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国别视角下人民币汇率制度、汇率行为对贸易收支的影响研究
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摘要
2005年7月的人民币汇率制度改革与当时我国贸易收支失衡的背景有着密不可分的联系。汇率制度改革以后的贸易收支效应问题也得到了持久、广泛的关注。明晰汇率制度、汇率行为与贸易收支的确切关系,无论是对汇率制度的完善、汇率调节还是对促进贸易收支均衡、促进经济发展都具有非常重要的意义。本文在考虑了相关文献中尚需进一步研究的几个问题之后,通过理论分析、历史分析以及实证分析从国别视角探讨了人民币汇率制度转换、汇率行为变化对我国贸易收支的影响,并基于研究结论对现行汇率制度下的汇率制度完善、汇率调整与贸易收支均衡等问题提出建议。
     首先本文构建了汇率制度、汇率行为与贸易收支的理论分析框架。通过理论分析说明汇率制度主要通过汇率行为作用于贸易收支。将研究汇率制度与贸易收支的关系转为研究汇率行为与贸易收支的关系。理论研究结果表明,进出口价格是链接汇率行为与贸易收支的重要桥梁;基于汇率弹性推导的判定条件与基于供求价格弹性的判定条件具有共通性,为后续的实证分析奠定了基础。
     其次,本文通过历史描述与分析发现,人民币汇率制度与贸易收支关系的紧密程度、贸易主体对汇率行为的重视程度根据历史时期的不同而变化。但从历史实践来看,贸易收支都是人民币汇率制度沿革、汇率调节中着重考虑的因素。随着国际经济联系不断深化,汇率政策服务对象和汇率影响因素多元化一定程度上减弱了汇率政策对对外贸易的服务意识,但是市场机制下,汇率因素作为影响进出口价格的主要因素之一,却愈加受到微观贸易主体的重视。
     接着,本文论证了汇率行为与进出口贸易价格的关系。总的来看,人民币汇率升值,出口外币价格上涨,进口本币价格下跌;汇率波动率上升进出口价格均上涨,但影响程度微不足道。比较来看,汇率行为对进出口价格的影响程度不如生产成本对进出口价格的影响。从国别角度看,人民币汇率行为对进出口价格的影响具有差异性。本文经分析认为传递程度的差异反映了出口国资源、产业发展的比较优势以及进口国资源、产业发展的比较劣势。
     同时,本文论证了汇率行为对贸易收支的影响。总的来看,人民币汇率升值以及汇率波动增加都将减少贸易收支余额,但汇率行为的影响不及需求因素以及成本因素对贸易收支的影响,供给因素对出口的影响也要超过汇率行为的影响。从双边贸易收支短期偏离向长期均衡的调整来看,偏差修正期从3个月至18个月不等。从一个标准差的汇率水平的冲击后贸易收支余额变动的轨迹来看,短期拉升和短期恶化的贸易伙伴数相当。收支余额恶化基本发生在前3个月以内,受到冲击后的一年以内多数双边贸易余额的累积变动显现了增加效应。从进出口贸易额的市场分布来看,我国进出口市场分散度都呈不断递增的趋势,其中进口市场分散程度要高于出口市场分散程度。汇率行为对市场分散度的影响主要在于汇率波动的影响,有效汇率波动提高,进出口市场分散度均有不同程度下降。
     接着,本文研究了现行汇率制度下的汇率调整与贸易收支均衡的关系。一篮子货币制度下,通过调整基准汇率即可保持本国货币相对于货币篮子的稳定,还能同时实现贸易收支相对均衡。但随着对外开放程度加深,人民币汇率的服务对象以及影响因素的多元化使得实际的汇率与贸易收支均衡目标下的汇率偏离的现象成为必然,但一国贸易收支均衡的重要性决定了贸易收支均衡目标下汇率是人民币汇率调整的重要参考,可以偏移,但不能远离。
     最后,本文经分析认为,人民币继续升值的基础依然存在。在这种趋势下,基于上文研究结论对人民币汇率制度完善以及我国贸易收支的调节提出四点建议。第一,人民币宜缓步升值,在人民币升值压力下,既要考虑通过汇率调整促进贸易收支均衡,也要考虑升值对出口竞争力的抑制,为出口结构升级赢得时间。第二,进一步给予投资渠道、便利性等服务,促进资本流出来缓解人民币升值压力,延缓升值步伐。第三,完善人民币参考一篮子货币的汇率形成机制,逐步提高信息透明度,扩大波动区间,放松干预。第四,加强各种措施的搭配与协调,多管齐下,调节贸易收支均衡。
The reform of the RMB exchange rate regime in July2005was closely connectedwith the trade imbalance of China at that time. After the exchange rate regime reform, theissue of trade balance effect has been attracting a lasting and extensive attention. To clearthe exact relationship between the exchange rate regime, the exchange rate behavior andtrade balance has a very important significance to amend and improve the exchange rateregime or to promote the trade equilibrium and to promote economic growth. This paperconsidered several problems that still needed further study in the related literature anddiscussed the effect of changes of the RMB exchange rate regime and exchange ratebehavior on China's trade balance through theoretical analysis, historical analysis andempirical analysis from the perspective of bilateral trade. This paper also has given outsome proposals on improving the exchange rate regime, the adjustment of exchange rate,trade payments equilibrium and other issues based on the research conclusions under thecurrent exchange rate regime.
     First of all, the paper constructed theoretical analysis framework of exchange rateregime, exchange rate behavior and trade balance. Through the theoretical analysis, Theresults showed that the exchange rate regime mainly affected the trade balance through theexchange rate behavior. So it was reasonable to turn the study of relationship betweenexchange rate regime and trade balance to the study of relationship between exchange ratebehavior and trade balance. The results of study showed that the import price and exportprice were important bridges to link the exchange rate behavior and trade; the determiningconditions based on exchange rate elasticities and the conditions based on the priceelasticities of supply and demand had commonality, which laid a foundation for thesubsequent empirical analysis.
     Secondly, based on the historical analysis, the study showed the relationship of the RMB exchange rate regime and the trade balance and the Emphasis of merchants treat withthe exchange rate behavior varied according to the historical period. But, trade balance hasbeing always the import factor of the evolution of RMB exchange rate regime and theexchange rate adjustment. With the deepening of international economic relations,diversification of servicing objects of exchange rate policies and the influencing factors ofexchange rate has weakened the relations between exchange rate and foreign trade to someextent. However, under the market mechanism, as one of the main factors affecting importand export prices, exchange rate has been increasingly attached importance to by the microtrade merchants.
     Then, this paper analyzed the relationship between the exchange rate behavior andtrade prices. On the whole, Appreciation of RMB exchange rate would lead to increasingexport price rising and import price declining. Both import and export price would riseunder exchange rate fluctuation, but the influence degree of the exchange rate fluctuationon import and export prices was insignificant. The influence of the exchange rate behavioron import and export prices was lower than production cost. From the perspective ofbilateral trade, the influences of the RMB exchange rate behavior on import and exportprices were different. The paper considered the differences in passing degree as thereflection of exporter’s comparative advantages of resources and industry development andimporter’s comparative disadvantage of resources and industrial development.
     At the same time, this paper analyzed the effect of exchange rate behavior on tradebalance. Overall, the RMB exchange rate appreciation and exchange rate fluctuation wouldreduce the surplus. But the effect of exchange rate behavior was far from that of demandand cost on the trade balance, the effect of supply on exports was also bigger than theeffect of exchange rate behavior. From the adjustment from short-run deviation to long-runequilibrium of trade balance, correction period ranged from3months to18months. Fromthe path of balance after the impact of a standard deviation of exchange rate change, thenumber of trading partners about balance increasing and balance decreasing in short-termwas almost the same. The balance deterioration occurred within the first3months, and12months after the impact, the majority of the balances showed positive effects. From theperspective of import and export trade market distribution, degrees of China's import andexport market dispersion were constantly increasing, and the degree of import marketdispersion was higher than the degree of export market dispersion. The effect on market dispersion of Exchange rate behavior mainly owed to that of exchange rate fluctuation. Asfluctuation increasing of the effective exchange rate, import and export market dispersionwould decline in different degrees.
     Then, this paper studied the relationship between the exchange rate adjustment andtrade payments equilibrium in current exchange rate regime. By adjusting the benchmarkrate, a basket of currency regime not only could keep RMB relative stable to the currencybasket, but also could realize the trade payments equilibrium. However, as opening toworld deeply, the diversities of service objects as well as the influence factors of RMBexchange rate made it inevitable that the real exchange rate would be deviated from theexchange rate aimed to payments equilibrium. But the importance of trade determined thepayments-equilibrium exchange rate would be an important reference, the RMB exchangerate could deviate from it, but couldnot get far away from it.
     Finally, according to the analysis, this paper considered that there would still be afoundation of RMB appreciation. Under this trend, the paper put forward four proposals onimproving RMB exchange rate regime and adjustment of trade balance of China based onthe research conclusions. First, RMB appreciation should be slowly so as to win the timefor the upgrading of export structure. Under the pressure of RMB appreciation, it shouldnot lnly promote trade equilibrium through exchange rate adjustment but also consider theinhibition of export competitiveness by appreciation. Second, it should slow the pace ofappreciation by promoting the capital flowed out. Third, it should improve the RMBexchange rate regime by improving the transparency of information gradually, expandingexchange rate fluctuation range and releasing intervention. Fourth, it should strengthen thecoordination of various measures to improve trade equilibrium.
引文
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    34货币政策二司.“人民币汇率制度”内容[EB/OL].中国人民银行网站http://www.pbc.gov.cn/publish/huobizhengceersi/3390/2010/20100915164905917508642/20100915164905917508642_.html
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    57参见历年IMF出版的《Annual Report on Exchange Arrangemens and Exchange Restrictions》中对中国汇率制度的描述与分析。
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