起着不可忽视的作用。与老牌企业不同，新创企业先天资源不足，内部自我创造和积累的能力弱，因此对外部资源的需求更强，但其声誉、经验、合法性都处于低层次水平，不容易获得合作伙伴和资源拥有者的信任与支持，因此在这一阶段，很难立即形成企业的组织网络，也就难以通过组织网络获取外部资源来提升绩效。此时，创业者掌握的个人网络理所当然的显得倍加重要，是新创企业获取信息、技术、资金、知识等资源最重要的渠道和最合适的机会，可以说，创业者的个人网络类似一个“婴儿的脐带”，源源不断的为新创企业提供“养分”。而且，其中的关系变量在传统“乡土中国”的“差序格局”基础上，发挥着通路、先机和举荐的作用，成为缩短新创企业与资源拥有者距离的最好方法。在技术创新方面，唯有凭借技术上的优势，新创企业才能提供与老牌企业差异化的产品、服务、营销渠道，进而降低甚至打破原有的进入壁垒，后期更是提升购买其他产品的转换成本，创造收益增长点。
抛开将创业者的个人网络与企业的组织网络整体研究的思维框架，并且兼顾创业者网络特征的主效应要素与创业演进过程的协同，基于新创期企业绩效的提升主要是由“创业者——关系人”多主体共同完成的这一逻辑基础，本文试图围绕“创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效作用的微观机理”这一问题展开研究。并且，阅读大量文献后发现，越来越多的新创企业开始在创业者的外部关系中寻找技术创新的来源，创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效可能存在直接的促进作用，也可能还通过企业的技术创新行为间接影响绩效。为此，本文尝试构建了“创业者网络关系——技术创新——新创企业绩效”的理论框架，并将环境的不确定性纳入其中，试图探索创业者网络关系视阈下，新创企业绩效的具体形成机制。
经过大样本的实证调研以及对所得数据进行统计分析，本文得出如下结论：第一，创业者的个人网络关系能够直接有效提升新创企业绩效，强关系和弱关系这两个主要维度会使创业者有更多的机会获取到信任、资金、信息等支持性资源，以弥补新进入缺陷的劣势；第二，技术创新在创业者网络关系与新创企业绩效之间发挥部分中介作用，这表明创业者网络关系产生的影响一定程度上还需要通过技术创新才能够得以实现，正是创业者网络关系开启了新创企业获取信息和知识的窗口，通过这个窗口使其开展创新性的设计、研发、生产、销售等活动，成为企业获取新创期绩效最立竿见影的方式。在维度层面，创业者网络中的强关系和弱关系分别通过利用性技术创新和探索性技术创新促进新创企业绩效，这一结论从强关系和弱关系发挥作用的不同路径为解决两者悖论的研究提供了另外一种思路，而且也为新创企业寻找技术创新驱动力提供了差异化来源；第三，环境不确定性在技术创新与新创企业绩效之间发挥着一定的调节作用。由于新创企业不像老牌企业那样具有充足的资金、信誉、声望和经验，难以同时具备技术创新二元平衡的基础和实力，因此寻求利用性和探索性技术创新与环境要素互动下的间断平衡成为新创企业的理性选择。具体表现为随着环境动态性的加剧，消费者的偏好越来越难以捉摸，行业内产品、技术的生命周期短，敦促着期待获得高收益的新创企业不断以开放性的思维，加速研发新产品、开发新技术的探索性活动。当行业内竞争性越来越强，尤其是这种竞争集中表现在某类产品和服务上时，新创企业针对当前技术和知识反复推敲的利用性活动，必然能够找到改善产品质量、提高生产效率、压缩成本的方法，赢得生存和发展空间，而此时探索性活动的结果在激烈的竞争中容易迅速扩散，所带来的收益可能无法弥补大量的资源投入。
综上所述，本文构建了创业者网络关系对新创企业绩效影响机制的框架，不仅有助于从微观层面弥合了网络理论与创业过程的协同演化研究，其结论对于创业者有的放矢的利用个人关系提升企业绩效也具有一定的参考价值。对有意于拓展和提升新创企业绩效的创业者来说，个人网络关系是极具潜力的工具，然而随着社会规范和法律制度的日益完善，往往关系所带来的收益并不如从前那样即刻显现或者直接显现，创业者要具备一定的耐心，注意关注于在网络关系和绩效之间起作用的技术创新活动，还要发挥事前战略定位的作用，充分审视内外部环境，作出适当的创新选择以及设置明确的创新目标。如在行业竞争性较强的环境下，需要以更多的利用性技术创新活动提升新创企业绩效，则有必要对创业者的弱关系进行强化，再通过强关系人获得更加直接的支持和更加复杂深入的知识和信息；在外部环境表现得较为动态时，要以探索性技术创新活动为绩效的主要驱动力，创业者则应当适当的增加弱关系成员的数量和规模，以获得更多异质性的信息和非冗余的资源。
Entrepreneurial activities can provide jobs, create a positive cultural atmosphere,promote economic growth, maintain social stability, and also can meet consumers’demand, bring wealth, achievement and status for entrepreneurs. Just because of theseadvantages, entrepreneurial activities attract public concern and governments’encouragement. Along with the overall environment improve effectively andopportunities raise increasingly, the concept of nation-wide entrepreneurship hastaken deep roots in the heart of our people, TEA（Total Early-stage EntrepreneurialActivity）rate keep rising, our country has become one of the most dynamic countriesof entrepreneurial activities. However, behind the flourishing of entrepreneurialactivities, the performance of the most entrepreneurial firms is not so optimistic.Because of the high entry barriers and threshold from established firms, at thebeginning of start-up stage, entrepreneurial firms are faced with the “the valley ofdeath”. According to the “Enterprise Long-term Incentive Research Report in China2011” and the “Human Resources Management of SME in China2012”, the averagelifetime of entrepreneurial firms is2.5years.
Most of the entrepreneurial firms are facing with a very difficult situation, whilethere are no lacks of successful ones. Summarizes the possible laws of these fewwinners, we find that social networking and technological innovation are important.Unlike the established firms, the start-up business is congenitally deficient, itscreation and accumulation ability are weak, while the demand and the dependency onexternal resources are strong. But the reputation, experience and legitimacy of thestart-up business are all at the lower level, it is hard to get partners’ and resourcesowners’ trust and supports, which means that would be unlikely to get externalresources in this stage by organizational network. At this point, of course, theentrepreneurs’ network is significant, which is the most important channel andopportunity of getting information, technology, capital, knowledge and otherresources. We can say that the entrepreneurs’ network like the baby’s umbilical cordsupply the start-up business nutrients. Meanwhile, on the basis of China’s ruralsociety and difference sequence pattern, the relationship variable plays the role of access, timing and referrals, which is also shorten the distance between start-upbusiness and resources holders. On the other hand, only with the advantage oftechnology, the start-up business can provide different products, services andmarketing channels, which can bresk the original entry barriers, raise customershifting cost and then creat earnings growth.
Aside from the integration research of entrepreneurs’ network and organizationalnetwork, in view of the synchrony evolving between the main effect factors ofentrepreneurs’ network characteristics and the evolution process of entrepreneurial,acconding to the logic that the start-up business performance mainlyentrepreneurs-contacts driven, this dissertation tries to focus on the problem of themechanism of entrepreneurs’ network ties forms productive force and promote theperformance. Referred to the previous literatures, this dissertation finds that theentrepreneurs’ network ties may have the direct impact on start-up businessperformance on the one hand, and on the other hand, it may be also have the indirectimpact through technological innovation. In view of this, the dissertation tries to buildthe basic framework of “entrepreneurs’ network ties——technological innovation——start-up business performance”, and also put the environmental uncertainty in theframework in order to test the establishing conditions of it.
Based on large sample empirical research and statistical tests on the datacollected, this dissertation acquired the following conclusions. Firstly, entrepreneurs’network ties effectively improve start-up business performance, strong ties and weakties will help entrepreneurs have more chance to get the supporting resources such astrust, fund and information, which can make up the liability of newness. Secondly,technological innovation plays a mediating role between entrepreneurs’ network tiesand start-up business performance. This indicates that the impact of entrepreneurs’`network ties on start-up business performance can be achieved in large part bytechnological innovation. The entrepreneurs’ network ties open a window, throughwihich new ventures can carry out innovative activities such as design newproductions, research and development. And these antivities are the most immediateways to acquire performance. In the aspect of dimensions, the strong ties and weakties of the entrepreneur’s network promote the start-up performance throughexploitative technological innovation and exploratory technological innovationrespectively. This conclusion provides another approach to solve the paradox betweenstrong ties and weak ties, and it also provides the different sources of driving forcesfor technological innovation.Thirdly, environmental uncertainty plays a significant moderate role between technological innovation and start-up business performance.Owing to the deficient resources, it is difficult for the start-up business to have thestrength to get ambidexterity equilibrium, and therefore pursuing punctuatedequilibrium between exploitative and exploratory technological innovation will be therational choice.With the increasing environment dynamic, consumer preferenceschange elusively, the life cycle of products and technology become shorter, all ofthese urged new ventures conduct exploratory activities such as develop new productsand new technology. Owing to the strong competition in the market, especially thecompetition focus on the quality and the price of some products, exploitative activitieswill improve products quality, increase productivity and reduce the cost, those whostill carry out exploratory activities would be sank into the position of spending isgreater than the incoming.
In this dissertation, a new research framework is formed which is focus on theinfluence mechanism of entrepreneurs’ network ties on start-up business performance.This not only helps to bridge the research gap of synchrony evolving betweennetwork theory and entrepreneurial process, the conclusions are also of importantreference value for entrepreneurs of targeted use personal relationships in the processof improving new venture performance. For those entrepreneurs, personal networkties are potential tools.However, with the perfection of social norms and legal system,the benefits from the ties are not immediately and directly apparent as those in thepast. At this point, entrepreneurs should pay attention to the technological innovationwhich plays the indirect effect between entrepreneurs’ network ties and performance,check for the external environmental changes, and select the appropriate innovationtarget. Under the circumstance of strong industry competitiveness, it needs muchmore exploitative technological innovation to promote performance. Strengthing theweak ties, the new venture would get more direct supports and in-depth knowledgeand information. While under the dynamic environment, it makes the exploratorytechnological innovation as a major driver force for the performance, entrepreneursshould increase the number of weak ties, in order to get more heterogeneousinformation and redundant resources.
引文
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